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Survivance: an Indigenous Social Impact Game

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Survivance: an Indigenous Social Impact Game Survivance: An Indigenous Social Impact Game by Elizabeth LaPensée M.A. (First Class Hons., Writing), Portland State University, 2005 B.A. (First Class Hons., Liberal Studies), Portland State University, 2004 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Interactive Arts and Technology Faculty of Communication, Art and Technology © Elizabeth LaPensée 2014 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Spring 2014 Approval Name: Elizabeth LaPensée Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Title of Thesis: Survivance: An Indigenous Social Impact Game Examining Committee: Philippe Pasquier Defence Chair Associate Professor Ron Wakkary Senior Supervisor Professor Jason Lewis Supervisor Associate Professor Department of Design and Computation Arts Concordia University Kate Hennessy Supervisor Assistant Professor Jim Bizzocchi Internal Examiner Assistant Professor Bart Simon External Examiner Associate Professor Department of Sociology and Anthropology Concordia University Date Defended/Approved: February 7, 2014 ii Partial Copyright Licence iii Ethics Statement iv Abstract Social impact games are on the rise as a means of encouraging social change through gameplay. This dissertation describes the outcomes of playing Survivance (http://www.survivance.org)—an Indigenous social impact game that honors storytelling, art, and self-determination as pathways to healing from historical trauma caused by colonization in Turtle Island (North America). The research addresses a gap in studies that specifically explore the impact of social impact games while uniquely merging Indigenous and Game Studies scholarship. The study focuses on gameplay spread over one year involving ten core players and three validation players. The players are from the urban Indigenous community in Portland, Oregon in the United States of America, where Survivance was developed collaboratively with the non-profit organization Wisdom of the Elders, Inc. as an extension of its multimedia health and wellness curriculum Discovering Our Story. Thus, this research is positioned within Indigenous ways of knowing. It is informed by biskaabiiyang methodology, an Anishinaabe approach of “returning to ourselves.” The survivance framework involves looking at player experiences overall, including their incoming motivations, quest journeys, and “acts of survivance” (any form of self- expression, e.g. a painting, a beadwork medallion, an experimental animation). It leverages Indigenously-determined methods including written reflections, acts of survivance as symbol-based reflection, and conversations. Findings from the Survivance prototype show that intergenerational exchanges of traditions, stories, and art practices are pathways to wellbeing that influence the player’s self; various forms of community; and the greater world; while also fostering a reciprocal relationship with spirit. The study clearly shows that social impact games do make an impact, and goes on to describe this in ways that are relevant to Survivance players. Keywords: Indigenous, First Nations, Native American, games for change, social impact games, co-design v Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to my community and family: to Mal and Kat, who I love dearly and who open up worlds of play, to my mother for her ongoing work and passing on her ways of knowing, to my father for telling me I could do anything with my life, as long as I was happy, to all of Mal and Kat’s Aunties for their good thoughts and warmth. vi Acknowledgements Thank you to my supervisor Ron Wakkary for seeing me through a transformation in this work. I am honoured to have collaborated with the Wisdom of the Elders community and especially Woodrow Morrison Jr., whose life stories and teachings shaped Survivance. I am deeply grateful for the support of the research network Aboriginal Territories in Cyberspace, and namely Jason Edward Lewis, who encouraged me to continue on in the service of the community. I am also thankful for the opportunity to have worked with the Aboriginal History Media Arts Lab and for Loretta Todd’s guidance. I am thankful to Beth Kaufka for kicking off a year-long journey of writing by entertaining Mal and Kat, to Shilo George sharing her work and for bringing the circle together, to Allison Vasquez for endless listening, to Ahchishi Okshulba Brown for pushing me forward in unexpected ways that empowered my voice, and especially to Deidre Avery, who so patiently walked with me in the final stages of writing, knowing that there would be days ahead for living and creating again. Miigwetch to my community, to all those who came before, and to those yet to come. May we continue in this way as living acts of survivance. vii Table of Contents Approval ............................................................................................................................. ii Partial Copyright Licence .................................................................................................. iii Ethics Statement ............................................................................................................... iv Abstract .............................................................................................................................. v Dedication ......................................................................................................................... vi Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... vii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................ viii List of Figures ................................................................................................................... xi List of Acronyms .............................................................................................................. xii Glossary ........................................................................................................................... xii Chapter 1. Introduction ................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Survivance ............................................................................................................... 2 1.2. Statement of the Problem ........................................................................................ 5 1.3. Purpose and Significance ........................................................................................ 8 1.3.1. Intention ........................................................................................................ 8 1.3.2. Approach ...................................................................................................... 8 1.3.3. Contributions .............................................................................................. 12 1.4. Research Questions .............................................................................................. 14 1.5. Delimitations and Limitations ................................................................................. 15 1.5.1. Delimitations ............................................................................................... 15 1.5.2. Limitations .................................................................................................. 15 Chapter 2. Review of Related Literature ................................................................... 17 2.1. Game Studies ........................................................................................................ 17 2.2. Games for Change ................................................................................................. 19 2.3. Social Impact Games ............................................................................................. 22 2.3.1. Social Impact Game Design ....................................................................... 23 Social Design in Social Impact Games ...................................................... 24 Ethical Design in Social Impact Games ..................................................... 25 Effectual Design in Social Impact Games .................................................. 27 2.4. Related Game Studies Research .......................................................................... 28 2.4.1. Yegna ......................................................................................................... 30 2.4.2. Smoke? ...................................................................................................... 33 2.4.3. Serious Beats ............................................................................................. 36 2.4.4. Battlestorm ................................................................................................. 38 2.4.5. Macon Money ............................................................................................. 40 2.4.6. Homelessness: It’s No Game ..................................................................... 41 2.5. Implications ............................................................................................................ 43 viii Chapter 3. Process ..................................................................................................... 45 3.1. Design of the Study ................................................................................................ 45 3.1.1. Indigenous Epistemology and Methodology .............................................
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