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Phytolacca Dodecandra, Adhatoda Schimperiana and Solanum Incanum for SELECTED HEAVY METALS in FIELD SETTING LOCATED in CENTRAL ETHIOPIA

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Phytolacca Dodecandra, Adhatoda Schimperiana and Solanum Incanum for SELECTED HEAVY METALS in FIELD SETTING LOCATED in CENTRAL ETHIOPIA EVALUATION OF PHYTOREMEDIATION POTENTIALS OF Phytolacca dodecandra, Adhatoda schimperiana AND Solanum incanum FOR SELECTED HEAVY METALS IN FIELD SETTING LOCATED IN CENTRAL ETHIOPIA. by ALEMU SHIFERAW DEBELA Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the subject ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: DR. MEKIBIB DAVID DAWIT CO-SUPERVISOR: PROF. MEMORY TEKERE DECLARATION Name: ____ALEMU SHIFERAW DEBELA_________________________________________ Student number: ____55761372___________________________________________________ Degree: _____PhD______________________________________________________________ EVALUATION OF PHYTOREMEDIATION POTENTIALS OF Phytolacca dodecandra, Adhatoda schimperiana AND Solanum incanum FOR SELECTED HEAVY METALS IN FIELD SETTING LOCATED IN CENTRAL ETHIOPIA I declare that the above thesis is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. I further declare that I submitted the thesis to originality checking software and that it falls within the accepted requirements for originality. ______ __________________ ___02/11/2020________ SIGNATURE DATE I further declare that I have not previously submitted this work, or part of it, for examination at Unisa for another qualification or at any other higher education institution. i Abstract Pollution of soil by trace metals has become one of the biggest global environmental challenges resulting from anthropogenic activities, therefore, restoration of metal contaminated sites needs due attention. The use of phytoremediation technologies as nature-based solution to pollution, could support successful implementation of green economic development strategies; with economically affordable and environmentally friendly benefits. The present investigation employed an exploratory study on the phytoremediation potentials of three selected native plants; Phytolacca dodecandra (L’Herit), Adhatoda schimperiana (Hochst) and Solanum incanum L, dominating areas close to heavy metal contamination sources; in metropolitan centers of Addis Ababa. In this work, concentration of six heavy metals of interest chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni) copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) were examined in soil and in different tissues (leaves, stems and roots) of selected plants (both seedlings and mature plants), in dry and rainy seasons using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Efficiency of phytoremediation is discussed based on calculated values of Bio-concentration Factor (BCF), Translocation Factors (TF) and Bioaccumulation Coefficient (BAC). Phytolacca dodecandra showed BCF, TF and BAC > 1 for Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu and Cd Adhatoda schimperiana gave BCF, TF and BAC > 1 for Zn, Cu, Ni and Cr; likewise, BCF, BAC and TF values of > 1 were noted in Solanum incanum for Zn, Cu, Pb and Ni. Based on these scenarios, the three plants could be utilized for phytoextraction of contaminated soil. Conversely, BCF and BAC for Cr levels in tissues of Phytolacca dodecandra were all < 1, which indicates unsuitability for phytoremediation of Cr in contaminated soils. Besides, Adhatoda schimperiana retained Pb and Cd in their roots showing root BCF > 1, while BAC and TF < 1, which highlights its suitability for phytostabilization. Moreover, BCF, TF and BAC values of < 1 noted for Cr and Cd in Solanum incanum reveal that Solanum incanum may not be a good candidate for remediation of Cr and Cd contaminated environments. In conclusion, results from this study revealed that the selected plants can accumulate substantial amounts of the above trace metals in their tissues and can serve as prospective phytoremediators of most of these metals. Phytoextraction and phytostabilization were the main mechanisms of remediation in this study. Key words: Contaminated soil; Heavy metals; Plant uptake; Translocation factor; Bioconcentration factor; Phytoremediation, Phytoextraction; Phytostabilization ii Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to thank Almighty God for his endless love and greatest act of mercy, I give him praise forever. I would also acknowledge my sponsors, Ministry of Education of Ethiopia and the University of South Africa (UNISA), for the financial support provided through bursary. My gratitude also goes to my supervisors, Dr. Mekibib Dawit and Professor Memory Tekere for their invaluable support and follow up, professional guidance and feedbacks. My gratitude also goes to the following peoples: Demisew and Zinash, in Geological Survey Laboratory; Getahun and Tibebu in Addis Abeba Environmental Protection Authority; Shilimat in Wachemo University Laboratory for their technical support during laboratory analysis. Thanks also goes to Mr. Biruk for his contribution through the supply of chemicals. It is also my pleasure to thank my friends, Dr. Solomon, Dr. Samrawit, for proofreading my work and giving comments. I would also like to extend my gratefulness to my father Shiferaw Debela, my mother Mantegbosh Belete, brothers Solomon Shiferaw and Endashaw Shiferaw for their support. Finally, my appreciation goes to my wife, Tizita Diriba for her incredible support and being with me during the hardest times of my life and to my wonderful daughter, Kenean. iii Table of Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables .............................................................................................................................................. vii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................ viii List of abbreviations and acronyms ............................................................................................................. ix CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background of the study ............................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Statement of problem .................................................................................................................... 4 1.3. Aim and Objectives ....................................................................................................................... 6 1.4. Research questions ........................................................................................................................ 7 1.5. Significance of the study ............................................................................................................... 7 1.6. Scope of Study .............................................................................................................................. 9 1.7. Ethical considerations ................................................................................................................... 9 1.7.1. Site and societal value considerations ................................................................................... 9 1.7.2. Regulatory concerns ............................................................................................................ 10 1.7.3. Ecological risk considerations ............................................................................................ 10 1.7.4. Health risk considerations ................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................................................ 11 2. Literature review ................................................................................................................................. 11 2.1. Environmental contamination ..................................................................................................... 11 2.2. Soil pollution ............................................................................................................................... 11 2.3. Soil remediation .......................................................................................................................... 13 2.3.1. Physical remediation ........................................................................................................... 14 2.3.2. Chemical remediation ......................................................................................................... 14 2.3.3. Biological remediation ........................................................................................................ 15 2.4. Phytoremediation Methods ......................................................................................................... 16 2.4.1. Phytoextraction ................................................................................................................... 17 2.4.2. Phytodegradation ................................................................................................................ 17 2.4.3. Phytostabilization
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