g/,< AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE * * JOURNAL * * <**r

On a business visit your hotel is doubly important. You then want the utmost in comfort and conve¬ J5S~ nience, to turn you out each morning 100% effi¬ cient and "raring to go." You also demand a local address in every way worthy of your own prestige and standing. The Hotel New Yorker meets these v.* J a» «°°

orcvS at two needs—and meets them so completely that it t° ^ nd citc^X Setvido1' a ^ates be- is chosen by men of affairs. Make it your head¬ gin at ** potion quarters. You'll say that it is the most thoroughly ^Unta^1 to?enns^ _ satisfactory hotel you have ever known. 25% Reduction to Diplomatic and Consular Service

Note: The special rate reduction applies only to rooms on which the rate is #5 a day or more. HOTEL NEW YORKER 3 4 T H STREET AT EIGHTH AVENUE, NEW YORK Ralph Hitz, President • George V. Riley, Manager CONTENTS (JULY, 1937) COVER PICTURE J^oute* the Fisherman's Return ( See also page 424) PAGE THE NATIONAL YOUTH ADMINISTRATION GRACE LINE By W. Thacker Winslow. 387 THE APPROACH TO BILATERALISM By Folke Hilgerdt 390 THE CORONATION AT SPITHEAD By Rollin R. Winslow 393 REFLECTIONS AT SEVENTY-FIVE By Ambassador 395 THE REDISCOVERY OF BERMUDA BY AIR

By Harold L. Williamson 396 jVfcniWa BERGEN’S “FOURTH OF JULY” By Maurice P. Dunlap 398 Between NEW YORK WORLD’S FAIR 1939 400 IN MEMORIAM 403 THE EDITORS’ COLUMN 404 NEWS FROM THE DEPARTMENT 405 TRADE AGREEMENT NOTES 407

NEWS FROM THE FIELD 409 A POLITICAL BOOKSHELF Cyril Wynne, Review Editor CENTRAL AMERICA Claude Kitchin and the Wilson War Policies Reviewed by Harley A. Notter 410 Books of Possible Interest 411

DEATHS 411

FOREIGN SERVICE CHANCES 412 Regular service of de luxe,first class,and cabin class ships, meeting every demand of time and purse. MRS. CARR DISCUSSES FOREICN TRAFFIC CONDITIONS 424 Europe— via New York at no extra cost MARRIAGE 424 Shortest, fastest route between New York and BIRTHS 424 Buenos Aires, via Valparaiso and across the Andes by train or Pan American-GRACE Airways. LONG OR SHORT ASSIGNMENTS 438 F.S.O. CONDUCTS SYMPHONY 439 GRACE LINE VISITORS 442 10 Hanover Square and 628 Fifth Ave. (Rockefeller Center) New York, Boston, FOREIGN SERVICE PROMOTIONS 444 Pittsburgh, Washington, D. C., Chicago, , Los Angeles, Seattle. Agents throughout South America and Issued monthly by American Foreign Service Associa¬ tion, Department of State, Washington, D. C. Entered as in all principal cities of the world. second-class matter August 20, 1934, at the Post Office, in Washington, D. C., under the Act of March 3, 1879.

381 THE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

nir nature of the weather heeumes less ini portant lu yon when you own a DeSolo. New iniprovemenls in body insulation not only deaden sound but keep out heat or cold as well . . . Draftless ventilation draws a steady flow of fresh air into the car. Extra- wide drip mouldings extending the full length of the body . . . prevent rain from drip¬ ping on passengers when entering or leaving.

CHRYSLER CORPORATION EXPORT DIVISION DETROIT, MICH., U. S. A.

r E ii382 s o r o To Patronize Our Advertisers Is to Insure a Bigger and Better Journal for Our Service. Thoughts of

INDEX OF ADVERTISERS WASHINGTON

American Export Lines — _. 420 American Security and Trust Company ... 413 Bacardi. Santiago de — 443 Brewood (Engravers) 436 Cathay Hotel—Shanghai 443 Chase National Bank — 436 FOREIGN Service Chrysler Corporation 382 Officers Have A Particular Continental Hotel—Paris — 443 Interest In The Many Crillon. Hotel—Paris 443 Dunapalota Hotel- Budapest. 443 Activities of Government. Federal Storage Company 422 Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. 386 • When next you visit France et Choiseul Hotel—Paris 443 The Capital, stay at the insti¬ General Motors Export Co . 425 tution where international per¬ George V, Hotel—Paris 443 Goodyear Tire and Rubber Export Co. 417 sonages reside and great events Grace. W. R.. and Company 381 occur. Harris and Ewing 436 Hennessy & Co., Jas.—Cognac 443 Single Rooms from $4 Hungaria Hotel—Budapest 443 International Telephone & Telegraph Co. 419 Double Rooms from $6 Kressmann & Co., Ed.—Bordeaux . 443 Subject to a Diplomatic Le Boissy D’Anglas—Paris 443 Manhattan Storage and Warehouse Co. .. 414 Discount Martinique Hotel 435 Mayflower Hotel , 383 Merchants Transfer and Storage Company 437 Metropole Hotel—Shanghai 443 Montgomery Ward _ 431 Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of Amer¬ ica. Inc. 435 Munson S.S. Lines 1 426 National City Bank 430 National Geographic Magazine 384 New England Mutual Life Insurance Co. 439 New Yorker Hotel _II COVER Pagani’s Restaurant—London 443 Palaoe-Ambassadeurs Hotel—Rome 443 Pan-American Airways, Inc. 426 Park Hotel Shanghai „ 443 Plaza Hotel 421 Powhatan Hotel 439 Rockefeller Center III COVER Sapp, Earle W., C.L.U ... 439 Savoy-Plaza Hotel 421 Sea Captains’ Shop, The—Shanghai 443 Security Storage Company of Washington 413 Socony-Y acuum Oil Co., Inc. 433 Tyner, Miss E. J 439 Underwood Elliott Fisher Company 427 United Fruit Company 414 Fidelity and Guaranty Company 435 United States Lines 415 Waldorf-Astoria Hotel IV COVER Woodward and Lothrop 423 383 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

■ While visiting mysterious Micronesia, Japan’s mandated islands in the Pacific Ocean, Willard Price photographed this strange “orchestra” TO YOU—Who Travel Far: providing the cadence for a native dance.

In your travels as a Foreign Service Officer, have you other homes, where your narratives, your photographs, not come upon peoples, customs, places, of such human will be just as eagerly appreciated. Enlist in the foreign and abiding interest that you could not resist the urge service of science by cooperating in THE GEOGRAPHIC S to write to relatives at home, telling them what you had educational work, o Before preparing manuscripts it is observed, so that they too might experience your travel advisable that you submit a brief outline of your proposed adventures? You may have even taken photographs to article. Liberal payment is made for material accepted. illustrate all the more vividly your word descriptions. • A million other families would like to benefit by your geographic knowledge and experience. We urge THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE you to do more than write to your home: write, through GILBKKT GROSVENOR, LITT.D., LL.D., Editor THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE, to those million ■■■■■ Washington, D. C. ■ WRITE YOUR OBSERVATIONS FOR THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC

384 Photo by Thos. D. McAvoy An informal study of Joseph E. Jacobs. Chief, Philippine Office.

Charles C. Eberhardt, American Minister, retired, has just gotten off his mule after a three hour Inspector Nathaniel P. Davis and Consul Prescott Childs relaxing in the official rocking ride down mountain trails. chairs at Barbados. 385 ircstonc (M££(L AT INDIANAPOLIS FOR JgTH CONSECUTIVE TEAR

ANOTHER triumph for Firestone Tires and another f\. sweeping victory for the blowout protection and safety of the Firestone,Gum-Dipping Process! In no other place in the world are tires put to such a severe test as in this gruelling 500-mile race. This race is more than a pageant of speed. As powerful cars hit the curves and roar down the straight-aways at speeds up to 150 miles an hour, it is the most dramatic test of men, metals, and rubber, that is known today. These drivers may be daring, but they are not careless. They insist on safe tires — tires that stay cool even under the terrific pounding of this hot brick track. They know that Firestone Tires run cooler — protected against destructive internal friction and heat by the Firestone patented Gum- Dipping process. You may never put your tires to the test that race drivers do but for your safety and the safety of your family you do need the blowout protection of Gum- DON’T RISK YOUR LIFE Dipping and other ON THIN WORN TIRES extra patented construc¬ DO YOU KNOW . .. tion features that make THAT last year highway accidents cost the lives of more than 38,000 men, Firestone Tires safer. women and children? Join the Firestone SAVE THAT a million more were injured? THAT more than 40,000 of these deaths A LIFE Campaign and injuries were caused directly by today by equipping punctures, blowouts and skidding due to unsafe tires? your car with a set of new Firestone Gum- JOIN Dipped Tires, the safest and most dependable THE FIRESTONE tires that money can buy. See your nearest Above is a section Above is section cut cut from a smooth, from a new Firestone Firestone Dealer today. worn tire, with non- Tire. Note the thick skid protection worn non-skid protection off. Tires in this against skidding, condition are more blowouts and Listen to the Voice of Firestone liable to punctures, punctures. Come in Monday evenings at 8:30 E. S. T. blowouts and and see by actual from the United States over skidding. demonstration. CAMPAIGN TODAY/ short wave W 2 X A F— 9550 kc

Copyright 1937, Firestone Tire & Rubber Co.

386 FOREIGN SM & JOURNAL lit PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION ft?

VOL. 14, No. 7 WASHINGTON, D. C. JULY, 1937

T-/ By W. THACHER WINSLOW Administrative Assistant % The National Youth Administration IN the last few decades have been dismayed by the world has become the prospects of what increasingly conscious of might take place—and, its youth. From the early in some countries, what youth movements of Ger¬ has already taken place. many and the political ac¬ True, since time imme¬ tivities of students in cer¬ morial youth has present¬ i'. V & tain Latin American coun¬ ed many problems to its tries down to the recent elders. Ambitious, confi¬ law regulating the organ¬ dent, daring and ever- ization and training of ready to question author¬ Austrian youth, the course ity, youth has periodical¬ of events has pushed ly toppled over precious youth steadily forward idols, demanded an equal into the public eye. These hearing at the council developments have been chambers, advocated viewed both with satisfac¬ seemingly wild ideas and tion and alarm. Some behaved, on the whole, in people, caught in the % such a manner as to bring wave of a resurgent ideal¬ amazement and conster¬ ism, have seen youth as nation to the community rebels against the dead at large. But though these hand of the past—rebels natural qualities of youth who would seize the reins are in some measure re¬ of governmental power sponsible for what is hap¬ and guide the world to¬ pening today, neverthe¬ wards the establishment less there are new and of a new social and eco¬ more basic factors in¬ nomic order. Other peo¬ volved which constitute a ple, either fearing the fol¬ genuinely serious prob¬ ly of youth or the unscru¬ cv lem. What some of these pulous leaders who might exploit youth’s idealism TOBOGGAN CHtJTE BUILT for their own purposes, AT MORRISVILLE, VT. 387 r] HI ^MKHICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

express themselves on economic and social matters. At the same time it is also true that much of the general dissatisfaction among the educated young people is the result of a scarcity of white collar jobs or openings in “highly respected" professions, which is due not only to the fact that most students try to enter the fields of law and medicine but also to the fact that many of the best positions in com¬ mercial firms have been pre-empted by foreigners. Though prior to 1929 there were, in the United States, maladjustments which impeded and inter¬ rupted what should have been the steady flow of young people from school and college into perma¬ nent employment, the depression threw the whole situation seriously out of kilter. With jobs grow¬ ing scarcer, stay-at-school drives were inaugurated in an attempt to keep young people from entering the labor market. Enrolments, particularly in the high schools, rapidly increased; but, at the same time, deoleted town, city and state budgets brought about a drastic slash in educational appropriations. SEWING CLASS—ONE OF THE W'ORK PROJECTS Not only did it become impossible to provide with a full year of school all those who wished it, but many young people who wanted to continue their factors are, have been revealed by a study of youth education were prevented from doing so through throughout the world—made possible, for the lack of adequate clothing and money to cover car- most part, by the extremely interesting consular reports received by the National Youth Adminis¬ tration through the Department of State. In summary, these reports have shown that as the machine age has made it less and less necessary for young peoole to go to work until they are 16 or 18 years old, their problems have increased in number and degree. Thus, generally speaking, countries in which industry and agriculture have become highly rationalized have found youth a very disturbing yet important element, not only because educational, vocational training and skilled or professional op¬ portunities have lagged behind the number of young people who are read\ to take advantage of them, but also because it has been discovered how particularly impressionable youth is and how read¬ ily it can be educated to believe in new political ideologies. On the other hand, those countries in which a primitive agricultural economy prevails have no youth problems, since hoys and girls must go to work at a very early age. It might be said that such countries as China, India, Egypt, and some of the Latin American countries are exceptions to this latter rule, since the activities of students have been the cause of much concern, particularly in the field of politics. Here, it is true, we are faced with the rather special prob¬ lem of the education of the indigenous population in these countries. Nationalistic and radically- minded students plav a moderately influential part in political affairs bv weight of sheer number in NYA STUDENT WORKING ON ANATOMICAL CHARTS AT CONNECTICUT STATE COLLEGE comparison with those who are able to think and 388 vious that something had to be done to assist them. The National Youth Administration proved to be the answer. Established in June, 1935, as a division of the Works Progress Administration, the NYA has three major objectives: to provide needy secondary school, college and graduate students with an op¬ portunity to earn funds enabling them to meet their educational expenses; to provide needy out-of¬ school young men and women with part-time em¬ ployment on a variety of constructive and useful work projects; and to establish, and encourage the establishment of, job-training, guidance and place¬ ment services. The Student Aid Program, under which the first objective is being achieved, had its origin in the Federal Emergency Relief Administration. Begin¬ ning in February, 1934, the FERA allocated funds to tax-exempt, non-profit-making colleges for the purpose of giving some 75,000 students a chance to earn approximately $15 a month on various projects selected and supervised by the college au¬ thorities. Though this sum was clearly not sufficient to meet all educational expenses, nevertheless it made all the difference between staying in and dropping out of college to a large number of stu¬ dents—especially since, as was later shown by an Office of Education Survey, $15 a month was enough to cover the room and board of students attending 20 per cent of the colleges participating in the program. For those students living at home, the wages earned w'ere of even greater assistance. fares, lunches, textbooks and other expenses. (Continued to page 434) Those one and one-half million young people who did leave school and college each year w-ere confronted with grave obstacles in their efforts to secure private employment. For millions of adult workers were already seeking jobs; and handi¬ capped by their lack of training and work expe¬ rience as wrell as by the preference of most em¬ ployers for workers who had families to support, many a young person was forced to remain unem¬ ployed. By May, 1935, this number had mounted to approximately 5,000,000, according to estimates made by the Office of Education. The Civilian Conservation Corps, which started operating in April, 1933, had indeed helped to better the situation. Some 250,000 able-bodied young men between 18 and 25 w'ere living in hun¬ dreds of camps located in every state of the Union, working upon projects aimed to conserve the natu¬ ral resources of the country, and earning $30 a month for the support of themselves and their families. But there were two groups in particular which the C.C.C. program did not reach—young people who were anxious to continue their educa¬ CONSTRUCTING A COMMUNITY SWIMMING POOL tion, and young women. It gradually became ob¬ AT ANTIGO. WISCONSIN 389 The Approach to Bilateralism

By FOLKE HILGERDT

(Reprinted from INDEX, by courtesy of Svetiska Handelsbanken, Stockholm)

I. confronted merchandise trade with a task which it WHILE the gold value of international trade at could not accomplish. The disturbances which then present amounts to only one-third of what it occurred gave rise to monetary and restrictive mea¬ sures which have not only affected the quantum and was in 1929, its quantum (i.e., its value as measured according to prices in 1929) is only 20-25% below composition of trade, but also eaten into the very structure of international business transactions de¬ the level of that year. The reduction is greatest for manufactured articles, the exchange of which only termining the geographical repartition of world pro¬ duction and investments. amounts to two-thirds of the 1929 volume. The de¬ cline is considerable, but not necessarily fatal. A About 70% of the world’s merchandise trade con¬ considerable number of manufactured articles may sists of the mutual and balancing exchange of goods nowadays, with the aid of modern technique, be (imports and exports offsetting each other) between produced in any large centre of consumption at pairs of countries. This trade is bilateral, but a costs which vary but little with the place of produc¬ portion of the remaining 30% is also bilateral — tion. It is not impossible that in many cases a more for example the import surplus of certain countries, even geographical distribution of industrial produc¬ representing the yield of foreign investments, in tion would present economic advantages, in par¬ cases where this surplus results from the trade with ticular as it would, to a certain extent, render un¬ the country in which the investments are made (no necessary the transport of raw materials to indus¬ third country then partakes in the transfer of the trial countries and of manufactured goods to raw yield). Triangular or multilateral trade, which material countries. In spile of the old rule navigate normally represents some 20% of world trade, re¬ necesse est, vivere non est necesse, international quires three or more parties: country A employs its trade is not its own end. It is no wonder that the excess of exports in trade with B for financing an modern recovery policy of many countries has excess of imports from C; if C employs its excess of shown but small interest in foreign trade. The eco¬ exports to A for purchases from B, the claims are nomic depression is an international phenomenon cancelled. In reality, C is likely to employ part of which has necessarily spread through the agency of its excess in trade with A for purchases from other international transactions of which trade in goods is countries D, E, etc.; the cancellation thus demands the most important. It has seemed natural to ob¬ a network of transactions between a large number tain protection from the ruinous influence of falling of parties; certain of these transactions do not con¬ foreign prices by curtailing imports. Social consid¬ sist of merchandise trade but of tourist expenditure, erations and the wish to stabilize domestic industrial interest payments, amortization, etc. activities have made governments apply a monetary This mechanism did not attract much interest so or commercial policy fettering trade. long as it worked automatically and swiftly. It has, For this reason, the study of international trade however, been of central importance for the produc¬ nowadays presents problems which have previously tion and trade of many countries. Thus, France, been neglected to a certain extent. The classical and Switzerland have been able to employ the theory of trade is based on the assumption that the foreign currency brought in by tourists, mainly from factors of production are less movable than goods; other European countries and the Lhiited States, for the conditions connected with the present disturb¬ meeting the excess of imports arising in the trade ances in international transactions may, paradoxi¬ with other countries on account of purchases of raw cally. be characterized by the fact that goods are materials for industry. The majority of the raw less movable than at least one factor of production, material countries have developed with the aid of namely capital. Large transfers of vagabond capi¬ British capital; interest payments on account there¬ tal invested on short term or on call have during of have to a great extent been rendered possible by the post-war years been decided on over-night and exports to various industrial countries, which have 390 in their turn exported their products to England. Some 80(7 of the excess of imports arose, how¬ Similar roundabout ways have had to be employed, ever, in trade with Europe and the United States e. g., for the transfer of the income of the Nether¬ and only 20% in trade with other countries. In lands from its investments in Java. Though these fact, several of the countries indebted to the United transfer systems have reached a considerable degree Kingdom — for example India, and Aus¬ of permanency, they have naturally now and then tralia — imported more from that country than been exposed to disturbances; hut where a country they sold there; but the balance of their total trade has withdrawn from the transfer chain, price reac¬ was active on account of their large exports to the tions have occurred which have soon had the result United Stales and Continental Europe. of putting another country in its place. The transfer of the large amounts which the raw During the last few years the majority of the material producing countries had to pay in England multilateral transfer systems have been put out of was therefore performed in the following manner. function to a considerable extent. Their undoing These countries sold their products to all industrial started, as will he shown below, with the employ¬ countries of the world and employed their export ment of the bilateral trade balances which had surplus with the United States and the industrial arisen under the systems for capital transfers of ex¬ countries of Continental Europe for payments to ceptional magnitude; the ensuing disturbances in England. England in her turn employed the cur¬ merchandise trade led to measures of commercial rencies she thus obtained for purchases of various policy aiming at the reduction or extinction of the products, particularly industrial goods, in the last- bilateral balances of trade. Under the prevailing mentioned countries.1 These latter were to a consid¬ circumstances (falling prices and increased restric¬ erable extent dependent upon their export surplus tions), a break of one link in a chain of transfer with England for their supply of foreign raw ma¬ easily caused the destruction of the whole chain. terials and foodstuffs. This system of triangular or What is now called “reciprocity in trade” implies rather multilateral trade, extending over the whole in fact the suppression of triangular trade; the world, was one of the most important expressions of primitive commercial moral according to which it international economic interdependence. It deter¬ is abnormal for a country to buy more from another mined the economic orientation, the financial power than it sells there, has reached its full fruition. and the standard of living of many countries. The following pages will give, to begin with, a summary of recent changes in the system of trade Ill balances connected with British trade and foreign When in 1931 this system of trade balances broke investments. This is the most important of the down to a considerable extent, as a consequence of existing transfer systems and affects almost all monetary measures and trade restrictions under¬ countries. taken by a number of countries, it had in fact al¬ II. ready ceased to fulfill its function as bearer of The excess of imports of the , current payments. which during the years immediately preceding the As long as considerable amounts of long-term depression was fairly constant, amounted in 1929 to English and United States capital were put at the £382 ($1,858) million a sum which may be taken disposal of other countries, this capital could as representing the yield of the overseas investments he employed for interest payments, whereby the of the country, the income of the merchant marine dependence of these countries upon the transfer in foreign traffic and net profits on account of vari¬ system described above was concealed to a certain ous other business activities, after deduction of the extent. When, somewhat before the outset of the amount by which capital exports exceeded capital depression, the long-term lending to these countries imports in the form of amortizations, etc. The most was reduced, this system was exposed to heavy important item of income was, of course, the yield strain. The reduction of the long-term lending is, of long-term investments abroad, which according however, only to be regarded as a consequence of to the estimates of the Board of Trade amounted to disturbances originating in the movement of short¬ £250 million. term capital. According to statistics available for 1930, only It is necessary in this connection to refer to the 214 '< of British long-term capital abroad is invest¬ importance of the vagabond capital. The liquida¬ ed in the United States and 7)4% in Europe. It tion from the time of the legal stabilization of the may thus be estimated that about nine-tenths of the French franc (in June, 1928) of the large amounts income from foreign investments are derived from 1 In certain cases the mechanism was more complicated: thus, other countries. Probably the other payments bv the import surplus of in trade with the raw material countries was offset by an export surplus in trade not with the means of which England met her excess of imports United Kingdom but with other European countries, which in their turn sold more to the United Kingdom than they imported were also due mainly from these countries. from that country. 391 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL of short-term capital, mainly of French origin, It appears from these figures that, owing to the which had been invested in the chief financial cen¬ reduction in the export surplus and the increased tres owing to the monetary disorder characterizing outflow of short-term capital, the surplus of the the post-war years, was at the outset most unfavor¬ United States in transactions with Europe was, in able to the raw material countries, which could no the course of a short period, replaced by a growing longer raise long-term loans in the financial centres deficit. With this an important part of the trade whose resources were reduced. The exchange re¬ system described above was put out of function. serves of these countries were accordingly exhaust¬ European currencies were on the whole no longer ed. their currencies depreciated and raw materials available to the United States for purchases in other fell in price. The industrial countries profited for continents. The products of these continents ac¬ some time from the improvement in their barter cordingly fell in price, and their transactions with terms of trade and the industrial boom of 1928-29 the United States (trade, interest payments, etc.) no absorbed the savings of fresh capital which would longer left any considerable surplus for payments otherwise have been exported. By this, however, to Europe. There was an apparent technical equi¬ the ability of the raw material countries to purchase librium in the balance of payments of the United goods was further reduced, and with the breakdown States, and as late as in 1930 gold flowed into the of the exporting industries of the industrial coun¬ country; but the transfer mechanism determining tries in 1929-30 the fall in prices became general world market prices was damaged. and the depression spread to the manufacturing The short-term capital which flowed from the industry. United States to Europe was, as indicated above, The United States export surplus in trade with largely of French origin, though it had to a large Europe was at that time largely required for financ¬ extent passed through banks in countries other than ing the withdrawal to that continent of short-term France. The capital was now withdrawn to France, capital invested in New York. There was also some whose trade balance turned passive and who bought flight of American capital to Europe. large quantities of gold sold off by the debtor coun¬ According to a semi-official American estimate tries. The French net imports of gold rose steadily the Ehiited States transactions with Europe (exclud¬ during the years 1928-1932 and amounted during ing gold and short-term capital movements) result¬ this period to almost 1800 million dollars. The ed during the years immediately before the depres¬ outflow of gold from debtor countries was naturally sion in a surplus accruing to the United States of intensified by the flight of domestic capital to France $500—700 million, which amount was thus avail¬ and other countries believed to offer special guaran¬ able for purchases of goods from or for credits to tees against currency depreciation, such as Switzer¬ other continents. Corresponding figures for later land and the . years are not available, but on the basis of the offi¬ England played an important part in these capital cial data concerning the balance of payments of transfers. While her net income on account of in¬ the United States with all foreign countries, the terest, dividends and services rendered fell between most important transactions with Europe can he 1929 and 1931 by £180 million or over one-third, roughly estimated. The following table gives the her excess of imports rose from £381 million to balance of the United States’ trade with Europe ac¬ £408 million. The free market for foreign products cording to trade returns, the net expenditure on which England constituted at that time rendered it account of tourists in Europe, immigrants’ remit¬ possible to transfer large amounts of short-term tances to Europe and long-term loans for European capital from the United States and Central Europe account after deduction of interest and amortization by merchandise exports to England. But only a paid on account of loans to Europe I including war minor part of this capital was of English origin, loans), and finally the movement of short-term capi¬ and when its transfer to France and certain other tal which was mainly in the direction of Europe. countries was called for in 1931, this could not be The gold movement, purchases and sales of existing carried out through merchandise trade owing to the securities and certain items of small importance are restrictive trade policy of those countries and the excluded. difficulty of bringing about a sufficient reduction in UNITED STATES’ TRANSACTIONS WITH EUROPE the British price level, which was supported by the $ (000,000’s) afflux of capital. The transfer via England was thus 1929 1930 1931 1932 performed by means of goods to England but by 1. Merchandise trade +1,008 +930 +547 +395 means of gold from England — a fact which led to 2. Interest, amortization, new loans, tourist expenditure, emigrants’remittances —— 260 —175 + 35 —165 1 Assuming that the whole net outflow of short-term capital 3. Short-term capital1 — 95 —465 —719 —489 during the period went to Europe. Total + 653 +290 —137 —259 (Continued to page 420) 392 The Coronation jXaral Review at Spithead

(Notes from a Consul’s Diary)

By ROLLIN R. WINSLOW, American Consul

MAY 20, 1937: After a ride through the beau¬ the starboard side are the New Zealand cruiser tiful and historic New Forest and a hectic Leander and the new' type British cruiser Devon¬ rush through Southampton, we arrived at Ports¬ shire. Now we pass between the cruisers Shrop¬ mouth and proceeded to H.M.S. Vernon (which, hy shire and London, with their peculiar funnels of the way, is not a ship but a naval establishment varied circumference; next past the bow of H.M.S. ashore I. Now we await announcement hy loud¬ Queen Elizabeth, flagship of the Mediterranean speaker that the boat of the U.S.S. New York is fleet (an old friend from days, when Ad¬ ready. Around us are Japanese, French, Russians miral Sir offered hospitality), and and a host of other nationalities awaiting boats to now we are passing just aft that most imposing take them to the naval vessels which represent their battleship H.M.S. Nelson, with its long stretch of countries at the Review. forecastle deck, its powerful gun turrets and in The New York’s covered boat holds only a few', front of its sister ship H.M.S. Rodney, a Plymouth so we must await the arrival of the open boat; the friend. delay is fortunate for among the new arrivals are In front of us is that grand old American battle¬ many familiar faces of the American Foreign Serv¬ ship the New York, formerly flagship of ice. The embarkation has just been enlivened by a Hugh Rodman, U.S.N., when attached to the British colleague who made an excellent jack-knife into the Grand Fleet in the from late 1917 until hoat without injuring himself and only injuring November 21, 1918. What experiences she had (in¬ others slightly'. cluding the ramming of submarines) ! First com¬ The trip out takes us through a healthy sea which missioned in 1912 (when I was a gob on the U.S.S. sends show'ers of spray over us and makes it neces¬ Tennessee) she was the sixth ship to hear the name. sary for many to move aft. On all sides are the Though she is one of the oldest of our battleships boats of warships ferrying passengers and a host of in active commission, she is still (owing to some other vessels with hilarious holiday crowds aboard. modernization) very smart in appearance, and best We have now reached the long lines of warships. of all is still a traditionally “happy” ship. What Bedecked with flags, they make a gay yet formidable a sight she is and what a thrill to see “Old Glory” appearance as far as the eye can see. First we floating proudly from her mast, but — best of all — pass the Canadian destroyers Saguenay and Skeena she is flying Admiral Rodman’s flag. How thought¬ and the sloop Indus from India. Flanking us on ful of the Navy Department to have granted that 393 privilege to our fine old seadog. It’s a sight to at Plymouth (Captain E. W. Money, R.N.), wras a remember. revelation, writh the Admiral exchanging naval yarn Well, here we are on the New York. Captain for yarn w ith Admiral Sir Reginald Drax I British Welch and his able assistant, Commander Ware, Commander-in-Chief) until we were weak with have worked out all details to perfection. I have laughter. introduced my contingent of British officials to Ad¬ When asked by the press correspondents at Ply¬ miral Rodman, Captain Welch, Commander Beatty mouth what he intended to wear to the Coronation, and others, and can now settle down to enjoy the Admiral Rodman replied: “Pink undies.” Few sights. Near us is the new French battleship Dun¬ could have said that without giving offense to the kerque, a wonderful ship with a house-like structure British, but they know7 him as an old and well-tried aft for her aircraft. As a landlubber I wonder if friend, and the British officers attached to his staff that part of the ship, having no armament, wouldn’t during the World War knew that when he referred be rather vulnerable. Behind her is the Moreno, an to them as “d Britishers” he was just patting Argentine battleship, then the Marat from Soviet them on the back. They loved and respected him— Russia, with a strange forward funnel which looks a great compliment—for the successful performance as if it had been broken, and there — barely visi¬ of a work requiring greatest tact and decision. One ble — is the German pocket-battleship Admiral reason for his popularity with the British lies in Graf Spee; it is very efficient looking. the fact that he is so thoroughly and essentially What a small world — one of the New York’s American. In appointing him as special American officers has just approached me to ask if I w7ere naval delegate to the Coronation, our President paid Consul in Su¬ a great com¬ rabaya, Java, pliment to fourteen years Great Britain ago. When I and bestowed told him I was an honor upon he reminded one who well me that I had merited it. helped him Have just out of a scrape downed an ex¬ (which he had cellent lunch. e x perienced Among the through no Admiral’s fault of his guests was Lt. own). Colonel John Admiral Lindt. U.S.A., Rodman is not wearing the so full of sto¬ gold braid of ries as when a staff officer. he arrived in Again, what a Plymouth, but small w'orld— the picture I we were boys have taken of together, h i s him with Com¬ house adjoin¬ mander Beatty ing ours, and indicates that now7 I see him he still ha s for the first one up his time in twen¬ sleeve. Never ty-five years. the same story It is now twice, and a time for the good laugh in review, and we each one. The have taken the dinner given posts assigned him by his to us for ob- former British Photos by K It. W (Continued on liaison officer H.M.S. NELSON page 428) 394 Reflections at Seventy-Five Ambassador Josephus Daniels replies to inquiry as to how at seventy-five (May 18th, 1937) he can do as much as when twenty-five

OU ask said : “T e m - me to perance puts name ten wood on the rules that have fire, meal in governed m y the barrel, life. I am not flour in the conscious o f tubs, money having at any in the purse, time adopted credits in the rules of guid¬ country, con¬ ance which are tentment in the responsible for house, clothes the fact that on the chil¬ my eyesight is dren, vigor in as good and the body, in¬ my general telligence in health and the brain, and ability to work spirit in the at seventy-five wdiole consti¬ are about the tution.” same as they 3. As a boy were when 1 I was passion¬ was twenty- ately fond of five, and which AMBASSADOR DANIELS IN CHARRO COSTUME baseball and have enabled almost slept me to achieve some measure of success. However, with a ball and bat. I can prove by Connie sub-consciously my life may have been influenced Mack that I still love it. However, in my by the following practices or rules of conduct: early days as a youthful country publisher, I 1. Like Livingson, I have ever been ready to obtained all the exercise I needed without time go anywhere provided it is forward. My funda¬ out for play. I had no need for exercise after mental optimism has been justified by' long ex¬ using my legs in reportorial activity in solicit¬ perience. I have seen the growth of a new con¬ ing subscriptions and advertisements and in col¬ ception of social justice which convinces me that lecting for the same, in sometimes propelling the world is on the threshold of a fairer distribu¬ the ink roller of an old-time Washington hand tion of the fruits of man’s efforts. I hope to live press, and in other handy jobs in a country news¬ to see the coming day when there will be no un¬ paper establishment. Later, when I might have derprivileged, no slums, no denial of equality. I found time for sports, I had forgotten how7 to am confident that they are on the way and that play and have thought it wiser to reserve all my future generations will fail to understand how our strength for my serious duties. I violate all the generation tolerated semi-feudalism and child la¬ accepted rules that prescribe a certain part of bor and excessive hours, as we cannot understand every day for physical exercise. During the World how our ancestors tolerated slavery, duelling, and War I recall that Walter Camp volunteered to economic injustices. As a publisher-employer and keep the Cabinet and other officials fit by super¬ as Secretary of the Navy, I endeavored to adopt intending their exercise, giving his scientific “daily standards that would recognize the right of collec¬ dozen.” I told him I needed every ounce of tive bargaining and a fair day’s wage for a fair strength for my daily tasks and could not join his day’s work. classes. He predicted I would break down under 2. My habits have been regular, with long the war strain unless I exercised daily. Some of working hours and plenty of time for sleep. I my colleagues, who joined his class, later went to have never used stimulants of any kind. I early hospitals. I did not lose a day or an hour from sensed the wisdom of Benjamin Franklin, who (Continued to page 442) 395 CHART SHOWING AIR ROUTES

The Rediscovery of Bermuda by Air

By HAROLD L. WILLIAMSON, American Consul

WHEN Juan de Bermudez some time prior to ton’s army and at the time of the Civil War gave 1511 discovered the Island that later bore the North, and incidentally the American Consul his name he was not aware that Bermuda lay 666 at St. George’s, great concern on account of their miles southeast of what was to be New York and energy in running supplies through the blockade on apnroximately the same parallel as the future to the Rebels. The spirit of adventure of the Charleston, South Carolina, at a distance of some Islanders also caused the early years of their his¬ 600 miles to the eastward. Indeed, Sir George tory to be marked with privateering achievements Somers, the English founder of Bermuda, was and with many episodes of piracy. One of the fa¬ equally unenlightened concerning the geographical vorite sports in the realm of piracy, a professional potentialities for the tourist trade when, in 1609 sport it might be called since it was highly remu¬ on his way to the new colony of Virginia, he was nerative, was to entice unwary ships, particularly wrecked on this ever treacherous coast, where he those sailing under the Spanish flag, onto the coral remained for a year until he could build new ships barrier reefs which even today almost solidly en¬ in order to continue his journey. Later Somers close these waters and there to pillage them. In and his colleagues returned from the American the 1850’s Bermuda likewise won renown for some settlement and in 1612 the Islands were formally of the fastest clipper ships in the world, such as colonized by the Virginia Company of London. the Koh-l-Nor and Sir George F. Seymour, built Although for a great many years now Bermuda of the solid cedar timber indigenous to these shores. has had no direct communication with the south of But quieter times arrived and the Colony found the United States, the people still possess much of itself a tiny conglomeration of islands and blue the manner of thought and customs of their Vir¬ bays, comprising less than twenty square miles of ginia contemporaries. The association with Amer¬ land and lacking all natural resources save a lim¬ ica has always been a close one, patriotic British¬ ited seasonal agriculture. It therefore eventually ers as are the Islanders. During the Revolution turned to the tourist trade for the support of its they shipped very necessary powder to Washing¬ population, which at present numbers some thirty 396 thousand persons, on¬ In leaving history ly a third of whom behind it may be men¬ are of white blood. tioned that as late as The visitor on his the middle of the last part has not been century a British man- long in discovering of-war after weeks of the climatic charms search for this speck of the Islands as well of land on the bosom as the attractions for of the Atlantic re¬ golf, tennis, swim¬ turned to England to ming and yachting, so report that Bermuda that now as many as did not exist. Radio 80.000 visitors a year beacons now guide come for recreation steamers unerringly and rest, the majority to port, but it gives from the United one pause for thought States. Two other to realize that within things of which Ber¬ the next few weeks muda is proud may airplanes will regu¬ properly be men¬ larly be winging their tioned. Its Parliament way to a spot in the is the second oldest ocean which not so in the Empire and very long ago was the third most vener¬ frequently unfindable able in the world. to sailing vessels and The distinction is also hardly worth their enjoyed of being not while to visit save on a Crown Colony like rare occasions. Howr most of the other Em¬ this imminent transi¬ pire possessions, but tion occurs and what a self governing col¬ it portends is inter¬ ony rather similar in UNLOADING THE 111 LL OK THE “CAVALIER” AT esting to examine. status to a Dominion. HAMILTON (Continued to page 414)

397 Bergen's ‘"Fourth of July"

By MAURICE P. DUNLAP, American Consul

THE consular windows in Bergen were much in of the sons of citizens. Out in the harbor lies demand for a view of the local celebration of an old-fashioned sailing ship, on which these Norway’s “Fourth of July.” The consulate occu¬ youths will soon embark on a summer tour. pies one of the new buildings on the broad mar¬ Meanwhile they have been allowed ashore to take ket-place where the people were to gather. Every part in the procession. one of its nine windows overlooking the square Beyond the crowd, one may note the buildings, was in use. typical of the new Bergen that has grown up Norway’s “fourth of July” is really the seven¬ since the fire of 1916. A feature of the square is a teenth of May. row of cafes on the second floor. Those windows This was explained to me when I first came to have been full for hours. Norway twenty years ago: The white squares outlined on the street are “You are a son of Uncle Sam?” questioned marble adornments to the pavement and have some one standing by me in the crowd. “Well, nothing to do with the Seventeenth of May. so am I. So we both know that this is Norway’s From the North Window Fourth of July.” Turning into the square come the Bergen Bow¬ This is not so illogical as it may sound. men, each bearing a medieval cross-bow. This is It seems that Norway dates her “independence” a very old organization of young men who as members, acquire certain military training before from the seventeenth of May, 1814—when a new serving in the Army. Today each bow is trimmed constitution was drawn up and Norway was de¬ with red flowers; this is also a spring festival. clared independent of Denmark. Ever since, this Many of the standards shimmer with garlands has been Norway’s Great Day and the people of and bunches of birch twigs. Bergen make it a special occasion for merry¬ To the right of the bowmen rolls a car that making. shines with the silver-green of birch-leaves newly Luckily for photographers, Bergen chose a very blown. Similar cars appeared in the Viking fes¬ fine day for the festivities. Or perhaps, one tivals of spring, carrying a fertility god. But should say that a very fine day chose Bergen. that was long before the motor age. Anyway the sun shone bright on the market-place Not from a Window and thousands of citizens, young and old, with This view was taken not from a window but club-emblems and flags, in costume or silk-hat, just around the corner from the Consulate where gathered below the consular windows where the the crowning feature of the day took place. A following photographs were taken: Viking ship has been erected by the shore of a From the South Window small lake. On just such ships did the first mer¬ This group has assembled to honor the na¬ chants of Bergen carry their furs and fish and tional hero Admiral Thunder-Shield. The tall salt to foreign lands. Such ships returning, admiral is impressive in a colorful costume that brought wealth and culture from the south. On suggests the gay 1700s; the triangular hats of the that staunch keel was founded the prosperous escort also recall that time. Admiral Thunder- commercial town of the Middle Ages—and the Shield—“Torden-skjold” in the Norse—came from Bergen of today. the west coast of Norway and is always a popular To the right of the ship there is pole-climbing, figure here. I have even seen his picture on match to the left on a raised platform there is boxing. boxes. It is all like a three-ringed circus where no one From the West Window really sees anything yet everybody has a good Here are a number of groups taking their posi¬ time. tions for the grand march. Nearest—in silk hats In the ship a band is playing but this is not —are members of the local business club; their audible where the photographer stands. (Happy appearance would indicate prosperity. in the thought that no loud-speaker is permitted!) Another group in seamen’s uniform is made up Behind, similar crowds fill two sidewalk cafes.

398 FROM THE NORTH WINDOW FROM THE SOUTH WINDOW

There is comfortable chatter over foaming glasses Club of Bergen” gave a full-dress banquet. Sixty of Hansa beer. (No cocktails—they cannot be members dined and wined and danced and sang served in public places in Bergen.) Norwegian and American songs; the latter ranged Far into the night—which was a “white night” from Swanee River to Musikken Gaar Rundt og and never really dark -private parties continued Rundt. By this time it was no longer the seven¬ to celebrate independence. teenth of May but it was still spring and the At nine o’clock the newly-formed “American music still went ’round.

FROM THE WEST WINDOW THE VIKING SHIP (NOT FROM A WINDOW) 399 New York World’s Fair 1939

FOREIGN participation on a scale never be¬ nations and communities to have high objectives, fore equalled was assured the New York to continue their energies in self-appraisal, and World’s Fair of 1939 when the International Con¬ boldly plan for the future.” vention Bureau, composed of 22 nations, met in The friendly cooperation of representatives of Paris and formally approved the rules and regu¬ the State Department in all the capitals of the lations of the Fair. world was publicly acknowledged by Mr. Whalen The Bureau had already allocated the year 1939 in a recent speech when he said: “We are deeply to New York, which meant that none of the mem¬ grateful to the State Department for all it has ber nations would participate in any other interna¬ done to make the New York World’s Fair an out¬ tional exposition during that year. Final action standing success.” was taken when Mr. Grover Whalen, President Howard Hughes, internationally known flyer of the New York World’s Fair Corporation, went and holder of numerous flight records, has been to Paris early in May, and shortly thereafter appointed aeronautical advisor to the Fair. He Great Britain, France, Italy and Russia announced will invite both American and foreign aviators to officially that they would participate. Finland, participate in the various events at the Fair. He Guatemala, Rumania and the Dominican Republic also will interview personally airplane manufac¬ had already agreed to do so. Members of the turers and designers, here and abroad, with a view International Bureau include the following coun¬ to having them exhibit their latest models at the tries: Albania, Australia, , Canada, Czecho¬ Fair. slovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Great With the laying of the corner-stone of the Ad¬ Britain, Greece, Italy, Morroco, Netherlands, Po¬ ministration Building by Grover Whalen recently, land, Portugal, Rumania, Russia, Spain, Sweden, the New York exposition swung into the most Switzerland and Tunisia. active phase of construction. A regular schedule The Italian Government has appropriated $525,- of work has been drawn up, and this is being 000 for participation. Great Britain, according rigidly adhered to. The Fair will open on time, to the British Consul General’s office in New York, on April 30, 1939. The Flushing Meadows site, will erect an imposing pavilion to house her ex¬ covering 1,216% acres, only a few months ago hibits. It is known that other European coun¬ unsightly swamp land, has been filled in and tries are planning along the same lines. graded by the City of New York in preparation The nations of the Far East are very much for a beautiful park. Two “made” lagoons have interested in the New York World s Fair. Prince been completed. The cost of this work was $2,- Chichibu, younger brother of the Emperor of 200,000. Japan, was enthusiastic when he visited Fair head¬ The financial campaign to sell $27,829,500 of quarters recently. He expressed the opinion that bonds is nearing a successful end. It is significant his government would take a prominent part in that Fair bonds have been purchased not only the Exposition. China and the Philippine Islands by large firms, but by labor unions and the pub¬ are in contact with Fair Executives. Before leav¬ lic at large. It also is significant that these ing for Fondon to attend the Coronation cere¬ bonds are being sold in communities other than monies President Manuel Quezon of the Philip¬ New York. It was announced recently that large pines inspected the Fair site and discussed plans blocks had been taken by utility companies in with Mr. Whalen. Hawaii may appropriate $300,- and Newark, and bonds in the 000 for a pavilion. smaller denominations have been purchased Reports from Latin American countries indi¬ throughout the country. cate that these nations, in a constructive effort to New York State has passed legislation appro¬ continue the good feeling established by Presi¬ priating $2,200,000 for the erection of a combined dent Roosevelt’s recent tour, will erect important exhibit building and marine amphitheatre and for buildings and send appropriate exhibits. Thirty- the provision of a State display. seven of the 59 countries formally invited by has designed, and is preparing the site for, its President Roosevelt have already indicated a desire $1,099,096 exhibit building. Bills looking to to participate. “It is an inspiring thing,” Presi¬ participation in the Fair have already been in¬ dent Roosevelt told the sponsors of the Fair, “for troduced in 36 of the 42 State legislatures meeting 400

THE AMERICAN fOREIGN gERVICEJOURNAL

MODEL OF THE FAIR ON EXHIBIT IN THE EMPIRE STATE BUILDING, NEW YORK this spring. Twenty-five States have thus far of exhibition ground. The contract price of the passed legislation. lot was $48,790. “We plan to erect an imposing The attitude of industrial America toward the structure on the site allocated to us,” said Mr. New York Exposition was clearly shown when, Gifford, “in which we shall give exhibitions of shortly after the Fair Corporation published its the fascinating forces underlying modern electrical price schedule for building space, Walter Gifford, communications. For our own sake we shall make President of the American Telephone and Tele¬ them as interesting and entertaining as possible. graph Company, signed a contract for 136,400 But we shall also do it for another reason. The square feet (or about three and one-fifth acres) (Continued to page 440 ) 402 In Memoriaiii

JOSEPH EMERSON HAVEN were expected of a consular officer but to give a American Consul, Florence kind of advice and exhibit a personal interest that w7on for him the trust and the affection of all who A host of colleagues and many thousands of came into contact with him. His success in Flor¬ Americans who knew and admired Joseph Emer¬ ence was so outstanding that it had never seemed son Haven, who died while serving as American to be in the public interest for the Department to Consul at Florence, Italy, on May 4, 1937, will ask some other officer to attempt to fill the place mourn his loss as a friend and as an able repre¬ he had made. It was fortunate that he could have sentative of our Government. With his passing lived his last days in the city and among the there has gone from the public service an officer friends he loved. who in numerous ways reflected great credit upon The writer was privileged to enjoy the personal it and who upheld abroad the best traditions of friendship of Mr. Haven over a period of many American life. years, indeed from the date of his examination for Few persons have represented this country the Foreign Service, and he shared with many abroad continuously for so long a period as Mr. others the satisfaction that this Government should Haven and vet he was in fact only 52 years of age have been represented in Florence for so long a at the time of his death. His father, Dr. Joseph time by such a fine example of an American Haven, was appointed Commercial Agent at St. gentleman as Mr. Haven. Christopher in 1899 and Joseph Emerson accom¬ W. J. C. panied him to his post and assisted him with the work to be done. Upon the death of the father, A BRIEF press announcement by the Depart¬ Mr. Haven was. after examination on August 18, ment: “Joseph E. Haven, Consul at Florence, 1904, appointed to the vacant post at St. Christo¬ Italy, died at his post on May 4. 1937. pher. He was then only 19 years of age. Two Behind that short sentence is fourteen years in years later, when only 21 years of age, he was one of the most difficult posts in the Service. made Consul and served continuously in that Florence has the largest colony of resident Ameri¬ capacity until he was taken from us. This record cans in Europe—resident in the sense that they for continuous foreign service is surpassed by only have settled down there for life—or death. In one person now in office, a fact in which Mr. this community Haven has consistently been the Haven took justifiable pride. family friend, the elder brother, and the wise He served the United States successively as councillor. His funeral service in the American Consul at Crefeld, Roubaix, Catania, Turin, Av- Church in Florence, packed to the doors with his lona, Trieste, and Florence. He also served with friends, official and personal, was a testimony to distinction as a member of the American Delega¬ the love, confidence and respect with which his tion at the Economic Conference at Porto Rosa, community regarded him. Perhaps the principles Italy, in 1921, one of the first strictly economic which guided his life, embodied in one of his international conferences following the World own poems which was read at his funeral service, War, which was held for the purpose of adjusting explain better than any words of ours, why he commercial relations and communications betwTeen was the kind of man he w!as and why he was able the countries which divided the territory of the to do for others the things that he did. Here is former Austro-Hungarian Empire. his Mr. Haven held the office of Consul at Florence, CREDO Italy, his last post, from 1923 until his death. It I’m not concerned writh “sects and “creeds. was a singularly happy meeting of peculiar re¬ I’m not disturbed by my soul’s needs, quirements of a post with the possession of the Those “rules,” so requisite to some, needed qualities and abilities on the part of the (Whose FEAR of God has held them dumb), incumbent. In Florence while he was there were Seem abject in their weak appeal, thousands of resident and visiting Americans wrho So distant from RELIGION real. required a very personal type of advice and assist¬ Why should I take to my embrace ance from their consular representative. Mr. Ha¬ Such “rules,” wherein there is no place ven was endowed w ith a deep love for people, abun¬ For any thought I may conceive? dant patience and kindliness, a rare sense of hu¬ How can I say that I believe, mor and a devotion to duty which enabled him And follow, as a shambling sheep with ease to perform not only the services that (Continued to page 408) 403 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

THE THE EDITORS’ COLUMN The usual lethargy (?) of the JOURNAL’S edi¬ , AMERIJgJjL^ torial quarters has been so thoroughly dissipated by events of the past month or so that the Editors have still not recovered from the steady bombard¬ ment of news that has been breaking. We shall not v«)l. I t JULY. 1937 w-iEh even attempt to compete with the Radio Bulletin. PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY AMERICAN FOREIGN In all the rush of changes, new offices and SERVICE ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. officers, mergers, et cetera, the Editors extend their The American Foreign Service Journal is open to subscrip¬ well wishes to the new appointees and to the new tion in the United States and abroad at the rate of $4.00 a year, or 35 cents a copy, payable to the American Foreign agencies and wish for them successful and fruitful Service Journal, care Department of State, Washington, D. O. administrations. This publication is not official and material appearing herein JOURNAL represents only the personal opinions of its authors, or of indi¬ The itself has several changes to re¬ viduals quoted, unless otherwise specifically indicated. cord. Our trusty treasurer, C. Paul Fletcher, has

Copyright, 1937, by the American Foreign Service Association

JOURNAL STAFF

GEORGE H. BUTLER Editor EDWARD G. TRUEBLOOD Assistant Editor

PAUL H. ALLING HOWARD BUCKNELL, JR. ■ Editorial Board LOWELL C. PINKERTON- HARRY A. MCBRIDE Business Manager C. PAUL FLETCHER Treasurer

The American Foreign C. PAUL FLETCHER Service Association finished his departmental detail and is off soon for his new post at Alexandria, Egypt. Fie has The American Foreign Service Association is an unofficial and done a splendid job for the JOURNAL and was also voluntary association of the members of The Foreign Service of the United States. It was formed for the purpose of fostering chiefly responsible for the Photographic Register, esprit de corps among the members of the Foreign Service and which has been such a success. In wishing him to establish a center around which might be grouped the united efforts of its members for the improvement of the Service. ihe best of luck at his new post, we also wish to express our sincere appreciation of his services Honorary President to the JOURNAL. CORDELL HULL Secretary of State We are glad to announce that Charles B. Hosmer has been chosen Mr. Fletcher’s successor and an¬ Honorary Vice-Presidents ticipate that his regime will continue the healthy SUMNER WELLES . Under Secretary of State fiscal policies under which the JOURNAL has been ROBERT WALTON MOORE Counselor operating during recent years. WILBUR J. CARR Assistant Secretary of State # # # FRANCIS B. SAYRE Assistant Secretary of State The article on “The Approach to Bilateralism” COERT Du Bois „ President reprinted in this issue contains a stock of argu¬ EDWIN C. WILSON Vice-President ments which should be useful in explaining the JOHN CARTER VINCENT Secretary-Treasurer merits of the trade agreements program. That the latter is not mentioned in the article is accounted EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE for by the fact that it was written early in 1935. T. M. WILSON, Chairman You will notice that the article was reprinted EDWARD L. REED, Vice-Chairman; J. F. SIMMONS, by permission from the Stockholm Handelsbank’s LOWELL C. PINKERTON, GEORGE L. BRANDT. quarterly publication Index. We ask our readers Alternates to be on the lookout for such material, in English DONALD R. HEATH, JULIUS C. HOLMES or foreign languages (if someone is willing to do a translation), appearing in publications which Entertainment Committee: RALEIGH A. GIBSON, Chairman, SIDNEY E. O’DONOGHUE and SELDEN CHAPIN are not generally obtainable. 404 News from the Department Reorganization in the Department efficiency of the Department and of the Foreign The President signed a bill on May 18lh which Service. provides for the creation of the office of Coun¬ selor of the Department of State. On May 19th, Consolidation of LA and ME the President nominated Assistant Secretary of The Secretary of State issued the following State Sumner Welles to be Under Secretary of Departmental Order on May 21, 1937: State, and Assistant Secretary of State R. Walton The relations between the United States and Moore to fill the new post of Counselor of the the other American Republics are constantly in¬ Department. The nominations were confirmed by creasing in their importance. There exists today the Senate on May 20lh and the Under Secretary between all of the American Republics a spirit

SUMNER WELLES R. WALTON MOORE Under Secretary of State Counselor and Counselor took their oaths of office on May of confidence and cooperation which has not pre¬ 21st. viously existed. As the result of this happy de¬ The Department’s Radio Bulletin No. 118 of velopment and in order that the appropriate offi¬ May 21, 1937, contains an account of the Sec¬ cials of this Government may participate in the retary’s press conference during which he com¬ work of strengthening inter-American relations mented upon reorganization in the Department, more effectively and on a wider scale, it is hereby including the appointments noted above and the ordered that there shall be established in the consolidation of the Mexican and Latin American Department of State a Division of the American Divisions, and spoke of what has been accom¬ Republics which shall have charge of relations plished and of what is planned to increase the with Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, 405 Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, commenced on June 12, the opening day of the El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Exposition, and Mr. Pinkerton commenced his Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, detail on June 19. These assignments are in and Venezuela, and with all inter-American organ¬ keeping with the Department’s policy of providing izations. Foreign Service personnel for its exhibits whenever The Division shall have a chief and such as¬ possible. sistant chiefs and other officers as may from time to time be provided. News from old friends. Mr. Laurence Duggan has been appointed Livingston Hartley, a Foreign Service Officer Chief and Mr. Willard L. Beaulac, Mr. Donald from 1928 to 1933, who has been writing on for¬ R. Heath, and Mr. Richard C. Tanis have been eign affairs since leaving the Service, has informed appointed Assistant Chiefs of the Division. the editors that his book “Is America Afraid?” The Division will report through the Under was published recently by Prentice-Hall of New Secretary of State. York. The symbol designation will be RA. The Chief Clerk and Administrative Assistant Cornelius Ferris, Consul General, retired, is of the Department will provide room for the living in Washington and attended regularly the new division and will assign such clerks as the spring series of Foreign Service luncheons. The work of the division may require. JOURNAL understands that Mr. Ferris’ hobby is This order shall become effective on May 24, 1937. gardening, and that he has one of the most in¬ Department Orders No. 19 of November 19, teresting gardens in the city. 1909, creating a Division of Latin American Affairs, No. 60 of July 28, 1915, creating a Charles C. Eberhardt spent a few days in Wash¬ Division of Mexican Affairs, and No. 474 of ington the end of May. His stay was cut short April 17, 1929, are hereby revoked. when he was called to Boston by the death of a close friend, but he said that he expected to Manual on Official Correspondence return to Washington later. Mr. Eberhardt was The Department of State has just issued a looking unusually fit after his winter spent on a Manual on the preparation of official corre¬ coffee finca in Colombia. spondence for its own use and the use of its officers in the field. This Manual was prepared Gabriel Bie Ravndal, Consul General, retired, by Miss Margaret M. Hanna, Chief of the Office made a brief visit in Washington on his way north of Co-ordination and Review, and Miss Alice M. from Florida, where he spent the winter, to his Ball, Chief of the Special Documents Section, summer home at Little Silver Point, Little Silver, Division of Research and Publication. . The Manual deals with office procedure and the general preparation of official correspondence. Continuing their annual custom of opening It gives numerous examples of forms of address their estate, “Dumbarton Oaks,” to the personnel and salutation for Government officials, diplo¬ of the Department, former Ambassador and Mrs. mats, ecclesiasts, and private individuals, as well Robert Woods Bliss were host to hundreds of their as foreign forms of address, and contains much former friends and associates in the Department general information with numerous tables of spe¬ and in the Foreign Service on June 2, 1937. cial interest in drafting correspondence. This publication is for use of the Department Address by Minister Totten of State and is not intended as a guide for The Honorable Ralph J. Totten, Minister to the general use; however, copies may be obtained Union of South Africa, has arrived in Washington from the Superintendent of Documents, Govern¬ on home leave. While in New York, Mr. Totten ment Printing Office, at SI.75 a copy. was a guest of honor at a large luncheon given by the South African Reciprocal Trade Committee F.S.Os. Assigned to Dallas at India House on May 5 celebrating the arrival Mr. Donald C. Dunham and Mr. Julian L. Pin¬ of the first shipment of South African grapes in kerton, Foreign Service Officers, will be on duty at this country. Mr. Totten, in a brief address, ex¬ the Department of State exhibit in the Federal pressed his pleasure in having been able to con¬ Building at the Greater Texas and Pan American tribute to an intensification of trade relations be¬ Exposition for one month. Mr. Dunham’s detail tween the United States and South Africa. 406 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

THE FOREIGN SERVICE our “Department of Peace” pursues creditably (Editorial from the Washington Star) the even tenor of its way. Not in years has it In announcing reorganization of the State De¬ dedicated itself to a program so constructively partment, looking to greater administrative cen¬ and systematically designed to increase interna¬ tralization, Secretary Hull has taken useful occa¬ tional good-will as the drive for reciprocal trade sion to rebuke critics who, in a spirit of mis¬ agreements and the breaking down of war-breeding guided levity, occasionally delight in scoffing ref¬ economic barriers. erences to the foreign service. The favorite tech¬ nique is to lampoon career officials of the depart¬ TRADE AGREEMENT NOTES ment and the diplomatic and consular branches By HARVEY KLEMMER as “bespatted, high-hat boys” and “cookie-pushers, Dr. E. Dana Durand, of the Tariff Commission, or to apply other epithets designed to depict them is serving as acting chairman of the Committee as persons more interested in cultivating the social for Reciprocity Information during the summer graces than in promoting the country’s interests. in the absence of Dr. Henry F. Grady, who was Secretary Hull reminds all concerned that when¬ called to Geneva in connection with his work on ever the foreign service personnel is called upon the Raw Materials Committee of the League of for serious duty, especially under dangerous condi¬ Nations. John Gregg, active in foreign trade tions, it invariably gives a good account of itself. circles, has been appointed secretary of the Recip¬ Recent activities of our representatives at Madrid, rocity Committee. Valencia, Barcelona, Addis Ababa and elsewhere are concrete instances of how the “cookie-pushers ’ Julius Wadsworth, formerly vice consul at comport themselves, as it were, under fire. Shanghai, now assigned as consul at Danzig, re¬ On the walls of the State Department there is a cently discussed trade possibilities of the Shanghai memorial tablet containing the names of some area before the Manufacturers and Exporters As¬ threescore diplomatic and consular officers of the sociation of Connecticut at a meeting held in United States who, while on active duty, lost their Hartford. lives under heroic or tragic circumstances. That The Department of State will be represented roll of honor testifies eloquently that members of at the International Exposition in Paris by a the foreign service do not deserve the facetious series of displays designed to emphasize the desire taunts of which they are now and then the targets. of this Government for amicable relationships, State Department reorganization follows promo¬ both diplomatic and commercial, with the rest of tion of Sumner Welles to be Undersecretary of the world. Although the exposition was officially State and appointment of R. Walton Moore to the opened on May 25, many of the larger displays revived post of counselor. Coincident with these have not yet been installed. The United States changes, the former Mexican and Latin American Pavilion is scheduled to open on July 4. Mate¬ divisions are merged in a new branch to be known rial for the Department of State exhibit was as the Division of the American Republics. Un¬ shipped some time ago from New York and Bal¬ dersecretary Welles, seasoned authority in the field timore and is now being installed. of Latin American relations, will have general The central feature of the State Department supervision over the new division. Secretary Hull display is a diorama designed to illustrate the emphasizes that the United States’ relations with effectiveness of the trade-agreements program in the sister Americas are constantly growing in im¬ reducing the excessive barriers that impede our portance, along with “a spirit of confidence and commerce with other nations. The diorama con¬ co-operation which has not previously existed.” sists of two scenes. The first scene shows a typical To promote progress in this direction it is in¬ American community obviously in the grip of de¬ tended to knit more closely the inter-American pression. The community is shut off from the activities that come within the State Department’s rest of the world by a high wall, symbolic of tariff scope. barriers at home and abroad. The light goes out The United States maintains 57 embassies and and a second scene comes into view. In this legations and 259 consular offices throughout the scene an opening has been made in the wall, per¬ world. The foreign service personnel numbers mitting a flow of goods in both directions, illus¬ something less than 4,000. Not the least of its trating the restoration of international trade. The functions is to look after the rights and safety of tempo of the community, meanwhile, is obviously 375,000 American citizens domiciled abroad. improved, evidencing the relationship that exists Operating unobtrusively and without benefit of between prosperity and the mutually profitable ex¬ brass-band publicity either at home or overseas, change of goods with other nations. 407 The diorama is flanked by bronze plaques, on STILLMAN W. EELLS which are reproduced a statement from President The New York Times published on May 13, Roosevelt’s 1935 Armistice Day address. The 1937, the following obituary of Mr. Eells: statement, which is given in English on one plaque “Stillman Witt Eells, a foreign service officer and in French on the other, reads: “We have of the United Slates for nineteen years and for¬ sought, by definite act and solemn commitment, to merly a manufacturer here of fireproof wood, establish the United Stales as a good neighbor died yesterday at his home, 260 Riverside Drive, among nations.” after a long illness. Mr. Eells retired in 1935, On each side of the central display, and leading in which year he completed his service as United into it, is a mural painting. One of the murals States Consul at Valencia, Spain. His age was 64. depicts workers in our leading export industries; “Born in Cleveland, he was the son of the late the other shows foreign workers producing com¬ Dan P. Eells, a banker, and the late Mrs. Mary modities required by the United States and to be Witt Eells, and the grandson of the late Stillman exchanged, in effect, for the products of our export Witt, a founder of the Chicago & Milwaukee Rail¬ industries. Over all is a copy of the Great Seal of road. After attending Brook’s Military Academy the United States, executed in bas-relief. and the Cleveland Manual Training School, Mr. Eells became a student in 1890 at the Taft School, IN MEMORIAM then at Pelham Manor, N. Y., and now at Water- (Continued from page 403) town, Conn. According to his family, he was the Those “shepherds” who delight to bleat; first student enrolled at that school. Whose brains create some practice odd “He was graduated in 1895 from Yale University Then say—“ ’Tis thus one reaches God; and the following year served as secretary of the “Come, follow, we will show the way, Chicago Drop Forge and Foundry Company. In “Ask not the reason—just OBEY.” the same year he became president of the Wheeler Manufacturing Company and the Alignum Com¬ How can I play so false a part? pany, both of New York, which were concerned The God I worship in my heart with making and selling fireproof wood. He con¬ Is He who said—“Seek, and you’ll find,” tinued as president of the companies until 1903. (And seeking, one must use the mind) ; “Mr. Eells formerly was a director of the San¬ “A door, and are you barred outside? dusky Portland Cement Company at Cleveland. ’ “Just knock, and it will open wide.” When doubt and fear I would relieve, I need not “ask,”—I shall “Receive.” EDWARD ALBRIGHT, AMERICAN I wonder if you understand: MINISTER “Watch first—then pray,” was God’s command. THE passing of the Honorable Edward Albright, Alas, there are so very few, American Minister to Finland for nearly four “Pray first—then watch,” is what most do. years and under assignment as Minister to San Jose, Give to each day the best one can, Costa Rica, at the time of his death, has undoubted¬ Cringe not, since God would wish no man ly brought sadness to those who were in any way Who is His image has been made, intimately associated with him, and has deprived To falter, hesitate, evade. the Service of a capable, industrious, high-prin¬ Be honest, not in speech alone, cipled Southern gentleman. Mr. Albright was a Judge not—until all facts are known, man of quiet and unassuming nature whose fine Be temperate, in thought and deed, sense of humor and ready human sympathy were Be watchful for some other’s need, combined with an engrossing interest in the duties While humble, be no sycophant, of his office and a high sense of moral and religious Be just, but ever tolerant. rectitude. Thus my Religion is outlined, It was my privilege to be associated with Mr. And in this Code I daily find Albright in the initial period of his service in Fin¬ By its rewards, my Staff and Rod, land and I carried away with me an increasing The proof of a most loving God. appreciation of his qualities. Although well along Whene’er the time—where’er the place— in middle life when he embarked upon his diplo¬ That I must meet Him, face to face, matic career, he was unusually receptive to advice I’ll have no fear, for I have tried or suggestion in respect to the routine of his office My God to live—let Him decide. and invited both. He brought to his subordinates C. DU B. (Continued to page 426)

408 COPENHAGEN halt; Lieut. General Otto, Commander of the Thir¬ teenth Army Division; Dr. Markmann, the Chief Charge d"Affairs and Mrs. Winship and Consul Mayor of Magdeburg, and other local authorities, General and Mrs. Maynard attended the Washing- attended a celebration held in the great assembly room of the City Hall at Magdeburg, the birth¬ place of General Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, famous for his assistance to Washington in the organization and tactical training of the American Revolutionary Army. The purpose of this cele¬ bration was the unveiling of a bronze bust of von Steuben, and of a tablet to be placed on the General Post Office, which is the site of the old Reform Church in which he was baptized. After music by the orchestra the first speech was delivered by the Reiehsstatthalter who, in his capacity as the highest official of the German Reich in the Province of Saxony, welcomed Ambassador Dodd and the other American guests. The second speaker was Mrs. William Becker, President of the “Daughters of the American Revolution,” who, AT THE WASHINGTON’S BIRTHDAY DINNER OF speaking in German as well as in English, presented THE AMERICAN CLUB IN COPENHAGEN to the City of Magdeburg the Steuben tablet from the “Dorothea von Steuhen Chapter in Germany” of the “Daughters of the American Revolution”; ton’s birthday dinner of the American Club in this Chapter was named after the mother of Gen¬ Copenhagen. Mr. Winship addressed the Club eral von Steuben. The third speaker was the Mayor upon this occasion. of Magdeburg, who, after welcoming the guests and accepting the Steuben tablet on behalf of the City of Magdeburg, read from an old church book GERMANY the original entry of the baptism of General Steu¬ Ralph C. Busser, American Consul General, ben. His exact birthplace in Magdeburg is un¬ Leipzig, contributes the following account of the known. In unveiling the bust of Steuben by the General von Steuben celebration at Magdeburg, sculptor Pirnlke, who was present at the ceremony, Germany: the Chief Mayor presented a replica thereof to On Friday, May 21, 1937, Ambassador William Ambassador Dodd. After the American National E. Dodd and other representatives of the United Anthem was played the Ambassador delivered in States Government in Germany; visiting ‘'Daugh¬ the German language the principal speech, in which ters of the American Revolution”; Herr von Ul¬ he thanked the Mayor and City of Magdeburg for rich. President of the Government of the Prussian the replica and gave a vivid picture of General von Province of Saxony; Herr Jordan, Reiehsstatthalter Steuben’s life and military career, emphasizing his for the Province of Saxony and the State of An¬ (Continued to page 431) 409 A Political Bookshelf

CYRIL WYNNE, Review Editor

CLAUDE KITCHIN AND THE WILSON WAR POL¬ powerfully to involve the country in the war were ICIES. By Alex Mathews Arnett. Boston. Little, economic” (p. 135). Brown and Company, 1937. Claude Kitchin became a Representative in Into this volume of about 330 pages Professor Congress in 1900, holding that position continu¬ Arnett has packed essential biographical facts ously to his death in 1923. He supported most concerning Claude Kitchin of North Carolina, im¬ of President Wilson’s policies in 1913 and 1914. portant unpublished letters from the Kitchin pa¬ Almost immediately thereafter, Kitchin, Chairman pers in the library of the University of North of the Ways and Means Committee and the major¬ Carolina, and comment upon the foreign policies ity leader of the House, “came to grips” with of President . Interesting though Wilson’s neutrality policies (p. 47). When in the biographical sections are, perhaps the parts 1915 Wilson decided that preparedness was nec¬ which have the greatest interest to most readers essary, Kitchin was disappointed. He vigorously and students of the war years are those which opposed the President on that issue, but he wrote deal with preparedness, Kitchin’s claim that “We in October, 1915, and similarly in January, 1916, kept him out of war” (p. 192), and the opposi¬ that Wilson “in my judgment (though I have tion to the entrance of the United States into war differed with him on some propositions) has made with Germany. The last two chapters of the book the best President since the Civil War” (p. 72). treat matters not so clearly remembered by those The most serious of their disagreements, ex¬ who otherwise know the issues of the period: cepting Kitchin’s refusal to support the war reso¬ Kitchin’s determined efforts after we entered the lution in April, 1917, was over travel of Ameri¬ war to “Make the Profiteers Pay” the cost of fight¬ can citizens on armed belligerent merchant ships. ing it, and to keep taxes high, after the war was In Congress the opponents of the President’s pol¬ over, on the groups most benefited economically icy struggled in February and early March, 1916, by the war. to enact the Gore resolution in the Senate and the Present-day writing on the World War period McLemore resolution in the House. According to is, of course, occupied to a considerable extent unpublished letters, Kitchin believed as early as with reexamination of decisions, actions, and February, 1916, that the President was ready to motives of men active in those crowded years. go to war with Germany I p. 161). Whether the Professor Arnett is the first to write of Kitchin, argument advanced in support of this does or does writing not only with the advantage of first-hand not seem convincing is, of course, a matter upon study of the Kitchin papers, but with the advan- which opinions will tend to vary quite widely. take of the lengthened perspective available twenty No subjects of controversy since the neutrality years after the fateful neutrality years drew to a years have called for greater suspense of judg¬ close. He expresses as his main purpose in this ment, pending the presentation of documentary study of Kitchin: “to rectify the grossly distorted materials giving President Wilson’s intentions and impressions of him created in his day. . . (p. point of view, than the House-Grey Memorandum ix). Secondarily, the hope is expressed that this and what has been called the “Sunrise Conference.” book might throw light upon the problems of Upon the first, the publication of the Wilson pa¬ maintaining American peace. pers must be awaited. Upon the second, the In analyzing the factors involved in forming the pertinent materials in the Kitchin papers, have final decision of the United States to enter upon now been published. As is well known, it has been war with Germany, the author gives attention to alleged from time to time that at some early President Wilson’s policies toward the embattled morning conference in 1916, on an uncertain date, belligerents, the President’s advisers, the character the President “seemed,” to quote Kitchin, “anxious of war information available in America at the to go to war with Germany immediately” (p. time, the activities of the opposing groups of those 189). The evidence brought forward by Professor in favor of going into the war and of staying out, Arnett does not include any diary notations or and particularly economic considerations. Of the letters dated at the time at which Kitchin later set latter he writes: “The forces which operated most the date, in April; the evidence is reminiscence. 410 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

Again opinion will probably differ on whether this sular officer and good friend and hoped that the controversial problem has been satisfactorily settled Nathans would continue to make their home in the as to the facts. Professor Arnett has fully pre¬ industrial city of Mexico. Mr. and Mrs. Nathan sented Kitchin’s views in the matter. If the pa¬ for the present will continue to live in Monterrey, pers of President Wilson covering that period con¬ but eventually expect to establish a home in Penn¬ tain any information in this regard, they will sylvania, Mr. Nathan’s home State. likely be known when the next volume of the An article entitled “Edwin I. Nathan, American authorized biography of the President is published Consul and Benefactor of British Prisoners of War” by Mr. Ray Stannard Baker. was published recently in “Tow'n and Country Re¬ Professor Arnett’s book carries the reader into view,” London. The article gives a sketch of Mr. scenes of swift and dramatic action. Kitchin’s Nathan’s career from the time he entered the Con¬ disagreements with the President’s main policies sular Service in 1907 until his assignment at Mon¬ are explained lucidly, and Kitchin’s personality terrey in 1930, and observes that “his service as has been presented with sympathetic understand¬ Consul was of an exciting nature, and particularly ing. A valuable service has been rendered by this helpful to British and other European nationals.” study of Kitchin, the Congressman who clashed in opinion with the powerful President of the United The article comments upon Mr. Nathan’s service States on the difficult, vital decisions of the World at Mersina, Turkey, where he was stationed during the Italian-Turkish war in 1911 and the Balkan War period. T HARLEY A. NOTTER. wars in 1912. He was there when the world w ar commenced, and when Turkey entered the war in November, 1914, Mr. Nathan w'as charged with the Economics of Planning Public Works: A Study protection of British and French interests. His Made for the National Planning Board of the work is referred to in the British White Book, Federal Emergency Administration of Public Miscellaneous, No. 24 (1918), which called atten¬ Works. By John Maurice Clark. (Washington: tion to the exertions of Mr. Nathan as American Supt. Docs. 1935. Pp. vi, 194. 25c.) Consul, through whose appeals to the military Cohn, D. L. Picking America’s Pockets: The authorities many of the sick among the prisoners Story of the Costs and Consequences of Our Tariff of war w'ere collected and sent particularly to the Policy. (New York: Harper. 1936. Pp. xiv, 256. American College at Tarsus, where the iives of $2.75.) many were saved. Mr. Nathan also was active in Who Owns America? A New Declaration of In¬ assisting the British and French consular repre¬ dependence. Edited by Herbert Agar and Allen sentatives and their nationals to leave Turkey upon Tate. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1936. Pp. x, 342. the outbreak of the war. Mr. Nathan’s personal $3.00.) relations and friendship with Djemal Pasha, Gov¬ Bigelow, H. F. Family Finance: A Study in ernor of Bagdad, w'ere of great value to him during the Economics of Consumption. (Philadelphia: those trying days. Lippincott. 1936. Pp. xi, 519.) In 1917, Mr. Nathan was assigned as Consul at Chase, S. Rich Land, Poor Land: A Study of Vigo, Spain, and subsequently served at Palermo Waste in the Natural Resources of America. (New and Santiago de Cuba before going to Monterrey, York: McGraw-Hill. 1936. Pp. x, 361. $2.50.) his last post. Fowler, B. B. Consumer Cooperation in Amer¬ W. P. B. ica: Democracy’s Way Out. (New York: Van¬ guard. 1936. Pp. viii, 301. $2.00.) DEPARTMENTAL DEATHS With deep regret the JOURNAL records the C. G. NATHAN RETIRES deaths of: CONSUL General Edward I. Nathan retired on The Honorable Edw'ard Albright, American April 30, 1937, after completing thirty years’ Minister to Costa Rica, who died at Nashville, active service. At a recent tea in Monterrey the Tennessee, on May 25, 1937. American colony presented to Mr. and Mrs. Nathan a beautiful silver tray of Mexican design. Mr. Frank Sam Park, American Vice Consul, who died at Hobson, on behalf of the colony, made a very ap¬ Biarritz, France, on May 6, 1937. propriate address wherein he stated that each and Manuel Toscano Romero, clerk in the Con¬ every one of the colony and the leading citizens of sulate at Seville for more than ten years, who Monterrey regretted the departure of an able con¬ died at his post, on May 4, 1937. 411 Foreign Service Changes

The following changes have occurred in the heran, Iran, assigned to Algiers, Algeria, as Foreign Service since May 15, 1937: American Vice Consul. Monnett B. Davis of Boulder, Colorado, Ameri¬ Allan Dawson of Des Moines, Iowa, Second can Consul General at Singapore, Straits Set¬ Secretary of Embassy at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, tlements, assigned American Consul General at assigned to Hamburg, Germany, as American Buenos Aires, Argentina. Consul. Thomas D. Davis of McAlester, Oklahoma, Walter W. Hoffman of Santa Barbara, Calif., American Consul at Valencia, Spain, assigned American Vice Consul and Third Secretary of American Consul at St. John, New Brunswick. Legation at Teguciagalpa. Honduras, assigned to Alexander C. Kirk of Chicago, Illinois, Coun¬ San Salvador, El Salvador, as American Vice selor of Embassy at Rome, Italy, assigned Ameri¬ Consul and Third Secretary. can Consul General at Singapore, Straits Settle¬ George R. Hukill of Middletown, Del., Ameri¬ ments. can Consul at Munich, Germany, assigned to Tor- NON-CAREER reon, Mexico, as The resignation of American Consul. Mr. John H. Fuqua of Andrew' G. Lynch of Chicago, Illinois, as Utica, New York American Vice Consul American Consul at at Paris, France, has Jerusalem, Palestine, been accepted. assigned to Teheran, Iran, as American Con¬ The following changes have occurred in the sul and Third Secretary. Foreign Service since May 28, 1937: George A. Makinson of San Anselmo, Calif., William K. Ailshie of Coeur d’Alene, Idaho, American Consul General at Frankfort on the American Vice Consul at Warsaw, Poland, as¬ Main, Germany, assigned to Osaka, Japan, as signed to Montreal, Canada, as American Vice American Consul General. Consul. James E. McKenna of Boston, Mass., Ameri¬ Ralph J. Blake of Portland, Oregon, American can Consul at Zagreb, Yugoslavia, assigned to the Vice Consul at Harbin, Manchuria, China, as¬ Deoartment of State. signed to Osaka. Japan, as American Vice Consul. John J. Meily of Allentown, Pa., American Roy E. B. Bower of California, American Con¬ Consul at Hamburg, Germany, assigned to Zagreb, sul at Stockholm, Sweden, assigned to Munich, Yugoslavia, as American Consul. Germany, as American Consul. Paul W. Meyer of Denver, Col., Second Secre¬ William C. Burdett of Knoxville, Tenn., Ameri¬ tary of Embassy at Peiping, China, assigned to can Consul General at Buenos Aires, Argentina, Yunnanfu, China, as American Consul. assigned to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, as American Walter W. Orebaugh of Wichita, Kan., Ameri¬ Consul General. can Vice Consul at Wellington, New Zealand, as¬ Gordon L. Burke of Macon, Georgia, American signed to Trieste, Italy, as American Vice Consul. Consul at Foochow, China, assigned to Tientsin, Nelson R. Park of Longmont, Colo., American China, as American Consul. Consul at Torreon, Mexico, assigned to Barran- Charles R. Cameron of LeRoy, New York, quilla, Colombia, as American Consul. American Consul General at Osaka, japan, as¬ Edward B. Rand of Shreveport, La., American signed to Tokyo, Japan, as American Consul Consul at Algiers, Algeria, assigned to Guayaquil, General. Ecuador, as American Consul. Earl T. Crain of Huntsville, 111., American Vice Fred K. Salter of Sandersville, Georgia, Ameri¬ Consul and Third Secretary of Legation at Te¬ can Vice Consul at Danzig, Free City of Danzig, 412 THE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

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413 assigned to Teguciagalpa, Honduras, as American Vice Consul and Third Secretary. Emil Sauer of Doss, Texas, American Consul General at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, assigned to Frankfort on the Main, Germany, as American Consul General. Julius Wadsworth of Middletown, Conn., Ameri¬ can Vice Consul at Shanghai, China, assigned to Danzig, Free City of Danzig, as American Vice Consul. an icii/w uio &ca . . . orchestras, talking pictures . . . wide choice of Robert S. Ward of Ohio, American Consul at fascinating ports. Tientsin, China, assigned to Foochow, China, as 19 DAYS $190 ... to JAMAICA. B. W. I., PANAMA American Consul. CANAL and 3 ports in COLOMBIA, SOUTH AMERICA. 2 visits at Kingston; a day and night in the Canal Zona, NON-CAREER opportunity to see Canal and Panama City; historic Carta¬ gena; Puerto Colombia (time to visit Barranquilla); Santa William E. Copley of Pennsylvania, American Marta. Every Saturday. Vice Consul at Asuncion, Paraguay, assigned to 17 DAYS . . . $190 to , Jamaica, B.W.I., and Costa Rica. Time to visit Panama and Costa Buenos Aires, Argentina, as American Vice Consul. Rica’s mountain capital. Every Thursday. Sailings from New York. No passports necessary. Superior accommodations only slightly higher. The following changes in Foreign Service offi¬ Also weekly Guest Cruises from New Orleans. cers assigned to the Department have occurred Apply any Authorized Travel Agent or UNITED FRUIT since May 1: COMPANY. Pier 3, N.R., New York City. Arrivals Charles E. Bohlen, Third Secretary, who was detailed for duty at the Sugar Conference in London, has resumed his regular assignment in the Division of Eastern European Affairs. R. Borden Reams, Vice Consul at Johannes¬ burg, has been detailed to the Office of Arms and Munitions Control for a temporary period of three to four months. The Departures Nathaniel P. Davis, American Consul General Manhattan Storage & and Inspector, is now on leave of absence. Edward L. Reed, former Chief, Division of Mexican Affairs, has been assigned as Counselor Warehouse Company of Embassy at Rome, and is at present on leave 52nd Street and Seventh Avenue of absence. Alan N. Steyne, American Consul, who was 80th Street and Third Avenue temporarily detailed to the Division of Trade New York City Agreements, has left for his new post at London. ♦ ♦ BERMUDA BY AIR SUPERIOR FACILITIES FOR STOR¬ (Continued from page 397) AGE OF HOUSEHOLD GOODS, Despite the phenomenal progress made in the design of aircraft since the World War, which in¬ PACKING, MOVING, SHIPPING cidentally provided much of the impetus for pres¬ AND LIFT VANS ent day development in civil as well as military ♦ ♦ planes, it is only a matter of months since com¬ mercial air lines have been satisfied that the SPECIAL SERVICE TO MEET science of aerodynamics has sufficiently advanced PERSONAL REQUIREMENTS to make safe the venturing into certain of the air ♦ ♦ lanes. One has watched the United States spanned like a cobweb in all directions until an air map is • Prices Most Reasonable • as shaded with lines as the railroad maps of a few decades ago. The hop from London to Paris has

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even more intensive traffic. Within the year your comfort — so do fine meals served in air- American commercial aviation has reached out, conditioned dining rooms. first to Hawaii and then to the Philippines and finally to New Zealand, with China the next step. The vast mileage of the Pacific and of other far A Sailing Every Wednesday at Noon Hung parts of the world has thus succumbed to man’s initiative; yet still the North Atlantic, the to Ireland, England, France and Germany. Also "Ameri¬ first great body of water to be traversed both by can One Class” ships fortnightly to Cobh and Liverpool; water and air, has remained illustive to regular, and a sailing every Friday direct to London. scheduled flight, if we except the occasional runs conducted by dirigibles. It is therefore a moment almost as epochal as the first flights of the Wright brothers at Kitty United States Lines Hawk when experienced and soundly conservative Offices in all Principal Cities 415 pioneers like Pan American Airways, Inc., and Im¬ southeast some 666 miles to Bermuda and continue perial Airways, Ltd., announce that aircraft manu¬ from that Island in an almost due easterly line to facture has reached a point when the braving of the Azores, 2,070 miles, on 1,140 miles to Lisbon, the adverse winds and fogs of the North Atlantic and end with an oversea flight of 916 miles to is practical. This historic announcement is not the Southampton. Ryanna would not be touched on result of a hasty decision but traces back to care¬ the southern route. ful planning, negotiation and collaboration. The other service is a local one between New In December, 1935, negotiations were conducted York and Bermuda. While each company is granted in Washington between representatives of the Gov¬ the authority to operate two round trips a week ernment of the United States and those of the over this route (aside from the trans-Atlantic Governments of Great Britain, the Irish Free State planes), it is probable that for a time at least only and Canada concerning the establishment of a one weekly service will be maintained by each. trans-Atlantic air service. While accord on the The flying time is calculated at about five and a larger principles was reached at that time, it was half hours as against the steamer trip of nearly not possible to achieve an agreement on detail un¬ two days. til well on in the following year. Then, in July, To make possible this commerce quiet but thor¬ 1936, a meeting of minds between the interested ough preparations have been made. Among the governments was attained on the technical ques¬ first of the prospective ports of call, Bermuda com¬ tions involved, such as the routes to be followed, menced its arrangements almost as soon as the ini¬ reciprocity of service, frequency of flights, et tial inter-governmental conversations had taken cetera. The British Government designated Im¬ place. On the eighteenth of November, 1935, work perial Airways as suitable to it for the carrying on was formally inaugurated on the Bermuda airport, of the service and the American Government simi¬ situated at Darrell’s Island in the Great Sound larly designated Pan American Airways. Mean¬ near Hamilton, and the sea base was completed by while the two air companies had held conversa¬ September 16, 1936. The installation includes a tions between themselves resulting in agreement modern, hurricane-proof hangar, 140 by 100 feet, for the use of each other’s air plants and for com¬ with machine shop, store and office rooms. It is plete collaboration. The service was therefore served by two cement runways leading down to the assured and only awaited the construction of water, equipped with a tractor for hauling up the planes suitable for traversing the Atlantic. flying boats. The base is sheltered by adjacent Now such planes are an accomplished fact and land, so that relatively still water for landing in April, 1937, formal permits were granted the should be available in all but the roughest weather. two air companies by the respective Governments. An executive office for customs, immigration and The stage is consequently set, so that the pilots health formalities has been installed and a bouse only await the word to proceed before inaugurat¬ built to accommodate the station personnel. Pas¬ ing the experimental flights. Just what facilities sengers will be taken the two and a half miles into are envisaged may therefore appropriately be Hamilton in the speedy and luxurious motor boat sketched on the eve of inauguration. of Imperial Airways which already plies back and The agreement makes provision for two distinct forth across the harbor. This motor tender is also services. The first, which will be of wider concern, fitted out with search light, signalling lamps and foresees a service between the United States and crash equipment so as to be of use to planes if Great Britain. Each company may make two needed. The base superintendent, Imperial Air¬ round trips a week. The route to be followed will ways pilots and the ground crew have for some be influenced by seasonal factors. During the time been on hand. One British mechanic will be summer and other favorable months of the year sent to New York and one American mechanic the shorter and more economical so-called “great despatched to Bermuda, but aside from that Im¬ circle” course will doubtless be followed. This perial Airways will care for its own and the Pan means taking to the air at the newly created Pan American ships in Bermuda while Pan American American base at Port Washington, near New Airways will reciprocate at New York. Most im¬ York, and thence flying northeastward, either via portant of all, the British plane to be used in the Montreal and Quebec or via Shediac, New Bruns¬ local service between the United States and Ber¬ wick, to Botwood, Newfoundland. From there the muda, the “Cavalier,” arrived several months ago. 1,940-mile hop is undertaken to Ryanna, Irish It made its first test flight here in February and Free State, with the European terminus in England now, thoroughly tuned up, is ready to start the ex¬ only a few hours away. In the winter it is con¬ perimental flights northwards. templated shifting the route to a southern and Similar preparations have of course been made more hospitable course. The airplanes would fly at other landing places all the way along the 416 READ THE INSIDE STORY OF LIFEGUARD TUBES THE greatest peril of bursts is that sudden loss of control when all the air in a tyre escapes in a flash.

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C—On this "inner tyre" within the tube you ride to a safe stop even though casing and rubber tube blow wide open. Built not To Saue money —But To Soue Life course of the projected trans-Atlantic route. Near 160 miles, which gives a large margin of safety in New York, Pan American Airways has constructed the radius factor. The fuselage is constructed on its own base at Port Washington, said to be one of the two deck principle, with control, radio and the finest in the world. Whether that excellent crew quarters on the upper level and spacious pas¬ station will prove practical during the more severe senger accommodations on the lower deck. This winter periods, when ice is likely to form in Long latter deck contains a smoking cabin, midship Island Sound, is apparently still a moot question. cabin, promenade cabin, after cabin, mooring com¬ It is asserted that resort occasionally may have to partment, kitchen, men’s and women’s lavatories be had to such warmer American terminals as Bal¬ and a mail, freight and baggage hold. A crew of timore or Norfolk, but in any case the hub for five is provided for and twenty-four passengers both southward and eastward voyages will be the may be carried, all furnished with large, adjust¬ United States rather than Canada. able lounge chairs. The air base at Botwood, Newfoundland, is near¬ In the experimental stage of the trans-Atlantic ing completion. There meteorological data is be¬ flights boats of the same series as the “Cavalier” ing compiled, which data will of course be of the will be employed—the “Caledonia” and the “Cam¬ utmost importance in assuring the safety of trans¬ bria.” These, with their range of 3,300 miles and port. At Ryanna in the Irish Free State a marine space either for 24 passengers in daytime or berths airport, complete with the latest direction finding for 16 at night, are considered adequate for pio¬ wireless installations, is under course of construc¬ neer work. Subsequently it is probable that the tion. It is from this port that the westward jump English company will use much larger ships on over the Atlantic will be taken and even now it is the New York run. In the meanwhile, in addition being used as an experimental base for flights. to the class “C” boats, there is now under con¬ Work has likewise been initiated at Shediac, New struction for Imperial Airways an airship of the Brunswick, where moorings for six ships and the so-called “Albatross” type which may be employed necessary buildings and ground plant are being for trans-Atlantic flights. It is an all wood, land installed. plane built by the De Haviland Aeroplane Com¬ The planes themselves are of course of para¬ pany. No information concerning the details of mount interest to the prospective passenger. Pan this craft has yet been published. Finally the use American Airways contemplates employing on the is contemplated of the Mayo Composite Aircraft, New York-Bermuda run the familiar Clipper ship experimental flights with which are anticipated for type craft which has established such an excellent the near future. This composite ship will bring record for comfort and dependability on the route into service a unique type of mail plane, designed to South America. The ship which will be used to take off very heavily loaded w'ith mails and with underwent its tests at Miami, Florida, from where sufficient fuel for a non-stop flight from England it was flown to New York on April 21st. It is a to the United States or vice versa. Since, with four engine low wing Sikorsky S. 42 model seating such a load, rising of its own power would be diffi¬ approximately 32 passengers. The travelling pub¬ cult if not impossible, the use of a “mother ship” lic needs no introduction to this ship. is planned. The small seaplane with its burden The plans of Pan American Airways for the At¬ of fuel and mails is to be mounted on the back of lantic voyage are still not divulged in their en¬ a larger flying boat similar to the “C” class type. tirety. Suffice it to say that when the specifica¬ Under the lifting power of the eight engines of the tions of the planes are announced it may safely be two machines the climb is made. When the re¬ forecast that the ships will be found to surpass in quired altitude is reached the pilot releases the engineering anything which has hitherto been smaller craft, which proceeds directly to its des¬ known in commercial aviation construction. It is tination while the “mother ship” returns to its understood that an entirely new type of Douglas base. plane will be flown, seating some seventy pas¬ Regardless of whether Bermuda will find itself sengers. for an appreciable portion of the year on the trans¬ The Imperial Airways, in its operation of the ocean route, it will enjoy the distinction of inaugu¬ local New York-Bermuda line, will use the “Cava¬ rating the Atlantic venture. As the present article lier,” a boat built by Short Brothers, Limited. The is being written air officials state that in three craft is powered by four Bristol “Pegasus” motors days, or on May 21st, weather being favorable, an developing a total of approximately 3,000 horse¬ Imperial Airways plane will leave Bermuda for power. The wing span is 114 feet, the overall New' York while simultaneously a Pan American length 88% feet, the height 29% feet and the plane will soar from Long Island Sound, over the gross weight 18 tons. While the maximum speed Battery, and down to the Island Colony. No pas- is about 220 miles an hour, the cruising speed is (Continued to page 430) 418 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

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419 APPROACH TO BILATERALISM (Continued jrom page 392) the depreciation of the pound in September, 1931, and the introduction in England of a system of pro¬ tective duties on foodstuffs and manufactured goods. IY. With this the system of roundabout transfer to England was ripe for cancellation. England tvas no longer willing to admit a large excess of imports from the United States and Continental Europe. She wished to cash her foreign income as far as pos¬ sible in the form of raw materials derived directly from the debtor countries and employ the increased import of such materials for the production within her frontiers of the industrial products she required. If domestic consumption and exports were going to remain unchanged, the value of total imports would have to be reduced by an amount corresponding to the cost of working up the materials which had previously been imported in a manufactured state. If one admits that a country can only make use of its income from abroad through net imports of goods, it is obvious that the change in England’s trade implied a generous writing-off on her foreign investments. The foreign trade of the United Kingdom had in 1934 changed from mainly triangular to mainly THE bilateral. Only the net imports from the main countries indebted to the United Kingdom re¬ mained at an amount of about the same magni¬ "AMERICAN WAY" tude as in 1929 (reckoned in pounds sterling the balance exceeded that of 1929). The whole com¬ For Passengers and Freight plicated system of indirect transfer had shrunk— to a large extent, in fact: the share of the trade TO AND FROM balances with the industrial countries which rep¬ resents amounts not transferred from other coun¬ THE tries but earned on investments in or freights from the countries in question, was naturally larger in MEDITERRANEAN 1934 than in 1929. With the breakdown of the transfer system, the AND net exports to the United Kingdom of the nine European countries fell to a fraction of their BLACK SEA earlier magnitude. The amount that was available to these countries for purchases from Germany, the ♦ United States and other countries was according¬ ly reduced. When German exports to these nine Home Office: countries fell, the amounts at Germany’s command for purchases from the United States and other AMERICAN EXPORT LINES countries were also reduced.1 The reduction in the net exports of the United States to Europe had a 25 BROADWAY - - - NEW YORK similar effect upon the purchases of that country in European Headquarters: i Later, tlie expansionist policy of Germany in her domestic VIA GARIBALDI, 3 - - GENOA, ITALY economy and the clearing agreements she has had to conclude after the extension of her transfer moratorium in 1934 have completed her elimination from the transfer system. 420 THE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL other continents. Finally, the other countries experienced a reduction in the demand for their export products on the part of Europe and the A REAL United States, a reduction which was not offset by the increase in demand on the part of the United Kingdom. The whole chain of repercussions, which 'eicome has only been broadly described above, explains AWAITS YOU the panic for liquidity which was released in a great number of countries. The majority of the countries At the Savoy-Plaza you find a charm whose export markets were shut tried to adjust decidedly homelike . . . expressed themselves to the new position of trade through im¬ in gracious service, in spaciously port restrictions. These restrictions only contribu¬ luxurious rooms, in superb cuisine, ted to the further breaking down of the old com¬ and in delightful entertainment... mercial connections. The most-favoured-nation clause was undermined through quotas and ex¬ A 25% discount from room charges is change control. Trade was contracted in certain allowed members of the Foreign Service. directions and — though more seldom — expanded Henry A. Rost, Managing Director in others. The object of these measures was to ren¬ George Suter, Resident Manager der trade more bilateral. The most consistent ex¬ pression of this tendency is the clearing agreement, which directly suppresses triangular trade. Y. The conspicuous and protracted reflux of short¬ term capital to certain creditor countries which ini¬ tiated the disturbances in the system of trade had, Overlooking Central Park broadly speaking, already exhausted its forces dur¬ FIFTH AVE.* 58th to 59th STS.-M.Y. ing 1933. Only a fraction of the earlier French as¬ sets abroad is still outstanding, and the short-term credits granted to certain countries (particularly Germany) are immobilized through standstill agree¬ ments. The measures which the countries adopted for their protection against the previous disturb¬ ances have, however, affected their production and price systems and are not easily liquidated. In many cases, measures of questionable value taken under the pressure of events have been greeted as expres¬ sions of new ideals of planned economy on a na¬ tional basis. The contradictions of modern commercial policy, which aims at once at increased self-sufficiency in Perfection in foodstuffs or manufactured goods and a bilateral every detail of organization of trade, are, however, being constantly appointments, service, brought to light. Obviously the majority of indus¬ and cuisine is a Plaza trial countries may increase their production of tradition which leads foodstuffs to a certain extent — at what price may here be disregarded. The difficulties are greater in membersof the Diplomatic Service to makethisg •eathotel the case of manufacturing activities. At least in their New York headquarters ... countries with limited natural resources, bilateral¬ A 25% discount f 'om room charges is ism and diversified industrial production cannot allowed members sf the Foreign Service easily be reconciled. The raw material production of the world is specialized in such a way that most Henry A. Rost, President and Managing Director of the countries that adopt (or are compelled to adopt) the principle of “reciprocal” trade are like¬ ly to find their acquisition of raw materials ren¬ PLflZfl dered difficult. The policy of industrialization pur¬ Facing Central Park • FIFTH AVENUE AT 59th STREET sued by certain European agricultural countries, 421 whose trade is to a great extent regulated by clear¬ ing agreements, is fighting against great odds. The exporting industrial countries of Continental Eu¬ rope, which dispose of the bulk of their exports in Europe but derive their raw materials from other continents, also depend upon triangular trade. The commercial policy of many countries is therefore at present very confused, as regards both its means and its end. In particular, the countries that are financially weak seem to be faced with the necessity of sacrificing at least certain of the con¬ tradictory principles that have hitherto governed their economic policy. They cannot, however, easily evade the change of their trade in the direction of “reciprocity,” which is as a rule forced upon them by the stronger countries that are net importers of goods and are thus superior in bargaining power; nor can they easily liberate themselves from that FOREIGN striving after self-sufficiency which during recent years has been bound up with the special interests of large groups of their population. SHIPPING VI. As was shown above, the approach to “reciproci¬ ty” in trade reduces the volume of foreign currencies Wi tL available to the majority of industrial countries for the purchase of primary products and thus brings H about a fall in the prices of such products. This The world over everyone fall has been avoided in countries with a paper cur¬ likes the internationally EUROPEAN rency, at the cost of a continuous depreciation of its known Bowling Green steel gold value. The gold countries have had to adjust lift vans for foreign ship¬ OFFICES their economy to the price fall, but the deflation ment of household effects LONDON that they have carried through has often not been and art objects. Carefully Tottenham Court Rd., sufficient to keep the competitive power of their prepared and loaded by London, W. export industries intact. The gold countries have expert packers, all articles therefore attempted by means of import restrictions are safe from point of PARIS 29 Rue de la Jonquiere to reach the equilibrium in the balance of payments origin to destination in which certain paper countries have reached through these sealed steel vans. VIENNA currency depreciation. But restrictions — particu¬ The Federal Storage Walfischgasse 15 larly in the form of quotas and exchange control —- Company is the Exclusive have as a rule a more discriminatory effect upon Agent in Washington. Wichmannstrasse 7-8 imports than has currency depreciation. They are usually so adapted as to affect most adversely the countries with which trade results in an excess of imports, as otherwise they would easily give rise to retaliatory measures. Clearing agreements are also closely connected with the monetary policy of the countries concluding them; they are always con¬ cluded between parties of which at least one ap¬ FEDERAL STORAGE plies exchange control -— a measure employed par¬ ticularly in countries wishing to maintain the ex¬ COMPANY change value of their currencies at par though the E. K. MORRIS, President level of their domestic prices corresponds to a 1707 FLORIDA AVENUE lower value. The approach to bilateralism has thus been has¬ WASHINGTON, D. C., U. S. A. tened particularly by the measures of the countries that maintain their currencies at par. It may be 422 THE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL that a depreciation or devaluation of the currencies of these countries would lead to a mitigation of the restrictions that now promote bilateralism; but a thorough change in the system of trade would ap¬ WOODWARD & LOTHROP pear to demand, in addition, a modification in the 10th, 11th, F and G Streets commercial policy of the United Kingdom. WASHINGTON, D. C., U. S. A. A general stabilization of the gold value of cur¬ rencies would appear to hold out few prospects of "A Store Worthy of the Nation’s Capitat” success so long as world market prices in gold tend to fall as a result of the increased application of the principle of “reciprocity.” This price fall, as well as the uncertainty regarding the future ex¬ change value of currencies, prevents the resump¬ tion of capital exports to undeveloped countries. Obviously such capital exports would facilitate the transfer of the outward payments of these countries in the same way as the withdrawal of capital to the creditor countries has rendered these payments difficult. If no reorientation of commercial policy occurs, the structural change in trade which has taken place is likely to continue — how far and to whose profit it is not easy to anticipate. Over a longer period the production of many countries may to a certain extent adjust itself to a bilateral system of trade that is not too pronounced. The industrial coun¬ tries would then have to acquire primary products by the export of manufactured articles of a corre¬ sponding value to the raw material countries. Ger¬ many, for example, would have to direct her exports which are now mainly disposed of in Western and Every woman has her prefer¬ Northern Europe, to the raw material countries (a ences when it comes to beauty change which is, in fact, on the way). The same is preparations, yet purchasing true of other industrial countries in Continental them in a foreign country is Europe. often far from easy. Here in The raw material countries would thus be obliged our Toiletries Section are the to change their sources of supply. In the first place, products of world - famous the British export industry would be adversely af¬ houses that we can keep you fected. By sacrificing her export industry, England supplied with. To mention would be able to maintain an excess of imports suffi¬ only a few—Elizabeth Arden, ciently great to correspond to her income in the Coty, Helena Rubinstein, Dor¬ form of interest, dividends, etc., from the raw ma¬ othy Gray, Charles of the Ritz, terial countries. H. H. Ayres, Frances Denney, It may be that the industrial countries of Con¬ Kathryn Mary Quinlan, and tinental Europe, which are large importers of pri¬ Marie Earle. So let us help mary products, are able to bring heavy pressure to you keep your beauty with you bear upon the raw material countries in order to always. compel them to buy their manufactured goods in Address your communications exchange. But such a policy is not likely to prove to Mrs. Marion Tolson, Wood¬ a complete success. The United Kingdom has by ward & Lothrop, Washington, her monetary and commercial policy shown herself D. C., United States of Amer¬ determined to assume financial loss rather than to ica. She will personally shop sacrifice her oversea markets. Nor is it to be ex¬ for you and send your order pected that the United States and Japan, which also according to your instructions. export large quantities of manufactured articles to the raw material countries, will give up this market for the benefit of European industrial countries. 423 Finally, the manufacturing industry of the raw ma¬ versely affect all forms of peaceful collaboration terial countries, which has prospered while the raw between nations. The gradual abandonment of the material production has grown less profitable, has “policy of the open doors” in the colonies and their become a factor of importance, though its develop¬ firmer commercial attachment to the mother coun¬ ment is rendered difficult by the lack of capital. To tries during recent years is not unconnected with the extent that bilateralism drives the productive the problems discussed above. forces of these countries over to the manufacturing industry, it leads to the impoverishment of indus¬ MRS. CARR DISCUSSES FOREIGN trial countries and the annihilation of a considerable TRAFFIC CONDITIONS proportion of existing investments. Mrs. Wilbur Carr, in her capacity as member The advocates of a bilateral system of trade con¬ of the Woman’s Safety Traffic Committee meeting sider that it offers the advantage of being simpler of the American Automobile Association, recently and more stable than that which has prevailed hith¬ addressed a meeting of the Committee held at the erto. ft is easy to forget, however, that it is only Sulgrave Club in Washington on “Parking Condi¬ within the last-mentioned system that, at least for tions in Foreign Cities.” This was followed several staple products, something like a world market weeks later by a radio broadcast, in which Mrs. could develop, to which all nations have enjoyed Carr participated, devoted to consideration of the free admittance as sellers and buyers. A bilateral same subject. system of trade leads, sooner or later, to the divi¬ Mrs. Carr staled that she had added to her own sion of this market into several, with different price personal knowledge of European traffic conditions levels and no free admittance. Already certain by addressing a circular letter asking for certain countries in Central Europe have been partly shut information on parking methods and conditions out from the world market and compelled to pay to our Consuls General in London, Paris, Belfast, higher prices for their imports than those prevail¬ Dublin, Glasgow and the Consul in Edinburgh. ing in that market. This system, if any, is full of In reply they furnished her with considerable in¬ confusion and complications; and it would not ap¬ formation which she made available in her inter¬ pear to offer any special guarantees against cyclical esting public talks on the subject. fluctuations. It rather threatens to bring about a It occurs to the JOURNAL that this is an interest¬ new kind of price fluctuations entailing considerable ing field for research on the part of the Foreign disturbances in economic life. The world market Service. The JOURNAL would be glad to consider prices, which have been determined by the supply for publication articles on all types of problems and demand of all countries, have as a rule not been created by the automobile and how they are being excessively affected by changes in the supply or de¬ solved (if they are) by foreign municipalities and mand of individual countries; but the limited mar¬ countries. kets that would result from a bilateral trade system would naturally be extremely sensitive to such MARRIAGE changes. Lewis-Bruhm. Miss Hilda Bruhm and Harrison The distribution by countries of world production Lewis, American Vice Consul, were married on —• determined mainly by trade during past genera¬ May 5, 1937, at Leipzig, Germany. tions — as well as the geographical position and climatic conditions of the various producing and BIRTHS consuming centres, render it necessary for many A daughter, Anne, was born to Mr. and Mrs. countries to import from markets other than those James E. Henderson, at Palo Alto, California, on in which they sell their products. But it is not easy April 10, 1937. for individual countries or groups of countries in A son, John Walker, was born to Mr. and Mrs. the long run to oppose an approach to bilateralism W. Quincy Stanton, at Casablanca, on May 2, which is supported by others. The equalization of 1937. trade balances in certain directions entails a similar A son, Arthur Saye, was born to Mr. and Mrs. equalization in others. The economic pressure to Gerald Warner, at Tokyo, on May 7, 1937. which certain countries are exposed during this process reacts elsewhere than in the economic field. COVER PICTURE As bilateralism particularly renders the supply of “Fisherman’s Return.” The photograph was raw materials to certain countries difficult, it threat¬ taken and contributed by Harry W. Story, Ameri¬ ens to lead to an intensified fight for influence upon can Vice Consul, Santiago de Cuba, and shows (or the domination of) the undeveloped countries, a native fishing boat returning to harbor at and thereby to political controversies, which may ad¬ Santiago. 424 ^Through its world-wide organization of assembly plants, sales offices, distributors and dealers, General Motors is in a unique posi¬ tion to facilitate delivery and subsequent ser¬ vice on its products in any part of the world.

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425 IN MEMORIAM (Continued from page 408) the benefit of a long experience in political and newspaper life at home and a keen sense of values MERCHANT MARINE 'te A R which were at times of the greatest help. Mr. Albright’s determination to know the country On duty or on leave, Pan American to which he was accredited and its people led him will take you there three times faster, and more comfortably. Service to 41 to travel from end to end of Finland, including the countries and colonies of Central little-travelled area of Lapland — often at the ex¬ and South America, Alaska, the pense of personal comfort. At the time of his de¬ Pacific, and China . . . Connecting parture he was certainly more conversant with the service to all parts of the world. geography of Finland than any representative of the United States who had been there. He was keenly interested in the Finns as a people, in their accomplishments and in their history. His ac¬ quaintance extended to members of all recognized political parties and he counted friends in all cir¬ cles. The Minister was peculiarly alert to the news value and possible political repercussions of situa¬ tions arising in the country to which he was ac¬ credited. About two weeks following his arrival in Helsingfors, Jacobson, the young American com¬ munist not long ago pardoned by the Finnish Chief F/f l EJfERiC^Y Executive after serving several years in prison for ,11 /URHIVS SYSTEM espionage, was arrested by the political police. An appeal from Jacobson reached Mr. Albright late one evening — following his arrest in Helsinki but before official notification had been sent to the Legation. Sensing the importance which the case would shortly command at home, he took immediate steps to interview Jacobson and to report the affair in detail to the Department. While convinced of Jacobson’s guilt — to which the latter later con¬ fessed — he look a close and humanitarian interest in the case and even visited Jacobson later in prison at Abo, over a hundred miles away, when com¬ plaints reached him from the prisoner as to his health and the treatment to which he was subjected. It’s the PLEASURE way to go! The latter complaint proved, incidentally, to be quite unfounded as the Finnish prison at Abo is as MUNSON LINE finely administered as any in the United States. Mr. Albright, during his sojourn in Finland, was TO SOUTH AMERICA very active in his support of the American Club at Helsinki. A ready and amusing speaker, he spoke Visit Rio de Janeiro, Santos, Montevideo, Buenos Aires. Northbound, call at Trinidad. there on several occasions, greatly to the enjoyment of his auditors. He had a rich repertory of South¬ Munson liners are large and modern. Assure you true travel pleasure. All have outdoor pool, broad ern negro stories and told them inimitably. One I decks, movies, delicious food, fine service. Every recollect very well. A former officer in the Con¬ cabin is outside. The S. S. Pan America has new federate Army was called on business to Greenville, built-in-deck pool, enlarged sports deck, air-con¬ South Carolina, a few years after the War of 1861- ditioned dining salon. Full details from your travel agent or 1865. Descending at the station he clambered into a dilapidated cab, attached to a decrepit and spavined horse, driven by an ancient darkey and gave orders to be conducted to the principal hotel. MUNSON S. S. LINES The old negro, delighted to be driving such a dis¬ 67 WALL STREET, NEW YORK CITY tinguished client, asked him if he wished to get

426 JHE /^MERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL there quickly. The officer replied that he did and the old darkey ceremoniously whispered something in the horse’s ear. The animal pricked up its ears, snorted loudly and set off down the street at a wild CHAMPION gallop. They reached the hotel in record time, but, to the officer’s consternation, passed it by in a cloud of dust. “What the hell’s wrong, Sambo? Stop!” he yelled. “Sorry, boss,” said Sambo, “but I done forgot what that other order is. We just have to wait till he gets tired out.” Mr. Albright was a man of high religious prin¬ ciple and it was a source of concern to him to dis¬ cover that in Helsinki there was no English-speak¬ ing Presbyterian Church. The Rector of the Eng¬ lish Church there, learning of his difficulty, invited him to participate in the episcopal service over which he officiated. For several years — and prob¬ ably as long as he remained in Finland — the American Minister read a portion of the lessons in the English Church every Sunday. His example contributed in no slight degree to the attendance, particularly among American residents. Mr. Albright’s ambition was to see a government- UNDERWOOD owned and constructed Legation in Helsinki which should he in every way representative of the power * Place championship speed at the and prestige of the United Stales. His efforts to finger-tips of your typists for better this end contributed largely to the perfection of the present plans for our establishment there, and examples of fine typemanship. Cham¬ had he lived, the completion of this building would pionship Speed and Championship have meant the realization of a treasured dream. H. S. F. Stamina are yours in the Underwood. Get the same outstanding qualities that FREDERIC D. GRAB have made the Undenvood victor in Commercial Attache, Caracas 26 World’s Typewriter Champion¬ The tragic death of Frederic D. Grab, Commer¬ cial Attache of the Legation at Caracas, in the ships. Know why Underwood pro¬ jungles of Eastern Venezuela on May 2nd, follow¬ duces and sells more typewriters than ing an airplane crash, has been the cause of deep any other manufacturer in the world. •

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Typewriter Division UNDERWOOD ELLIOTT FISHER COMPANY Typewriters . . . Accounting Machines . . . Adding Ma¬ chines . . . Carbon Paper, Ribbons and other Supplies Homer Bldg., 13th QC F Streets, N. W. Washington, D. C. \IK PAR IA \\ IIICH SEAR! Hi ll FOR Cl! MVS I’l \\| —LEGATION SECRETARY VILLARD AND NAVAL Sales and Service Everywhere ATTACHE JEROME AT EXTREME RIGHT 427 sorrow to his many friends in the Department of sure of the British people when they learned that State where he was well known by reason of his the new King had decided not to replace the old close association with the Department during the yacht by one of modern construction. Yet it seems period that he served in Washington as the Liaison strangely out of place among these modern ships- Officer of the Department of Commerce. As one of-war. The King can barely be discerned on the who had the privilege of Mr. Grab’s friendship, bridge, but the Queen and one of the little Prin¬ and who knew him intimately, both officially and cesses are plainly seen. As the cheers of our offi¬ personally, I can testify to his unusual qualities cers and men die out (guests had been advised not of mind and character. to join in), the four buglers stand at attention The Honorable Meredith Nicholson, American awaiting another signal from that efficient gob. Minister at Caracas, in a despatch to the Depart¬ They look fine to us—but not to him, for he has ment, has expressed very fittingly the general con¬ just reminded them that they are not “tourists” but ception of Mr. Grab’s activities as follows: have a job to perform. “I should like to take this occasion, in refer¬ The heavy drone of the fleet air-arm is heard. ence to the death of Mr. Frederic D. Grab fol¬ Those who expected to see the planes dip over the lowing an airplane crash in Eastern Venezuela, Royal Yacht and change formation are disappoint¬ to mention the high type of service rendered by ed. Perhaps the mist has caused a change of plans. Mr. Grab as Commercial Attache to the Lega¬ Tea has just been served in deference to the cus¬ tion. His wide contacts and experience were of tom of our British guests—but what a tea! I un¬ the greatest use to this mission, and his ability derstand it was an expensive brand, but we Ameri¬ to obtain information, frequently in sources not cans never seem able to prepare and serve it accessible to the Legation, and his promptness correctly. No offense to the Navy, for the British in reporting it to the Legation were of vital are equally poor as regards coffee. assistance in obtaining a proper picture of the Six o’clock, and we are speeding back to Ports¬ rapid changes which were taking place along mouth. As we approach the Naval Dockyard the economic, political and financial lines. spars of Nelson’s old ship, the Victory, loom up— ‘"Mr. Grab at all times displayed a spirit of another reminder of the British love of tradition. cooperation and loyalty to the Legation, and his Walton Ferris and Sally are off for smoky Shef¬ death—aside from the sympathetic personal re¬ field, but we await the searchlight and fireworks lationship thus terminated—means the loss of display between 10 and 11 p. m. The time has ar¬ an efficient and highly valuable Government rived and hundreds of warships, in eight lines of officer. He was unfailingly obliging and con¬ over five miles each, are outlined in lights. On siderate in the performance of his official duties, some (including the U.S.S. New York) the flags and socially he was held in warm regard by the are illuminated by searchlights. Rockets go up American colony and by a wide circle of Vene¬ from the Royal Yacht and the lights are extin¬ zuelans.” guished—now the sky is alive with innumerable The profound sympathy of Mr. Grab’s many searchlights, first swinging rhythmically, now cross¬ friends in the Department of State and in the ing, now waving irregularly. The scene is some¬ Foreign Service is extended to Mrs. Grab, her chil¬ what marred by a low ceiling and mist but is none dren and his family. J. J. M. the less thrilling. Now the fireworks; the sky is ablaze in red, white and blue. A happy day is ended, and we must wend a tortuous way through CORONATION NAVAL REVIEW heavy traffic to the “New” Forest of William the (Continued from page 394) Conqueror, where we have made reservations for servation. In front of us on the bridge are four the night. buglers rigidly awaiting the signal from an efficient May 25, 1937: Saw Captain Money today, and gob. The bugles ring out as one—a fine demonstra¬ he said he had a hard time keeping back tears when tion—announcing that the King is on his way. Now he said good-bye to Admiral Hugh. I'm sure he the signal for the 21-gun salute. A smart young offi¬ didn’t show it, but there you are: the English are cer directs the firing by bringing sharply down first a funny people, they keep their feelings in leash, one white-gloved hand then the other, followed each but they feel as deeply as we do. Money said that time by a deafening roar. Sailors line the decks, on the last night of the Review the commanding side-by-side — a great sight. The Royal Yacht, officer of the aircraft carrier H.M.S. Courageous Victory and Albert, approaches—what a strange signalled Admiral Rodman for permission to an¬ antiquity, but with very graceful lines. In this land chor astern of the New York—just another little of tradition it is not difficult to appreciate the plea¬ courtesy to our “Uncle Hugh.” 428 NATHANIEL LANCASTER. JR.. THIRD SECRETARY, ADMIRAL RODMAN. U.S.N., SPINS A GOOD YARN AND HUGH MILLARD, FIRST SECRETARY TO HIS AIDE, COMMANDER BEATTY, U.S.N.

WALTON C. FERRIS AND PERRY N. JESTER, JAMES R. WILKINSON. JAMES E. PARKS. AMERI¬ AMERICAN CONSULS CAN CONSULS, AND CHARLES A. CONVERSE, VICE CONSUL Photos by It. It. W. 429 BERMUDA BY AIR (Continued from page 418) sengers will be carried on the initial flight or the two or three experimental flights which will ensue. However, after several such trips a special flight carrying press and officials will be made and after that, probably by the first of July, regular service will commence with the carriage of passengers, mail and freight. Other nations, too, are seemingly on the point of entering the trans-Atlantic competition and in so doing of making use of Bermuda’s fortuitous posi¬ tion as a pier in the contemplated bridge across the ocean. From the point of view of actual ex¬ perimentation the Germans hold the lead. In Sep¬ tember of last year two Lufthansa hydroplanes, the “Aeolus” and the “Zephir,” made the round trip OSTABLISHED as a commercial bank flight from the Azores to New York, the voyage in 1812, The National City Bank of being tested out by each plane in both the non-stop and the halt at Bermuda manner. For launching New York has continued serving many ot the planes a mother-ship equipped with a catapult the largest businesses, families and in¬ was employed. The planes themselves were ten- ton Dorniers, powered by twin diesel engines. They dividuals through its international system were of the mail plane type and neither large nor of overseas branches and affdiates in speedy enough for passengers. However, the tests were considered successful and to be the forerun¬ twenty-three countries and its close work¬ ner of more serious endeavor during the year 1937. ing arrangement with thousands of While the French have not yet taken any definite step towards entering the Europe to New York correspondent banks in leading cities service, it is generally expected that they will dur¬ throughout the world. ing the present summer make some gesture in that direction. Certainly the Air-France, through its Branches in Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, experience on the south-Atlantic route, is well schooled in problems of the general nature which Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican would have to be faced. Whether adequate finan¬ Republic, England, India, Italy, Japan, cial resources would be at the French company’s disposal is another question. Manchuria, Mexico, Peru, Philippine Is¬ So we may expect to observe within a short lands, Puerto Rico, Republic of Panama, space the colors of numerous nations in the Atlan¬ tic airs just as for long we have remarked the flags Straits Settlements, Uruguay and Vene¬ of many powers on the waters of that ocean. It is zuela. Offices of affiliated banking institu¬ reassuring that the leaders in this new commercial race, both Anglo-Saxons, are entered not as rivals tions in France and Spain. but as collaborators. Perhaps this cooperation is an omen of future peace. In any case it is appro¬ priate that, as Bermuda w'as the child of British adventure in America, its rediscovery by air should The National City Bank likewise be of American and British parenthood. of New York (Editor’s Note: Since the foregoing article was Head Office: 55 Wall St., New York submitted, the following supplemental informa¬ tion has been received from Mr. Williamson. 72 Branches in Greater New York The preliminary flights in the New York-Bermuda (Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation; ait service have been inaugurated. The Pan American Airways “Bermuda Clipper,” Captain Gray, commander, arrived at the Bermuda air 430 base on May 25lli. The ship took off from Port Washington at 9:30 a. m. and reached Bermuda at 2.25 p. m. The Imperial Airways “Cavalier” left Bermuda for New York at about the same hour on the morning of the 25th. Both trips were made without incident. The Governor and others informally welcomed the American plane in Ber¬ muda. Since that time the American plane has returned to the United States, trying out the port at Baltimore, while the British plane has come back to its home port in Bermuda. A few more experimental flights will be accomplished rapidly, after which it is expected that the regu¬ lar service will be established.) A WORLD-WIDE

NEWS FROM FIELD—GERMANY SELLING ORGANIZATION (Continued from page 409) Wards Products are in steady demand distinguished services during the Revolution and the world over. And no wonder! their great importance in the struggle for American independence. After the Ambassador’s speech, Advanced engineering and painstak¬ which was heartily applauded, the two German ing research insure products of un¬ National Anthems were sung. The ceremony in usual quality. Mass production and the City Hall was followed by a luncheon given in mass distribution assure the mainte¬ the “Magdeburger Hof” by the City of Magde¬ nance of prices that are highly com¬ burg to the invited guests. After the luncheon the petitive. American and other guests were taken on a motor¬ Hence Wards leadership in the auto¬ ing trip through the city of Magdeburg, passing the motive, electrical and mechanical General Post Office, where the tablet presented at specialty fields. Users of Wards Air¬ the ceremony had already been attached to the line Radios are now running into the beautiful Gothic cathedral, which was then visited second million. Sales of Wards River¬ under the guidance of Dr. Grieschel, Director of the side Tires have now exceeded the Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum of the City of Magde¬ 25,000,000 mark. The demand for burg. Wards refrigerators, washers, vacu¬ In addition to the persons already mentioned, the um cleaners, power plants, paints, celebration was attended by Consul General and tools and automotive equipment is M rs. Douglas Jenkins of Berlin; Consul General steady and consistent. and Mrs. Ralph C. Busser of Leipzig; Major Black, Assistant U. S. Military Attache at Berlin; Mrs. Distributors interested in securing Eichberg of Berlin, President, Miss Geist, and other exclusive franchise for the distribu¬ members of the “Dorothea von Steuben Chapter tion of Wards Products should write in Germany”: Mr. Louis P. Lochner, President of immediately to the Factory Export the American Chamber of Commerce in Berlin, Division. Franchises are still avail¬ and other American and German representatives able in a number of territories. of the Press. Wards Specialties are sold abroad through Distributors and MEXICO Dealers ONLY Dr. Manuel L. Quezon, President of the Philip¬ pine Commonwealth, visited Mexico during the first half of April. The Mexican Government and people gave the President and his party a warm MONTGOMERY WARD and spontaneous welcome. President Quezon Established 1*72 ^ was accompanied by his wife, his two daughters, # A FACTORY EXPORT DIVISION ■'.ftjf and his son. The party included Major General U f V/’ 618 W. Chicago Aye., Chicago, U. S, A. f T,f Douglas A. MacArthur, who holds a commission Cables — Thornward as Field Marshal of the Philippine Army, Major Visitors from abroad cordially invited to Chicago Headquarters General Basilio J. Valdez, Philippine Army, Dr.

431 Carlos P. Romulo, a brilliant journalist who acts spirits and danced the jarabe Tapatio in Mexican as adviser to President Quezon, and other officials. costume with one of the entertainers. Josephus There was a crowded program during the four Daniels, Jr., his wife and their young son, as well days of the visit. Ambassador and Mrs. Daniels as several Mexican friends, participated in the gave a formal dinner one evening, which was at¬ celebration. tended by the entire visiting delegation, several Mrs. Ethel Barnes, the senior in years of serv¬ members of the Mexican cabinet, other important ice—of the official staff, presented to the Ambas¬ Mexican officials, and members of the Embassy sador a silver photograph frame bearing the auto¬ staff. On the last day of the visit, President graphs of all members of the staff. Telegrams Quezon had a most cordial interview with the of congratulation were received from the Secretary President of Mexico. President Quezon was visi¬ of Stale, the Mexican Ambassador to the United bly moved by the splendid reception accorded him Slates, the Mexican Division of the Department, and bis party by the Mexican Government and and many other friends. people. MONTEVIDEO Hearts were young in American official circles On April 23 towards dusk, the U.S.S. Downes, in Mexico City the morning of May 18th. one of the newest destroyers in the United States Ambassador Daniels, according to the calendar. Navy, arrived in Montevideo under the command

PRESIDENT OliEZON AND AMBASSADOR DANIELS CALL ON GENERAL HAY, MEXICAN MINISTER FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS had reached his seventy-fifth birthday, according of Commander C. H. Roper, U. S. N., in the to himself the figures should be reversed giving his course of a shake-down cruise. proper age as fifty-seven, but according to all During their ten-day visit, Commander Roper who know Mr. Daniels he is really in the prime and his seven officers were entertained by a of life at about forty-five. luncheon at the Legation, a dinner by the First The Ambassador was awakened early by sere¬ Secretary and Mrs. Reed, and a lunch and a nades furnished by two typically Mexican orches¬ dinner dance by the American Association, both tras. The members of the staffs of the Embassy, of the latter being given in the beautiful roof- the Consulate General, and the Military and Com¬ garden of the Jockey Club. mercial Attaches were at hand to offer congratu¬ Shortly after their arrival, the officers gave a lations and best wishes. The Chief was in gay splendid reception on board, with many members 432 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL PETROLEUM ON PARADE

ANEW exposition at Rockefeller Center, New York right into the great plants—alongside the gigantic mod¬ City, brilliantly presents the spectacle of mechan¬ ern machines used to manufacture textiles and paper, ized industry's progress—the drama of transportation by to mine coal, to generate electric power and light. land, sea and air—and Socony-Vacuum's 71-year share Movies explain the new Socony-Vacuum Clearosol in that progress. Process and how it improves Mobiloil. See an automobile Here is revealed the part played by the makers of engine run on Mobiloil—the world's largest selling motor Gargoyle Lubricants in the up-building of American oil—in desert heat one minute—and winter cold the next. industry. Edison, Dr. Diesel, Selden, the Wright Brothers step out of the past across a miniature stage. You are cordially invited to visit this modern industrial exposition the next time you are in New York. A huge electrified map brings the world's leading trans¬ portation systems to life. Press a button and trace the The dramatic achievements of Socony-Vacuum products routes of great airlines. Press another, and see the Nor¬ —the 71 years of experience behind them—their accep¬ mandie and the Europa cover their routes before your tance in 63 countries of the world . . . will give you a very eyes. new appreciation of products branded with the Red Through the medium of modern photography you step Gargoyle or the Flying Red Horse.

SOCONY-VACUUM OIL COMPANY, INC.

433 of the Diplomatic Corps and the American colony secondary school students was $4.80, though they present. The Commander was also host at Sun¬ earn a maximum of $6. The average monthly wage day dinner to Mrs. Lay and the First Secretary for college students was $12.56 and $22.62 for and Mrs. Reed, as well as being co-host with the graduate students, though it is possible for the Naval Attache at a large stag luncheon for Uru- former to earn an average of $15 and the latter $25 guyan Government officials. a month. A signal and most unusual honor was paid the The responsibility for selecting the students, as¬ Commander by the Uruguyan Government when signing them to jobs and supervising their work he, together with the First Secretary and the has been placed in the hands of the educational Attache, Commander Thomas J. Doyle, Jr., were authorities. The work performed by school stu¬ received hy the President, the Minister for Na¬ dents consists, for example, of acting as secretaries tional Defense, and later by the Minister of to teachers and principals, preparing educational Foreign Affairs. The visit of the U.S.S. Downes exhibits for classrooms, making long-needed repairs to classroom furniture, assisting in school cafe¬ terias, and supervising playground activities. Col¬ lege and graduate students are, wherever possible, employed as research assistants in the field of their concentration, so that, far from cutting into the time which they must devote to study, their NYA work provides practical supplementary training in the all-important courses. Students majoring in botany at one college are thus making a survey of soil moisture and acidity in several counties. A student majoring in English is making a study of the grammar and composition taught by leading American colleges and universi¬ ties during the last hundred years. Chemical en¬ gineering students are assisting with experimental work on the hardening characteristics and carburi¬ THE PRESIDENT OF URUGUAY RECEIVES THE zation of steel. There is a large number of stu¬ CAPTAIN OF THE U.S.S. DOWNES dents. however, for whom it is impossible to find Left to right: Leslie E. Reed, First Secretary, the Minister of National Defense, Captain Roper, U.S.N., President such desirable jobs. These students are assigned, Terra, Commander Doyle, U.S.N. (Naval Attache). without replacing regular employees, either to cler¬ ical museum and library work in the colleges or to was thus more than usually successful in cement¬ jobs in near-by welfare offices, hospitals, YMCAs, ing the already close friendship between the YWCAs, and governmental agencies. United States and Uruguay. For those young people who are out of school and out of work the NYA has instituted a work NATIONAL YOUTH projects program. Not only does this program at¬ ADMINISTRATION tempt to furnish as many young people as possible (Continued from page 389) with worthwhile work, but also to provide them So successful was this so-called “college aid” pro¬ with jobs that will give them vocational training gram that it was continued during the academic in the most promising fields of employment. On year 1934-35, when as many as one hundred thou¬ construction projects, for instance, it has been sand students were aided during the peak month. possible to promote the originally unskilled NYA Taken over by the NY A, it was expanded to in¬ employees to semi-skilled or even skilled jobs as clude both secondary school and university grad¬ they have shown increasing aptitudes. And on uate students. library projects, as many an inexperienced young In March, 1937, there were 426,666 students in person has become better acquainted with tech¬ 23,897 schools and colleges earning NYA wages niques and procedures, he or she has been re-as¬ under the Student Aid Program. Of the students, signed to more responsible work. With such train¬ 281.598 were in secondary schools; 139,572 in col¬ ing and experience, young people have found it leges; and 5,496 in graduate schools. While the easier to secure jobs in private industry; and the hourly rates of nay varied according to the pre¬ turnover on projects has, for this reason, been un¬ vailing rate paid for the type of work done in a usually large. given school or college, the monthly wage was, in In the future it is planned to place greater em¬ general, uniform. The average monthly wage for phasis on the vocational training aspect of the 434 Behind this symbol are the motion picture producers of America joined in the conviction that entertainment knows no boundaries, that the minds and hearts of peoples are drawn together by the humanity of the screen.

MOTION PICTURE PRODUCERS AND DISTRIBUTORS OF AMERICA INC WILL H. HAYS, President

28 WEST 44TH STREET, NEW YORK CITY

To the Joreign Service Officers Hotel Martinique FIVE BLOCKS FROM THE WHITE HOUSE of the United States SIXTEENTH STREET AT M ♦ WASHINGTON, D. C.

THE UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND GUAR¬ • ANTY COMPANY puts at pour disposal its serv¬ ice in writing pour bond. Special attention is given to the requirements of Foreign Serv¬ c\An Hotel of ice Officers. Our Washington office specializes in this service. 5Distinction ♦ • UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND GUARANTY COMPANY SPECIAL RATES Lee H. Bowen, Manager To ACTIVE AND RETIRED FOREIGN SERVICE 1415 K ST., N. W., WASHINGTON, D. C. OFFICERS AND THEIR FAMILIES • Telephone—National 0913 Write for Booklet Write for your copy of the "Insurance Guide.” L. R. HAWKINS, Manager

435 work projects. But because NYA employees work for only one-third the monthly or weekly working Outstanding hours—receiving accordingly, but one-third the pre¬ vailing wage rate for the type of work performed— Foreign Banking Facilities it is not easy to find time for instruction in more highly skilled occupations while simultaneously at¬ The foreign banking organization of The tempting to complete a project within a given pe¬ Chase National Bank includes branches riod of months. The most feasible and satisfactory and representatives on three continents way of providing vocational training has therefore been found to be through the organization of spe¬ supplemented by thousands of correspon¬ cial classes after hours which the project employees dents. Branches are located in London, may attend if they wish. This arrangement has al¬ Havana, Panama, Cristobal, and San ready been successfully carried out on quite a large Juan. In addition, the bank maintains number of project units. offices for its representatives in Rome, During the month of March, 1937, the Work Projects Program employed 191,569 young men Berlin and Mexico City. Through an and women from 18 to 25 years of age at an aver¬ affiliate, The Chase Bank, branches are age monthly wage of approximately $17. Largely operated in Paris, Shanghai, Hongkong because of the preponderance of unskilled persons and Tientsin. in the youth group, over one-third of these young people were working on manual labor and handi¬ THE craft projects consisting of the construction of com¬ munity centers, the imurovement and laying out of CHASE NATIONAL BANK public parks and playgrounds, the improvement OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK of highways, as well as the construction and repair of furniture, exhibits, playground equipment and Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation toys. One-fourth of the NYA employees were en¬ gaged in public service work, performing clerical and similar tasks not provided for by the normal annual budget in local, county and state govern¬ mental offices. Nearly one-fifth were working on home economics projects specially designed to give training and work opportunities for young women. Sewing, assistance to home demonstration agents, nursing, domestic training, and canning were in¬ cluded in this type of project. And one-sixth of the young men and women were engaged in recrea¬ tional work which comprised chiefly the supervi¬ sion of playgrounds and the activities conducted by such agencies as YMCAs, YWCAs, and commu¬ nity centers. The remaining young people were employed on agricultural, conservation and re¬ search projects under the supervision or sponsor¬ ship of the Department of Agriculture, the Soil Conservation Service, state and county boards of education, and other governmental and private agencies. In the fall of 1936 the NYA be gan setting up its own educational camps for unemployed young women. Employed on such regular NYA projects as the preparation of hospital supplies, the pro¬ duction of Braille books, and bookbinding, the young women attending these camps earn a wage sufficient to cover the monthly subsistence cost and leave them with a net sum of at least $5 over and above this. Like the CCC camps, two of the major aims of this program are to build up the girls physically and to help them acquire new 436 JHE /^MERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL skills. As of April 29, 1937, twenty-eight camps had been authorized in twenty-seven states, with a total enrolment of about eighteen hundred. In accordance with its objective of assisting We offer you peace of young people in their search for suitable jobs in private employment, the NYA has, over a period of fourteen months, placed junior employment offi¬ cers in fifty-eight State Employment Offices through¬ mind when you ship out the country. During this time the officers have found permanent jobs for 45,038 young men and women, and have interviewed some 107,000 young people, helping many of them work out their voca¬ your household effects tional plans. In addition, pamphlets and bulletins giving a short history and discussion of various Merchants service is world-wide; occupations have been prepared and distributed in many states; and vocational guidance services, oc¬ our experience goes back many cupational classes and radio talks have been ar¬ decades; we ship many miles every ranged through the assistance of cooperating spon¬ year. Only expertly trained men sors. will serve you; your household That the NYA has not been able to assist ade¬ and personal effects will be packed quately all those young neople who have been the victims of a rapidly changing economic system in individually tailored containers, must, of course, be readily admitted. With an ap¬ assuring you the maximum of pro¬ propriation of $45,000,000 during its first year of tection and minimum shipping and operation and $71,250,000 during its second year, handling costs. it has been able to reach only a comparatively lim¬ ited number of needy young people. Thus, those Special Government Service receiving cash benefits from the NYA numbered but Insurance Available 618.235 in March, 1937. though through its voca¬ tional guidance and placement offices, women’s FIREPROOF STORAGE camps and the services provided by its student aid and work project employees, several hundred thou¬ Store your household effects in one sand other young people were directly or indirect¬ of Merchants storage rooms. Vari¬ ly assisted. When these accomplishments are ous sizes to choose from among placed against the huge canvas on which are paint¬ hundreds, all of reinforced con¬ ed the inequalities of opportunity that youth faces, they seem microscopic in comparison. crete and steel. Much remains to be done before the gap of idle¬ ness existing between the end of youth’s educa¬ OUR FOREIGN AGENTS: PITT a SCOTT. LTD. tional career and the beginning of its vocational LONDON LIVERPOOL GLASGOW HAVRE PARIS career is closed. One solution is more jobs; but in view of the fact that the machine age is steadily adding years to the period of youth, we must also look forward to a broad extension of our educa¬ tional system. The American Youth Commission, TRANSFER of which Newton D. Baker is Chairman, states that society should be responsible for “the education, welfare and development” of all young people up STORAGE COMPANY to the age when they can secure paid work, and accordingly suggests that formal education be pro¬ 920 E Street Northwest vided for all. up to the age of 16, with “less for¬ mal and more flexible” methods being used to WASHINGTON, D. C train and educate young people between 16 and 21. The NYA is pioneering in this new field: and no JOHN L. NEWBOLD. PRESIDENT matter how meagre its accomplishments may now Cable Address “Removals” seem, it is laying the foundations for a sound and permanent program for American youth. 437 Long or Short Assignments Following are some extracts from a letter to the editors from a junior officer whose comments upon one of the subjects mentioned in the April issue of the JOURNAL are of interest to the Service:

One subject marked for discussion has partic¬ lishments the interruption in the flow of reports ularly interested me, namely, the effect of the need not be so great, since the principal officer length of assignment of an officer to a post upon will presumably and usually find an administrative that officer’s usefulness. The question is asked officer able to relieve him of the more routine whether an officer tends to go “stale” after three supervisory duties and one or more officers al¬ or four years or whether the experience he has ready familiar with local conditions who can ad¬ gained makes his services more valuable. vise him. It seems to me that under the present system of Why then do officers grow stale after three or transfers both alternatives are likely and. even, four years at a post? For it is my belief that likely in the same officer. It seems natural enough they do get stale. One need not here consider to suppose that an officer who has had three or the existence of abnormal circumstances of climate, four years’ time to become acquainted with local or primitiveness, or lack of cultural or physical conditions will more readily interpret correctly relaxation at some posts. These conditions are new problems in the light of past experience with not too widespread over the Service as a whole the people with whom he has to deal. He will but do, of course, contribute to a very understand¬ also be in a better position to report upon current able let-down in certain posts. The growing conditions in both the economic and the political stale, I think, may be attributed to the very thing sphere than his successor will be able to do for the absence of which prevents a business man in some time after his arrival upon the scene. The the usual progressive concern from going stale: length of time for an individual officer to acquaint a feeling of impermanence. Experience has taught himself with conditions in his district will depend the Foreign Service officer that at the end of three to a certain extent, of course, upon his own intel¬ or four or five years he may expect the arrival ligence and industry but, I venture to guess, to a of a cable any day. I do not believe that an offi¬ far greater extent upon the amount of time he is cer can, with the best will in the world, guard able to devote to a thorough preliminary study of against the feeling that his days are numbered, that his district as opposed to the amount of time he it is time to speculate upon the probabilities of will be obliged to devote to the routine duties of his next assignment, that there remains little his office. The foregoing comments apply, I be¬ time for him to do work of any great importance lieve, to both principal and subordinate officers, at his present post and that the work in hand but under present personnel conditions with par¬ may at any time be interrupted. This probably ticular force to the principal officers since it has applies to principal officers in many cases, but to been my experience in the offices in which I have subordinate officers with even greater force not served that subordinates are far too busy inter¬ only because they are, in the nature of things, viewing applicants for visas or passports or ex¬ young and as a whole less stable because of their plaining to local merchants the requirements of youth, and because it has been the policy to shift the Tariff Act of 1930, or to irate seamen just the junior officers more frequently but also be¬ how it happens that the Comptroller General has cause much of the work that has to be done changed the consular officer from the “seaman’s by them is frankly routine and becomes boring friend” to—if not a foe—at least a disinterested unless the principal officer has the courage pe¬ spectator anxious to preserve his own pocketbook. riodically to disrupt the smooth functioning of In the average, medium sized consular establish¬ his office by shifting his subordinates from depart¬ ment it is therefore the principal officer who must ment to department. acquaint himself with the people and the social, I think there is a remedy for the situation: a economic, and political problems of his district, fixed tenure of office. Let an officer know when interpret the available facts correctly and report assigning him to a particular post howr long he to the Department. As I have said, this takes will be expected to remain there. As at present, time; how much time, how great the lacuna be¬ a subordinate officer would have a shorter stay tween the departure of one principal officer and than a principal officer in order that he may have the readiness of his successor to submit reports the benefit of experience in as many parts of the of value it would be interesting to know. world and under as many chiefs and in as many Without personal experience, it would appear phases of the work as possible before he is called safe to assume that in the larger consular estab¬ upon to administer an office of his own. The 438 Department, naturally, would retain its right ol discretion in cases of emergency. Should the officer, whether principal or sub¬ “We Invite You to a ordinate, be pleased with his post he has the Distinguished Hotel” knowledge, fortunately, that the good posts out¬ number the bad and that the chances are that he will like his next post, too. When the transfer HOTEL comes, at the appointed time, and it turns out to be the last place in the world that he would choose POWHATAN to be sent he may—he must!—console himself with the knowledge that in a Service such as ours 18TH & PENNSYLVANIA AVE. it is hut fair that each shall take his turn at un¬ desirable posts. WASHINGTON, D. C. The term of tenure at an unhealthful post should, of course, be as brief as considerations of Choice rooms with bath the general efficiency of the Service permit. Thus, from *3 should four years be established as the tenure at the average post for an officer not in the higher . . . 15% Discount allowed Diplo¬ classes, two years should be the maximum at an matic and Consular Service! unhealthful post. I think the efficiency of the individual would be increased if he were certain ■ One block from State, War & of relief from unpleasant conditions within a com¬ paratively short time. He would then have an in¬ Navy Building centive and would feel it incumbent upon him to do the best work possible during his stay rather ■ A Refined Hotel on European than have the feeling, as is now too often the Plan case, of being sunk and forgotten in some hole. It is recognized, of course, that all officers can not and do not climb the ladder of promotion at the same pace, and that it may be necessary for some of the officers in the middle classes to have several assignments at unhealthful or unpleasant posts. Officers who are obliged during their careers to serve several terms at unhealthful or undesirable posts are compensated by the knowl¬ edge that they are getting extra credit toward their retirement by the provision of law which grants eighteen months’ credit service for every year spent at an unhealthful post, giving them the privilege of voluntary retirement, should they so desire, at a comparatively early age.

F.S.O. CONDUCTS SYMPHONY An unusual occurrence in Foreign Service ac¬ tivities took place on April 22 in Bogota, Colom¬ bia, when Winthrop S. Greene, Second Secretary of the American Legation in that capital, con¬ ducted the National Symphony Orchestra of Colombia in the 13th Symphony of Haydn. It was the first time that a foreign diplomat has participated in one of the Orchestra’s concerts. Mr. Greene’s conducting was enthusiastically ap¬ plauded by the brilliant audience in attendance and received high praise from the music critics of the Bogota press.

439 THE /^MERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

NEW YORK FAIR models coated with luminous paints to produce an (Continued from page 402) effect of night lighting also are popular exhibits, Fair in Flushing is a national expression. Those as is a bubble fountain or Aqualon, made bv who manage it and those who visit it have a right forcing water and air up through a lighted glass to expect that the exhibitors will make a fitting column. exposition of American or other enterprise.” The announcement of designs for the Peri- An exhibit, which occupies the Fifth Avenue sphere and Trylon—the two dominant architectural and Thirty-fourth Street corner of the Empire features of the Fair—aroused great interest all State Building, shows models of the site and of over the world. Architects and builders were various sections and buildings and some of the especially interested. Although both sphere and novel lighting effects the Fair will feature. Very triangle are among geometry’s simplest and most impressive is a large-scale model of the Theme fundamental forms, neither has ever before been Building and Plaza as viewed at night. Small employed in formal architecture. The Persiphere,

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which will house the Exposition’s Theme Exhibit will rise 18 stories above the Fair Grounds. The Trylon will be equal to fifty stories, and will be Your Relatives and Friends the point of orientation for the entire Fair. The Theme Centre will be the focal point of Will Welcome the Fair. From the various zones devoted to such subjects as Production, Distribution, Welfare, Food, Shelter, etc., great avenues and esplanades The Foreign Service Journal will lead into the Theme Plaza, which will have a maximum depth of 700 feet. The facades of IT WILL GIVE THEM INTIMATE NEWS OF You, YOUR all the exhibit buildings facing on the plaza will COLLEAGUES, AND YOUR I NTERESTING SERVICE, WHICH be designed to harmonize with each other so that THEY COULD NOT OBTAIN ELSEWHERE. the ensemble will be given architectural unity. The effect will be further enhanced by a double row of majestic elms, fifty feet high, forming a great horse¬ shoe around the center. A mile-long area will be devoted solely to amuse¬ ment; and a modern amphitheatre, its stage set for the lake itself, is being designed to provide for colorful pageants, water sports and dramatic and musical open air performances. The Exposition now rising in Flushing Meadow Park entails an investment of $125,000,000. The City of New York, through land acquisition, va¬ rious basic improvements, and its exhibit; the State of New York through parkways and bridges and an exhibit building; and the Federal Govern¬ ment through channel and harbor improvements All ranks and ages in the Service read its Journal and an exhibit building, will account for about $20,000,000. This gives an official backing and participation never before achieved. The Fair I HE JOURNAL Staff offers to each active and asso¬ itself plans to spend about $47,000,000 in the ciate member of the American Foreign Service Associa¬ erection of administration and exhibit buildings tion the privilege of subscribing for the JOURNAL for and in preliminary developments. In addition, it or on behalf of relatives and friends at the rate of $2 per vear. is estimated that private exhibitors, commercial Each member may use up to five of these special concerns, housing operators, and foreign govern¬ subscriptions. ments will invest more than $50,000,000. Transportation facilities are being arranged on THIS OFFER WILL BE EXTENDED FOR A SHORT a scale to accommodate 160,000 persons an hour, PERIOD TO CLERKS IN THE FOREIGN SERVICE. and a maximum daily attendance of 800,000. The Please Use the Coupon Belozv average daily attendance has been estimated at 250,000. SPECIAL OFFER It all sounds like a big job—and it is really AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, far greater than it sounds. “Never before has Care Department of State, $125,000,000 or more been spent to create a Fair,” Washington, D. C. said President Whalen recently. “Never was a more astonishing task assumed, if so much money Please send the JOLRNAL for one year is to be spent to advantage. Advantage in this To „ _ case means: a balanced budget, the stimulation of national industry, the cultivation of international amity, and the greatest attainable entertainment Send bill for $. for every man. This is both the invitation and the To promise extended to the American Nation and the whole world by New7 York City through the Directors of the Fair Corporation.” 441 VISITORS AMBASSADOR DANIELS The following visitors called at the Department (Continued from page 3951 during the past month: May my official duties during the World War. This demonstrated that keeping fit for work did not Frederick L. Royt, Guayaquil 12 require devoting time to prescribed exercise. In Donald D. Edgar, Ciudad Trujillo 13 that respect I may advise this course for others. A. John Cope, Jr., Stuttgart 13 Quite the contrary, I’d like the thrill of knocking Angus I. Ward, Moscow 13 Harris N. Cookingham, Vancouver 14 a home run or kicking a goal. Julius Wadsworth, Shanghai 17 4. Because getting angry and losing control Robert L. Hunter, Tirana 17 of temper injures one’s disposition and retards John Davies, Jr., Mukden 17 efficiency, I have sought to keep myself free from Charles Eberhardt, Retired, Salina, Kansas 17 Catherine B. Stewart, Rio de Janeiro 18 giving way to wrath. Temper is a blessing if Samuel T. Lee, Retired, West Rutland, Vermont 18 kept under control. When it is master of a man Dorothy Brown, Warsaw 18 it destroys his happiness and usefulness. For Donald C. Dunham, Athens 19 selfish reasons I have tried, but not alwrays with Stephen E. C. Kendrick, Montreal 19 success, to maintain equanimity of life and speech Henry U. Anthiel, Jr., Moscow 20 in personal intercourse with my fellows. Nathaniel P. Davis, Foreign Service Inspector 21 W. Clarke Vyse, Shanghai . . _ 21 5. As a journalist I early learned the wisdom Harold D. Pease, Shanghai 21 of the declaration of a notable editor, who said Frederick P. Hibbard, Bucharest 24 that no man could measure up to his duty as an Theresa C. Welch, Habana 24 editor unless, as he read in his morning paper of Edwin C. Kemp, Winnepeg.. 24 Adam Beaumont, Hamilton. Ontario 25 the wrongs and injustices in the world, he was so Hugh Corby Fox, Berlin 26 stirred with indignation that he became animated John Hubner, 2d, Berlin . 25 by a hi gh resolve to do all in his power to redress Robert C. Coudray, Hong Kong 26 the wrongs and bring about justice. The paper Charles Roy Nasmith, Edinburg 26 that is not a prosecutor of evil deeds and evil Louis L. Kirley, Riga 26 Camden L. McLain, Santiago .... 27 men falls short of its public responsibility. Right¬ Edwin McKee, Moscow 27 eous wrath is an essential to editorial influence as John Cudahy, Warsaw 29 keen interest in all that goes on in the world. J. W. Henry, Managua 29 6. 1 have always placed loyalty as a supreme virtue and as the very mud-sili of character. June Without loyalty to convictions, to friends, to prin¬ C. H. Hall, Jr., Trinidad 1 ciples, to good causes, to religious faith, to party, Leo J. Keena, Tegucigalpa 2 no man may hope to achieve his highest goal. Robert Frazer, London 2 Loyalty, however, is a virtue that may degenerate Frank C. Lee, Berlin 3 if it causes one to condone wrong in friends or John H. Fuqua, Paris 3 Gilson G. Blake, Rome 3 makes one a slave to party. R. D. Wells, Guatemala 4 7. I have always been indifferent to money or Richard B. Haven, Turin 4 its accumulation or the power it confers. I have John B. Keogh, Nairobi... 5 never tried to make money or been actively asso¬ Frances Davison Bryant, Callao-Lima 7 ciated with any enterprise established for profit. Walter N. Walmsley, Jr., Habana 7 Winthrop S. Greene. Bogota 7 I have always been too busy with other things. Mrs. Helen L. Wills, Bogota 7 Love of money may not be the root of all evil, Philip Adams, London 8 but it is sure to canker the soul, dry up generous John Davies, Jr., Mukden 8 impulses, and corrupt the public service. Thomas Davis, St. John, New Brunswick 8 Constance R. Harvey, Milan 9 8. 1 have always been in close asociation with Manson Gilbert, Brussels 10 youth and with men of youthful and forward- J. Butler Wright, Prague 11 looking ideas. My closest associates have been John Van A. MacMurray, Jstambtil ... 11 my four sons, the young men on the staff of my II. Armistead Smith, Windsor, Ontario 11 paper, and older men who believe “the best is Leo D. Sturgeon, Manchester ..._ 12 Hugh Gibson, Rio de Janeiro 12 yet to be.” For many years I taught a Sunday Dorothy Tuggle, Tokyo 12 school class of college students. That experience Harold D. Gum, Lima 14 was the best receipt for looking at things from 442 piF \MFRICA\r pORElGlV gERVICE JOURNAL DIRECTOR) OF SELEC 7 A F FIRMS ABROAD • BRITISH ISLES

443 the standpoint of tomorrow. These associations, From Class IV to Class III: following the guidance of a wise mother and the George L. Brandt blessing of a true helpmate wife, have crowned Homer Brett my life with happiness and a large measure of Dudley G. Dwyre satisfaction. My faith in the wisdom of these Joseph Flack two women early influenced my advocacy of giv¬ Frederick P. Hibbard ing the ballot to women and opening wider doors John D.Johnson to them. 9. From early boyhood I had deep interest in From Class V to Class IV: politics, but resolved when a young editor never Hooker A. Doolittle to become a candidate for public office. 1 was William R. Langdon not willing to risk the temptation of writing with Robert D. Longyear a view to getting votes for myself, or of being ex¬ Winthrop R. Scott posed to the suspicion that editorial utterance was Henry S. Waterman influenced by personal ambition. 1 have regarded editorial duty as public service as truly as holding From Class VI to Class V: office. In the positions I have held 1 have endeav¬ George Atcheson, Jr. ored to live up to the Cleveland creed: “Public Richard Ford office is a public trust.” Lynn \V. Franklin 10. A man is as old as his arteries and his Bernard Gotlieb interests. If he permits his economic, religious, Thomas McEnelly or social arteries to harden, or loses interest in Edwin A. Plilt whatever concerns mankind, he will lose faith in Christian M. Ravndal his fellows and in his world, thereby becoming John Carter Vincent prematurely old and will need only six feet of earth. If he maintains active interest in the affairs From Class VII to Class VI: of his home town, his state, his republic, and the Lewis Clark world in which he lives, and seeks in every way Cabot Coville in his power to improve the welfare of his fellow Fayette J. Flexer men, particularly those who may not be able to Edward J. Sparks help themselves, he will realize the wisdom of Robert B. Streeper St. Simon: “The golden age is before us, not be¬ William Clarke Vyse hind us.” And if he accepts the philosophy of Cuyler as I have tried to do: “Every step toward From Class VIII to Class VII: Christ kills a doubt; every thought, word and Charles E. Bohlen deed for Him carries you away from discourage¬ James C. H. Bonbrighl ment,” I am persuaded that there is no sere or James W. Gantenbein yellow leaf as one moves toward the sunset. James W. Riddleberger Alan N. Stevne Edward G. Trueblood FOREIGN SERVICE PROMOTIONS Edward T. Wailes The following nominations were sent to the From Unclassified (a) to Class VIII Senate June 8, 1937, and confirmed on June 14, Albert E. Clattenburg, Jr. 1937: Robert D. Coe Robert English From Class II to Class I: Randolph Harrison, Jr. John K. Davis Frederick P. Latimer, Jr. Ely E. Palmer Robert G. McGregor Louis Sussdorff, Jr. R. Borden Reams John C. Wiley John C. Shillock, Jr. North Winship , Stanley G. Slavens From Class III to Class II: Llewellyn E. Thompson, Jr. John P. Hurley Julius Wadsworth 444 ROCKEFELLER CENTER NEW YORK CITY

OREIGN SERVICE OFFICERS are cordially invited to visit Rockefeller Center. qip Mr. Wallace Benjamin of our organization will be pleased to escort you through the development and explain the facilities of our Bonded Warehouse and Special Exhibition Act, which offer exceptional opportunities for foreign manufacturers contemplating the United States market. Dept. E; 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York Gty. Home—to America

Why is it that so many members of the clubs, theatres, within easy strolling distance. American Foreign Service choose The Wal¬ Or perhaps it is simply that The Waldorf, dorf-Astoria for their New York home? one of the truly great hotels of the world . ,. Perhaps it is Waldorf rooms . . . serene, cosmopolitan, urbane ... is still able to be¬ comfortable, faultlessly appointed. stow hospitality in the American way . . . Or Waldorf restaurants ... with their gay the home way. music and spirited entertainment . . . with Whatever the reason, The Waldorf is menus which include so many favorite dishes. proud to extend special courtesies and a Or Waldorf convenience . . . with the Diplomatic Discount of 25% to members of smart world of New York, the shops, the American Foreign Service.

Services of the Information Bureau and Special Interpreters from our Foreign Department are available to all guests. THE WALDORF-ASTORIA Park Avenue • 49th to 50th • New York

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