MEDITERRANEAN PUBLICATION INTERNATIONALINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL JOURNAL OF – MBP MEDICAL, BIOLOGICAL AND PHAR. SCI. AND RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL VOL. 11 NO.3 JUN-2020 ISSN: 1999-5650 MPRI-JMBP VOL. 11 NO.3 JUN-2020 ISSN: 1999-5650

MINERAL sample was packaged in COMPOSITION AND air tight container while the leaves for sensory SENSORY PROPERTIES evaluation were OF VEGETABLE collected, washed and ( RADIATUM) LEAVES the soup was prepared

*UMAR, A.N., **MOHAMMED, A. K., KEYWORDS: *DANFULANI, S. ***HASSAN, H. AND Vegetable, ****YUSUF Z.O. Sensory *Department of Biological Sciences, the Federal attributes, Soup, Polytechnic PMB 55 Bida, Niger State. Minerals, Wild. **Department of Chemical Sciences, the Federal Polytechnic PMB 55 Bida, Niger State ***Department of Home Economics and Food while the leaves were Science, University of Ilorin, Ilorin Kwara State. fresh. The samples were ****Department of Hospitality, Leisure and analysed for its mineral Tourism Management, The Federal Polytechnic composition using AOAC PMB 55 Bida, Niger State (2010) method and the sensory evaluation of the Abstract soup made from the his studies evaluates some mineral leaves to determine the composition of the leaves and sensory taste, colour, texture, T attributes of the soup prepared from flavour and general (one of the many neglected acceptability were wild leafy vegetable of the tropics) commonly carried out using 5-point found in the North central part of Nigeria. Freshly hedonic test. The result harvested leaves were obtained from the Federal showed the value of polytechnic Bida environs Niger state. The fresh (36.1mg/100g) for Iron, leaves for analyses were collected cleaned to Sodium (27.5mg/100g); remove dirt’s, dried at ambient temperature for Phosphorus two weeks and milled into powder. The dried (26.75mg/100g); Calcium

171 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Prof. A.S. Hossein [Saskatchewan]

MEDITERRANEAN PUBLICATION INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL – MBP AND RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL VOL. 11 NO.3 JUN-2020 ISSN: 1999-5650

(24.35mg/100g); Potassium (11.8mg/100g) and overall acceptability Zinc (5.6mg/100g). Considering the presence of among the panellist these minerals in moderate quantities, Sesamun examined. From the radiatum leaves can be used as dietary results of this studies, it supplement useful in health conditions such as can be concluded that anemia, arthritis, rickets and tooth decay. high mineral Sensory evaluation of the sample revealed 3.6, composition, sensory 3.33, 10.33, 7.13 and 2.8 for taste, colour, texture, properties coupled with flavour and general acceptability respectively. its availability could There was significant difference (p<0.05) among make Sesamum radiatum the parameters. Sensory evaluation results leave an excellent indicates high acceptability of Sesamum radiatum addition into the modern in terms of taste, texture, flavour, colour and food vocabulary.

INTRODUCTION esamum radiatum leaves (vegetable sesame) locally known as Ninbolo in (Nupe), Karkashi in (Hausa), Eeku in (Yoruba) languages is S a member of the family. It is an important vegetable consumed in Nigeria and many other parts of the tropics. The seeds are called the black beniseed or vegetable sesame. The occurs throughout the tropics mainly as weed where it is gathered in the wild and is used as a potherb (Hutchinson and Dalziel, 1963).According to Auwalu (1995), Sesamum radiatum leaves are propagated by seeds drilled in or broadcast on a well-prepared seed bed. The seeds are at times first raised in a nursery and the seedlings are transplanted to the well-prepared seedbeds. The leaves are harvested 8–10weeks from seedling emergence or establishment. The crop is harvested either by uprooting the entire plant or by repeated topping of that re-grows to yield harvestable branches. Nutritional analysis shows that most tropical green vegetables are much richer than the temperate types of green vegetables in terms of protein, vitamins and minerals (Auwalu and Babatunde, 2007). Sesamum radiatum leaves might have originated in Tropical Africa but uncertainty reigns. It has long been cultivated elsewhere, notably in India and likely also was independently domesticated there. In many other places Sesamum

172 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Prof. A.S. Hossein [Saskatchewan]

MEDITERRANEAN PUBLICATION INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL – MBP AND RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL VOL. 11 NO.3 JUN-2020 ISSN: 1999-5650 radiatum leaves have been introduced and partly naturalized. It has been in the United States since the 1600s when African slave brought its seeds there (Arthur, 2006).The Sesamum is a member of the Pedaliaceae family which has three (3) common species which are all prevalent in Africa. The three (3) species are listed below according to Hutchison and Dalziel, 1936: a) b) Sesamum indicum c) Sesamum radiatum. Sesamum radiatum is self-pollinated; the flowers open at dawn after pollination has occurred. However, under extreme conditions some out crossing may occur. It takes about 6weeks from anthesis to fruit maturity. The fruits do not open fully; an angular pocket at the base of the fruit retains some seeds (Bedigian, 2003). Sesamum radiatum leaves is adopted to a wide range of habitat but is most common in Savanna. It occurs on nutritionally poor sites, growing in gravelly, sandy and rocky localities. It occupies open localities where few other herbaceous plants grow. It is also a weed and occurs in formerly cultivated fields. It tolerates heat and drought well and continues growth and flowering during the dry season (Katenda et al., 1999). Seeds may be sown in seedbeds in seed boxes or directly 2 -3 seeds per hole. Germination takes 6 – 10 days. Seedlings are transplanted at a spacing of approximately 15cm. Sesamum radiatum responds well to fertilizer. For leaf production, plants are topped to promote the growth of new basal shoots from which larger leaves can be harvested. Plants in their second year may be pruned to a height of 2.5cm to encourage new shoot production (Lee et al., 1991). Sesamum radiatum requires a sunny position and some rainfall. It succeeds on nutritionally poor sites, growing in gravelly sandy and rocky localities. Established plants are drought-tolerant and continue to grow and flower during the dry season. The plant is a pan-African weed. The first leaves can be harvested 8 – 10weeks after sowing. Harvesting at 7 – 10days intervals can continue for a period of about 14weeks. Harvesting for seed is after about 4months (Neuwinger, 2000). Minerals are essential nutrients that are needed in small amounts to keep the body healthy. They exist in the body and are essential as our oxygen to sustain life. They are found in organic and inorganic combination in food. In the body, only 5% of the human body weight is mineral matter, vital to all

173 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Prof. A.S. Hossein [Saskatchewan]

MEDITERRANEAN PUBLICATION INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL – MBP AND RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL VOL. 11 NO.3 JUN-2020 ISSN: 1999-5650 physical and natural processes and for the total wellbeing. They are most important in maintaining all physiological processes and constituent of the teeth, bone, tissues, blood, muscles and nerve cells (www.dieticians.ca, 2019). A medicinal plant is any plant in which one or most of its organs contains the substance(s) that can be used for therapeutic purposes and which can also be added to manufacture drugs (Sofowora, 1984). Edoga et al., (2005) explains that medicinal plants contains organic compounds which produces physiological action on the human body and these bioactive substances include tannins, alkaloids, carbohydrates, terpenoids etc. In most cases, these substances appear to be non-essential to the plant producing them. Perhaps, because of the rich tropical vegetation and the influence of urbanization so many of the vegetables are at the verge of extinction. It is therefore justifiable to undertake a study that will bring some of these vegetables to lime light in line with attitudinal change for sustainable development. This research therefore is aiming at determining the nutritional constituents of Sesamum radiatum leaves in terms of minerals (sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron, phosphorus and zinc) and to check its sensory attributes when prepared as vegetable soup suitable for the hospitality industry. Literature on the dietary uses and sensory attributes is often limited to Sesamum indicum which is mainly produced for the purpose of its oil rich seeds and little or nothing is known about Sesamum radiatum, it is against this background that this research is been undertaken to assess the mineral composition and sensory properties of this wild vegetable.

MATERIALS & METHODOLOGY Source of the material The leaves of Sesamum radiatum were obtained from a local farm within the Federal polytechnic Bida premises, Niger State. The mineral composition analysis was conducted at Central service laboratory of National Cereals Research Institute Baddegi, Niger State of Nigeria. All the reagents used for the determination of the mineral compositions of the Sesamum radiatum leaves are of analytical grades and supplied by the

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MEDITERRANEAN PUBLICATION INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL – MBP AND RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL VOL. 11 NO.3 JUN-2020 ISSN: 1999-5650

British Drug House (BDH) while utensils and ingredients used in Sesamum radiatum leave soup preparations were purchased from Etsu Musa market in Bida local government area of Niger state

SAMPLE PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS Some quantities of fresh leaves of Sesamum radiatum were cleaned and air dried at ambient temperature for two (2) weeks and milled into powder using an electric blender and packaged in air tight container. The mineral content of Sesamum radiatum samples were determined using the methods of the AOAC (2010). Calcium, Sodium, zinc, iron and Potassium were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. 1.0 g of sample was digested with 20 ml of mixture of 650 ml Conc. HNO3, 80 ml Perchloric acid and 20 ml H2SO4, the digest was then diluted with distilled water to 500 ml mark and liquor of the clear digest were used for atomic absorption spectrophotometry using filters that matched the different elements. The concentration of Calcium, Sodium, zinc, iron and Potassium were determined with their calibration curves prepared with their standard solutions and the percentage values were calculated by multiplying the concentrations by 100.while phosphorus was determined by Molybdate Method. 9.5 ml of 10 % trichloroacetic acid was added to 0.5 ml of digested sample in a test tube, the mixture was agitated for 5 min. and filtered through a filter paper. 5 ml of the filtrate was measured into a cuvet, 5 ml of trichloroacetic acid and 5 ml of the working standard were also measured into two cuvets which served as a blank and standard, respectively. About 0.5 ml of molybdate reagent and 0.2ml of sulphuric acid reagent were added and mixed, stoppered and allowed to stand for 10 min. The absorbance of the test sample and standard were read in a Spectrophotometer at 660 nm with the blank set at zero. The % Phosphorus (P) was then calculated.

SENSORY EVALUATION The test was carried out by panel of fifteen (15) judges comprising of staff and students of the Federal Polytechnic Bida using five (5) points hedonic scale with one (1) as the minimum score and five (5) as the maximum score

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MEDITERRANEAN PUBLICATION INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL – MBP AND RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL VOL. 11 NO.3 JUN-2020 ISSN: 1999-5650 which the parameters where rated based on taste, colour, texture, flavour and general acceptability.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The results of the mineral composition of Sesamum radiatum leaves are represented in a bar chart below. The selected mineral composition of Sesamum radiaum leaves analysed were calcium 24.35mg/100g, sodium 27.50mg/100g, potassium 11.80mg/100g, zinc 5.60mg/100g, iron 36.10mg/100g and phosphorus 26.75mg/100g. The result revealed that the leaves are very rich in iron which is best suitable for humans suffering from anemia illness and is low in zinc which is in accordance with Antigone and Regina (2016) who recoreded lower value of 3.0, 1.0 and 0.5 in raw lentils, raw pea and raw mung beans respectively. Potassium content is lower when compared to hiher value reported by Antigone and Regina (2016) in some vegetables ( 840, 264 and 129 raw lentils, war pea and raw mung beans respectively ). The amount of zinc is very low and iron is moderately low when compared to the recommended dietary allowance (RDA). The iron requirement for all categories of people ranges between 40mg/100g to 45mg/100g (Wardlow et al., 2004). The iron content of Sesamum radiaum leaves is 36.10mg/100g which means it is less than the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for all categories of people hence more should be consumed. Although, the leaves is richer in iron than bitter leaves and scent leaves (with values of 16.43mg/100g and 23.36mg/100g) respectively but less than that of pumpkin leaves (34.64mg/100g) (Asaolu et al., 2012). The content of calcium, sodium and phoshorus in the sample proves to be lower when compared to dietary reference intake (DRI) allowance for individual at different age range. phosphorus (ages of 9year – 1-9years = 380-580mg and 9years & above 1055mg).(waldlaw 2001), sodium (ages of 0months –– 5years =200 to 300mg, 6 – 18years = 400mg to 500mg)(Wardlow et al., 2004). Calcium, sodium and phosphorus are important sources of intracellular and extracellular cations respectively. Calcium is an important constituent for bone and teeth formation, blood clotting, blood pressure regulation and aids muscle relaxation while sodium is involved in the

176 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Prof. A.S. Hossein [Saskatchewan]

MEDITERRANEAN PUBLICATION INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL – MBP AND RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL VOL. 11 NO.3 JUN-2020 ISSN: 1999-5650 regulation of plasma-volume acid-base balance, nerve and muscle contraction. Phosphorus is found in every cell, it also maintains the acid- base balance and it is important for healthy bones and teeth (eMedicineHealth, 2015). However, the comparative observation of the mineral composition of Sesamum radiaum leaves is low against the recommended dietray allowance (RDA) for different categories of people. Sesamum radiaum leaves can still be consumed for its iron, sodium, calcium and phosphorus contents since they are present in considereble amounts when compared to the recommended dietary allowance (RDA). From the chi-square below, the results showed that there were significant differences (p>0.05) in the values obtained for all sensory parameters tasted. Texture recorded highest value (10.33) while general acceptability recorded lowest value (2.80). Taste and general acceptability were not Significant difference at p< 0.05 level of significance but significantly different from color, texture and flavor at p<0.05 While texture and flavor were not Significant difference at p< 0.05 level of Significance. Therefore, the test suggests that only Texture and Flavor are significant from the Soup prepared based on the data collected from the sensory evaluation being conducted and that it can be accepted by its texture and flavor.

CONCLUSION From the results obtained in this studies, it can be concluded that some minerals are present in this vegetable, and the sensory properties confirmed its acceptability. These when coupled with its availability could make Sesamum radiatum leaves an excellent addition into the modern culinary vocabulary of foods. Thus, more consumption of this leaves should be encouraged due to the presence of iron, sodium, potassium and calcium in moderate quantities as theses leaves can be used as dietary supplement useful in health conditions such as anemia, arthritis, rickets, tooth decay etc. further research should be conducted on proximate analysis of Sesamum radiatum leaves and possible anti nutrient it might contain.

REFERENCES Arthur, L.J. (2006). Wild plants of great Seattle. Http://www.arthurleej.com Association of Official Analytical Chemist (AOAC) (2010). “Official methods of analysis of the association of officials’ analytical chemist”.

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17th edition, Association of official analytical chemists, Arlington, Virginia. Asaolu, S.S., Adefemi O.S., Oyakilome I.G., Ajibulu K.E., and Asaolu M.F. (2012). Proximate and mineral composition of Nigerian leafy vegetables. Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Ekiti State University, Ado- Ekiti, Nigeria. Journal of Food Research; Vol. 1, No. 3. Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education. Auwalu, B.M. (1995). Influence of some agronomic practice on growth, yield and nutritional quality of vegetable sesame (Sesamum radiatum Schum). Ph.D Thesis, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria, pp. 124. Auwalu, B.M. and Babatunde F.E. (2007). Analyses of growth, yield and fertilization of vegetable sesame (Sesamum radiatum Schum). Journal of Plant Sciences 2: 108 – 112. Bedigian, D. (2003). Evolution of sesame revisited: domestication, diversity and prospects. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 50 (7): 773 – 778. Bedigian, D., Seigler, D.S., and Harlan, J.R. (1985). Sesamin, sesamolin and the origin of sesame. Biochemical systematic and Ecology 13: 133 – 139. Edeoga, H.O, Okwu, D.E., Mbaebie, B.O. (2005). Phytochemical constituents of some Nigerian medicinal plants. Africa Journal. Biotechnology 4 (7): 685 – 688. eMedicineHealth(2015) www.emedicinehealth.co- m/minerals_their_functions_and_surces_health/article_em.html. Hutchinson, J. and Dalziel, J.M. (1963). Sesame, in: Flora of West Tropical Africa. Hepper F.N. (Ed.), Vol. II Crown Agents, London, pp. 388 – 391. C. S. James, 1995, Mineral elements in rice, Analytical Chemistry of Food, Blackle Academic and Professional Publishers, New York, 126 – 128 Katende, A.B., Ssegawa, P. and Birnie, A. (1999). Wild food plants and mushrooms of Uganda. Technical Handbook No. 19. Regional Land management Unit/ SIDA, Nairobi, Kenya. Pp. 490. Lee, J.I., Lee, B.H., Seong, N.S. and Kang, C.W. (1991). Studies on interspecific hybridization in sesame 1. Characteristics and cross affinity of wild sesame. Korean Journal of Breeding 22: 356 – 360.

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Neuwinger, H.D. (2000). African traditional medicine: a dictionary of plant use and applications. Medpharm Scientific, Stuttgart, Germany. pp. 589 Oyenuga, V.A. and Fetuga, B.L. (1978). Dietary importance of fruits and vegetables. October 13 – 17, 1978 Ibadan, Nigeria. Pp. 122 – 13. Sofowora, A.E. (1984). “Medicinal plants and traditional medicine in Africa”. John Willey and Sons Limited, New York. Wardlaw, G.M., Hampl, J.S., and DisSilvestro, R.A. (2004). Perspectives in nutrition (6th Edition). Published by McGraw Hill Higher Education, Boston – USA. www.dieticians.ca/Your-Health/Nutrition-A-Z/Minerals/Functions-andFood- Sources-of- Common-Minerals.aspx. www.nutrition.org.uk/nutritionscience/nutrients/minerals-and-trace- elements.html

Table of results Some mineral composition of Sesamum radiatum leaves 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Calcium Sodium Potassium Zinc Iron Phosphorus

Table 1: Chi-square test statistics table TASTE COLOUR TEXTURE FLAVOUR GENERAL ACCEPTABILITY Chi-Square 3.600a 3.333b 10.333c 7.133c 2.800a

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Df 2 4 3 3 2 Asymp. Sig. .165 .504 .016 .068 .247 a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5. The minimum expected cell frequency is 5.0. b. 5 cells (100.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5. The minimum expected cell frequency is 3.0. c. 4 cells (100.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5. The minimum expected cell frequency is 3.8.

180 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Prof. A.S. Hossein [Saskatchewan]