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PARTICULATES Characterisation of Exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Vehicles

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PARTICULATES Characterisation of Exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Vehicles PARTICULATES Characterisation of Exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Vehicles Deliverable 2: Vehicle exhaust particulates characterisation, properties, instrumentation and sampling requirements Final Version – January 2001 A project sponsored by: EUROPEAN COMMISSION Directorate General Transport and Environment In the framework of: Fifth Framework Programme Competitive and Sustainable Growth Sustainable Mobility and Intermodality Contractors LAT/AUTh: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics - EL CONCAWE: CONCAWE, the oil companies' European organisation for environment, health and safety - B VOLVO: AB Volvo - S AVL: AVL List GmbH - A EMPA: Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Testing and Research - CH MTC: MTC AB - S TUT: Tampere University of Technology - FIN TUG: Institute for Internal Combustion Engines and Thermodynamics, Tech. University Graz - A IFP: Institut Français du Pétrole - F AEA: AEA Technology plc - UK JRC: European Commission – Joint Research Centre - NL REGIENOV: REGIENOV - RENAULT Recherche Innovation - F INRETS: Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Securité - F DEKATI: DEKATI Oy - FIN SU: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University - S DHEUAMS: Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Athens Medical School - EL INERIS: Institut National de l’ Environment Industriel et des Risques - F LWA: Les White Associates - UK TRL: Transport Research Laboratory - UK VKA: Institute for Internal Combustion Engines, Aachen University of Technology - D 2 Publication data form 1. Framework Programme 2. Contract No European Commission – DG TrEn, 5th Framework Programme 2000-RD.11091 Competitive and Sustainable Growth Sustainable Mobility and Intermodality 3. Project Title 4. Coordinator Characterisation of Exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Vehicles LAT/AUTh (PARTICULATES) 5. Deliverable Title 6. Deliverable No Vehicle exhaust particulates characterisation, properties, 2 instrumentation and sampling requirements 7. Deliverable Responsible 8. Language 9. Publication Date TUT English January 2001 10. Author(s) 11. Affiliation Marko Marjamäki and Jorma Keskinen with contributions from AEAT, TUT Concawe, Volvo, LWA, SU and LAT/AUTh 12. Summary PARTICULATES project targets to add knowledge and understanding of the emissions of particulates from the motor vehicles. Main purpose of this deliverable is to review the current status of particle measurement from vehicle emissions. It aims to review the instrumentation and sampling techniques used so far for particle characterisation and provides an outline of the tools and methodology to be followed towards the completion of the project. It includes overviews on following subjects: • European emission inventories and source attribution focusing on the particles from vehicle exhaust • Health effects of exhaust particles • Particle formation mechanisms • Sampling systems • Instruments available for particle measurements Based on the current level of knowledge, this deliverable gives recommendations how the particles should be sampled and measured. 13. Notes 14. Internet reference http://vergina.eng.auth.gr/mech/lat/particulates 15. Key Words 16. Distribution statement particulates characterisation, instrumentation, FREE sampling 17. No of Pages 18. Price 19. Declassification date 20. Bibliography 79 FREE April 2005 YES 3 Table of Contents Publication data form ...................................................................................................................... 3 Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................. 4 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 5 1.1. Goals of the project ............................................................................................................ 5 1.2. Background ........................................................................................................................ 5 1.3. Current status...................................................................................................................... 6 1.4. Particle characterisation challenge ................................................................................... 11 2. Road Transport Particulates Emissions in an Overall Perspective................................... 14 2.1. Primary Sources of Anthropogenic PM in Europe........................................................... 14 2.2. Current European Inventories-What do they tell us? ....................................................... 14 2.3. Secondary Particulates ..................................................................................................... 17 2.4. Maximising the usefulness of the current project in the current inventory/modelling work 18 3. Health effects associated with selected parameters of vehicle exhaust particulate .......... 19 3.1. Historical Perspective....................................................................................................... 19 3.2. Ambient PM Health Effects ............................................................................................. 19 3.3. Health effects of vehicle emissions .................................................................................. 21 3.4. Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 21 4. Particle formation and structure. ......................................................................................... 24 4.1. Formation mechanisms..................................................................................................... 24 4.2. Aerosol processes during dilution .................................................................................... 26 4.3. Non-exhaust emissions..................................................................................................... 31 5. Sampling and diluting the vehicle exhaust........................................................................... 33 5.1. Background ...................................................................................................................... 33 5.2. Aerosol loss and ageing processes ................................................................................... 33 5.3. Sampling and transfer line................................................................................................ 36 5.4. Dilution............................................................................................................................. 38 5.5. Current status: Review, CVS problems............................................................................ 41 5.6. Alternative sampling and dilution systems....................................................................... 44 5.7. How to sample.................................................................................................................. 50 6. Measurement instrumentation.............................................................................................. 55 6.1. Integrating concentration instruments .............................................................................. 55 6.2. Vehicle particulate emissions aerosol size instrumentation ............................................. 56 6.3. Chemical Composition Instrumentation........................................................................... 62 7. Recommendations and conclusions....................................................................................... 68 7.1. Sampling and diluting ...................................................................................................... 68 7.2. Instrumentation................................................................................................................. 68 Appendix 1: Chemical analyses..................................................................................................... 72 4 1. Introduction 1.1. Goals of the project The project targets to add knowledge and understanding of the emissions of particulates from the motor vehicles. A review of currently used instrumentation and sampling techniques is made. A harmonised sampling protocol for the definition of exhaust particulate sampling conditions is developed. This protocol is based on the review and knowledge of the participants and it accounts for the existing instrumentation. The developed protocol is then used in a detailed measurement campaign. This campaign will cover most of the existing and near future fuels and vehicle technologies. As a result of this campaign a database containing appropriate emission factors for particulates and other unregulated pollutants associated with them should be developed. Deliverable 2 is the output of WP200 of the project. It aims to review the instrumentation and sampling techniques used so far for particle characterisation and provides an outline of the tools and methodology to be followed towards the completion of the project. 1.2. Background The effect of particulate emissions on health has been of great interest for many years. Legislation on particulate emissions is based in particulate mass, either total suspended particulate mass (TSP) or PM10 (mass fraction of particle sizes below 10µm). Recent toxicological findings have however suggested that the adverse health effects may not only
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