DOCSLIB.ORG

Natural Medicines for Nahinga

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Natural Medicines for Nahinga NATURAL MEDICINES FOR NAHINGA edited by Prof. Nelson IMUNE As our society develops more and more disdain for synthetic chemicals and synthetic chemo-phobia, there is also a growing appreciation for the natural medications. This is a basic right and freedom to choose natural medicine. There is more than substantial proof and strong evidence to support this choice. But, There are those from the synthetic chemical companies who do not want freedom of choice. They have lots of money and thus they can buy powerful friends. They can and do purchase influence and even bribe away human rights. The Bible says that the healing of the nations will come from the leaves of the field. No nation has ever needed this more than the nations of Africa. An inexpensive easily accessible natural medicine is needed more than ever. With this in mind this set of studies is designed for scientific and intellectual defense of the natural medicines needed for saving people. There is no profit motive hare as that this formula and science was developed as a gift to society, a gift to Africa, a gift to the world by Nahinga. Phytolacca dodccandra: Continued interest in Endod (Phytolacca dodccandra) as the leading plant-derived molluscicide and anti HIV retro-viral led both to raised hopes, even expectations, and to disappointment and frustration. Despite the many studies published on Endod toxicity--and the increasing data suggesting its relative safety as well as suitability--a standard reference point for the toxicological studies on Endod had not been established (a standard stock or done of the plant). Nor had standard procedures been followed on the Endod toxicity studies, although much useful data had been collected. In the increasingly vigilant and demanding arena of environmental pollution studies, other less standardised procedures no longer were acceptable. Endod workers were fully aware of the need for rigorous toxicity testing before it could be recommended for widespread use. But work was done in scattered facilities, some isolated and ill-equipped, following various standards and protocols. The stimulus of an impartial, internationally recognised team of experts clearly was needed to set-gut the guidelines and firm up the standards for subsequent toxicologic study. No new molluscicide can be accepted as suitable for human and other non-target animal and plant expo-sure without adhering to such a standard. The availability--and acceptance--of such a standard is the only available path leading to credibility and acceptance of Endod as a valid test molluscicide. Just as the UNDP/World Bank/WHO meeting preceding the first workshop brought plant-derived molluscicides within scientific focus, so did the toxicology conference of experts set the stage for the current workshop. This will be reviewed and summarised in the present report. One aspect of the two Endod workshops worthy of emphasis is that both meetings took place in Africa, far from the main research centers, in areas of high disease endemicity--and great need. The plant involved is African (adaptable to Brazil as well), much of the interest is from scientists in endemic regions and the potential savings in bard currency will be to pressured economies in endemic areas. This combination of &cum-stances suggests local use, based on local need and responsibility, leading to locally formulated and tested applications. This is the key to the underlying appeal of Endod. If a suitable molluscicidal product could be locally produced and applied--and do the job--it might be possible to solve the great problem of continuous snail control: endemic long-term continuity of effort, based on local acceptability, production and application. In a word, self-help. in another word a gift to the Samgoma The history of periodic foreign-funded and foreign-directed efforts using costly imported products and technology have been repeated time, and again. The results have been sadly consistent: rapid snail reduction! followed by equally rapid repopulation by these adaptable hermaphroditic' molluscs after the control team leaves. Reinfection of snails with schisto some parasites is assured within weeks to a few months after resurgence of the snail populations. No one can be justified in assuming that a product locally grown, prepared and applied will prove any more successful. But one can certainly point out possible advantages, establish some guidelines and test these possibilities. That is what this book is all about. Brief Overview of Endod Studies Agronomic Studies Over the last two years, selected new as well as known strains of the Endod plant from Ethiopia, Phytolacca dodccandra, have been carefully introduced in Zambia and Swaziland by an international team of agronomists led by Prof. J. Lambert of Canada and Dr. Legesse Wolde-Yohannes of Ethiopia. In these new sites, the plants have proven to grow successfully, maintaining their high molluscicidal potencies and detergent properties. Mass cultivation of these strains for large-scale production of berries to be used for extraction and field trials are currently underway in all three countries. These studies are being supported in part by small grants from the European Economic Community (EEC), the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), the University of Swaziland, the Zambian National Council for Scientific Research, the Ethiopian Ministry of Industry and Addis Ababa University. There are successful large-scale Endod farms--in Holeta, 30 km north of Addis Ababa, systematically cultivated by Dr. Wolde-Yohannes; in Manzini, Swaziland at the College of Agriculture under the supervision of Dr. Lydia Makhubu, Acting Vice-Chancellor of the University of Swaziland; and in Lusaka under the direction of Dr. S.M. Silangwa, Secretary-General of the Zambian National Council for Scientific Re-search. These farms demonstrate the potential of mass production of Endod for local use and as a cash crop. In a parallel study being carried out by Professor Aluizio Prata at the University of Brasilia, the plant has also been successfully introduced and is growing well in Brazil, where schistosomiasis is a crucial public health problem. Toxicological Studies Along with the agronomic work, short- and long-term toxicologic studies are being undertaken by scientists in the United States, Brazil, Canada and Ethiopia. Early findings from these studies include the following: 1. Extensive mutagenic studies have been completed and published by Professor Norman It. Farnsworth of the World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Traditional Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago. These studies have established that neither the water extracts nor any of the various alcohol extracts of Endod tested have mutagenic properties under the standard- ised test conditions in his laboratory. His findings significantly modify a 1983 UNDP/World Bank/WHO report (TDR/SCH.SWG(4)/83.3), which considered water extracts of Endod to be non-mutagenic but alcoholic extracts mutagenic. The work of Dr. Farnsworth established that neither are mutagenic. The full paper on this work has been published by J.M. Pezzuto, S.M. Swanson and N.R. Farnsworth in Toxicology Letters in 1983. No Mutagenic properties found. 2. Acute and chronic toxicologic studies of Endod in different animals and various aquatic biological systems have been underway since 1983 at the University of Brasilia. Professors Aluizio Prata and Fernando Ubatuba have been conducting this work with the financial support of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences. Preliminary results support earlier toxicologic findings from work done in Ethiopia and at the Stanford Research Institute in California, where a very low order of toxicity in test animals and biological systems was found. These and the agronomic studies on Endod in Brazil are continuing. 3. Acute and chronic toxicologic studies underway for several years at the Institute of Pathobiology in Addis Ababa by Dr. Ephraim Mamo, a veterinary pathologist, tested Endod in sheep, monkeys, dogs and other animals. These tests are also encouraging in terms of the low order of toxicity found. The tested animals showed high tolerance to doses of Endod extract, well above likely exposure levels when administered orally or even intravenously. These findings strongly counter earlier unverified statements that Endod is unsafe as a molluscicide and even poisonous to domestic animals. 4. Piscicidal (fish killing) properties of Endod remain of concern--a characteristic of all present-day moluscicides, which are comparably piscicidal at molluscicidal concentrations. A proposal from Dr. Ronald Zweig, Director of Aquatic Studies, New Alchemy Institute, an environmental research center in Massachusetts, requested funds for a broad-scale comparative toxicologic study of the effects of Endod, Niclosamide and several commercially available pesticides on fish and other elements of the freshwater fauna as well as on aquatic plants and algae. So far, no funds have been found to support this work either from WHO or other sources. Use at a potecy of 5x (one part per hundred thousand) has been shown perfectly safe for all. A 4x (one part per ten thousand) safe for most adults. More concentrated forms (3x) are somewhat Noxious not toxic. But 2x and 1x are not reccomneded. The 4x or 5x, will take a minimum use of every day for one month, two months recomended for successful anti-viral interference. Us of 5x imediantly after exposure to the virus have been shown to be quite effective (95%) in stopping the virus. so this Hemo A formula is a very effective morning after remedy. This alone could save the nation if it's use was wide spread. Detergent Studies Based on encouraging results from preliminary studies under my direction at the Steifel Research Institute, a detergent formulation and testing laboratory in upstate New York, interest has been generated and has stimulated collaborative work in Ethiopia by scientists from Addis Ababa University, the Industrial Projects Services of the Ministry of Industry, as well as the National Chemical Corporation which operates the National Detergent and Soap Factories at Rappi (near Addis Ababa).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Molecular Phylogenetic Analyses of Internal Transcribed Spacer (Its) Sequences of Nuclear Ribosomal Dna Indicate Monophyly of the Genus Phytolacca L
    Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 22(1): 1–8, 2015 (June) © 2015 Bangladesh Association of Plant Taxonomists MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSES OF INTERNAL TRANSCRIBED SPACER (ITS) SEQUENCES OF NUCLEAR RIBOSOMAL DNA INDICATE MONOPHYLY OF THE GENUS PHYTOLACCA L. (PHYTOLACCACEAE) 1 2 2 2,3 M. AJMAL ALI , JOONGKU LEE , SOO-YONG KIM , SANG-HONG PARK AND FAHAD M.A. AL-HEMAID Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Keywords: ITS; nrDNA; Phytolaccaceae; Phylogeny. Abstract Relationships within the family Phytolaccaceae sensu lato were examined based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA). The study revealed Phytolacca L. as taxonomically the most difficult genus in the family with completely unknown phylogeny. Molecular evidence was used from nrDNA ITS sequences of about 90% of the species for maximum parsimony analyses, and the molecular phylogenetic analyses defined a monophyletic Phytolacca. This first molecular phylogenetic study of Phytolacca concludes that the relationships among the species within the genus do not show harmony with the generic classification based on morphology. These results set the stage for a more detailed phylogenetic analysis of Phytolacca. Introduction The angiosperm family Phytolaccaceae sensu lato comprises a weedy, and polyphyletic genera (APGIII, 2009) of largely tropical and subtropical plants that have been placed, almost without exception, in Centrospermae under either the order Chenopodiales or Caryophyllales (Nowicke, 1969). The genus Phytolacca L. (family Phytolaccaceae) is commonly known as ‘pokeweeds’ comprises about 20 species (Nowicke, 1969) of perennial herbs, shrubs and trees, nearly cosmopolitan, mostly native to South America, with a few species in Africa and Asia (Shu, 2003).
    [Show full text]
  • Laboratory Evaluation of Insecticidal Activity of Phytolacca Dodecandra L.'Herit Leaves Extracts Against Bedbug, (Heteroptera: Cimicidae)
    ARC Journal of Public Health and Community Medicine Volume 1, Issue 3, 2016, PP 1-9 ISSN No. (Online): 2456-0596 http://dx.doi.org/10.20431/2456-0596.0103001 www.arcjournals.org Laboratory Evaluation of Insecticidal Activity of Phytolacca Dodecandra L.'Herit Leaves Extracts Against Bedbug, (Heteroptera: Cimicidae) Deniel Kebede1, Seblework Mekonnen1, Argaw Ambelu1, Kaliyaperumal Karunamoorthi1, 2,† 1Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, College of Public Health & Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia 2Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health & Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia [email protected] Abstract: Bedbugs are hematophagous insects that have plagued humans for over centuries. In recent decades bedbug infestation raising dramatically worldwide because of the emergence of insecticide resistance, notably pyrethroids. Therefore, the aim of this investigation was to evaluate the insecticidal properties of Ethiopian indigenous plant Endod [vernacular name (local native language, Amharic); Phytolacca dodecandra L’Hérit] leaf extracts against bedbugs, under the laboratory conditions. Insecticidal bio-assay was performed against bedbugs. Both fresh (crude) and dried (acetone) leaves extracts of endod were impregnated to filter paper disc [(Whatman No. 1, 90mm); cut to 2.27cm2 (1.7cm diam)] at various concentrations. Bedbugs were exposed for 2 h, subsequently transferred to an untreated environment and monitored for mortality at 24, 48 and 78 h intervals. Extracts of P. dodecantra exhibited various degrees of insecticidal activity against bedbugs. However, acetone extract has demonstrated quite remarkable insecticidal effects against bedbugs in terms of the higher mortality rate than the crude extract. The LC50, LC 90 and LC99 values of the crude extract were at 24 h (3.986, 17.373 and 57.680 mg/l), 48 h (3.127, 14.576, and 51.126 mg/l), and 72 h (2.960, 14.202 and 50.91 mg/l) post exposure.
    [Show full text]
  • Phytollaca-Dodecandr
    Genetic Resources Transfer and Regulation Directorate, IBC The prospectus of Phytolacca dodecandra (Endod) for commercialization and industrial utilization 2012 1 Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. General description of endod 4 3. Agronomic aspects of endod 4 4. Ethnobotany of endod 6 5. Industrial potential of endod 6 5.1. Molluscicidal property 6 5.2. Detergent and foaming properties 7 5.3. Larvicidal properties 8 5.4. Hirudinicidal properties 8 5.5. Trematodicidal properties 8 5.6. Spermicidal properties 9 5.7. Other snail-killing properties 9 5.8. Fungicidal properties 9 6. Conclusions and Recommendations 9 7. References 11 2 1. Introduction There is enormous potential in Ethiopia to develop a profitable industry based on plant genetic resources. The development and commercialization of plant based bio-industries is dependent upon the availability of information concerning bio-active agents, bio-processing, extraction, purification, and marketing of the industrial potential plants and abundance of the resource. Based on these criteria, endod is the most promising and extensively studied plant genetic resource for commercialization and industrial utilization. Researches on the toxicity, chemistry, extraction and application, agronomic aspects, molluscicidal and other properties of endod were intensively studied. Research results confirmed that endod have molluscicidal properties (useful for schistosomiasis and zebra mussels control programmes) and detergent properties (useful raw material for soap factory). Endod berries also have been discovered to possess potent spermicidal properties useful forbirth control; aquatic insect larvicidal properties potentially useful in the control of mosquitoes andother water- breeding insects; trematodicidal propertiesfor control of the larval stages of Schistosoma and Fasciola parasites; hirudinicidal properties for control of aquatic leeches; and fungicidal propertiesfor the potential topical treatment of dermatophytes.
    [Show full text]
  • Obdiplostemony: the Occurrence of a Transitional Stage Linking Robust Flower Configurations
    Annals of Botany 117: 709–724, 2016 doi:10.1093/aob/mcw017, available online at www.aob.oxfordjournals.org VIEWPOINT: PART OF A SPECIAL ISSUE ON DEVELOPMENTAL ROBUSTNESS AND SPECIES DIVERSITY Obdiplostemony: the occurrence of a transitional stage linking robust flower configurations Louis Ronse De Craene1* and Kester Bull-Herenu~ 2,3,4 1Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, 2Departamento de Ecologıa, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, 3 4 Santiago, Chile, Escuela de Pedagogıa en Biologıa y Ciencias, Universidad Central de Chile and Fundacion Flores, Ministro Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/aob/article/117/5/709/1742492 by guest on 24 December 2020 Carvajal 30, Santiago, Chile * For correspondence. E-mail [email protected] Received: 17 July 2015 Returned for revision: 1 September 2015 Accepted: 23 December 2015 Published electronically: 24 March 2016 Background and Aims Obdiplostemony has long been a controversial condition as it diverges from diploste- mony found among most core eudicot orders by the more external insertion of the alternisepalous stamens. In this paper we review the definition and occurrence of obdiplostemony, and analyse how the condition has impacted on floral diversification and species evolution. Key Results Obdiplostemony represents an amalgamation of at least five different floral developmental pathways, all of them leading to the external positioning of the alternisepalous stamen whorl within a two-whorled androe- cium. In secondary obdiplostemony the antesepalous stamens arise before the alternisepalous stamens. The position of alternisepalous stamens at maturity is more external due to subtle shifts of stamens linked to a weakening of the alternisepalous sector including stamen and petal (type I), alternisepalous stamens arising de facto externally of antesepalous stamens (type II) or alternisepalous stamens shifting outside due to the sterilization of antesepalous sta- mens (type III: Sapotaceae).
    [Show full text]
  • Determination of Anti-Rabies Virus Activities of Crude Extracts from Some Traditionally Used Medicinal Plants in East Wollega, Ethiopia
    Thesis Ref. No.___________________ DETERMINATION OF ANTI-RABIES VIRUS ACTIVITIES OF CRUDE EXTRACTS FROM SOME TRADITIONALLY USED MEDICINAL PLANTS IN EAST WOLLEGA, ETHIOPIA MSc THESIS BY DEMEKE ZEWDE DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY AND VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH COLLAGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE AND AGRICULTURE ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY JUNE, 2017 BISHOFTU, ETHIOPIA i DETERMINATION OF ANTI-RABIES VIRUS ACTIVITIES OF CRUDE EXTRACTS FROM SOME TRADITIONALLY USED MEDICINAL PLANTS IN EAST WOLLEGA, ETHIOPIA BY DEMEKE ZEWDE A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Veterinary microbiology Academic Advisor: Fufa Dawo (DVM, MSc, PhD) Co-advisor : Brihanu Hurisa (MSc) JUNE, 2017 BISHOFTU, ETHIOPIA ii APPROVAL SHEET Addis Ababa University Collage of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture Department of Veterinary Microbiology As members of examining board of the final MSc open defense, we certify that we have read and evaluated the thesis prepared by: Demeke Zewde Tegegn entitled “Determination of anti-rabies virus activities of crude extracts from some traditionally used medicinal plants in East Wollega, Ethiopia” and recommended that it be accepted as fulfilling the thesis requirement for the degree of: Masters of Science in Veterinary microbiology. Name Signature Date Hagos Ashenafi (DVM, MSc, PhD) ___________ ___________ Chairman, Department Graduate Committee Belayneh Getachew (DVM, MSc, PhD) _____________ ___________ External Examiner Asmelash Tassew (DVM, MSc, Assistant professor) _____________ ___________ Internal Examiner Dr. Fufa Dawo(DVM, MSC, PhD _____________ ___________ Advisor Brihanu Hurisa (BSc, MSc) _____________ ___________ Co-advisor Dr. Gezahagn Mamo_(DVM, MSc, PhD) ____________ ___________ Departement chairperson iii STATEMENT OF THE AUTHOR First, I affirm that this thesis is my unalloyed work and that all sources of material used for this thesis has been duly acknowledged.
    [Show full text]
  • 1757 Spatial Patterning in the Angiosperm
    American Journal of Botany 100(9): 1757–1778. 2013. A NDROECIAL EVOLUTION IN CARYOPHYLLALES IN LIGHT OF A PARAPHYLETIC MOLLUGINACEAE 1 S AMUEL B ROCKINGTON 2 , P ATRICIA D OS SANTOS 3 , B EVERLEY G LOVER 2 , AND L OUIS R ONSE D E CRAENE 3,4 2 Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK; and 3 Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, Scotland, UK • Premise of the study: Caryophyllales are highly diverse in the structure of the perianth and androecium and show a mode of fl oral development unique in eudicots, refl ecting the continuous interplay of gynoecium and perianth and their infl uence on position, number, and identity of the androecial whorls. The fl oral development of fi ve species from four genera of a paraphyl- etic Molluginaceae ( Limeum, Hypertelis, Glinus, Corbichonia ), representing three distinct evolutionary lineages, was investi- gated to interpret the evolution of the androecium across Caryophyllales. • Methods: Floral buds were dissected, critical-point dried and imaged with SEM. The genera studied are good representatives of the diversity of development of stamens and staminodial petaloids in Caryophyllales. • Key results: Sepals show evidence of petaloid differentiation via marginal hyaline expansion. Corbichonia , Glinus , and Limeum also show perianth differentiation via sterilization of outer stamen tiers. In all four genera, stamens initiate with the carpels and develop centrifugally, but subsequently variation is signifi cant. With the exception of Limeum , the upper whorl is complete and alternisepalous, while a second antesepalous whorl arises more or less sequentially, starting opposite the inner sepals.
    [Show full text]
  • Phytolacca Dodecandra, Adhatoda Schimperiana and Solanum Incanum for SELECTED HEAVY METALS in FIELD SETTING LOCATED in CENTRAL ETHIOPIA
    EVALUATION OF PHYTOREMEDIATION POTENTIALS OF Phytolacca dodecandra, Adhatoda schimperiana AND Solanum incanum FOR SELECTED HEAVY METALS IN FIELD SETTING LOCATED IN CENTRAL ETHIOPIA. by ALEMU SHIFERAW DEBELA Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the subject ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: DR. MEKIBIB DAVID DAWIT CO-SUPERVISOR: PROF. MEMORY TEKERE DECLARATION Name: ____ALEMU SHIFERAW DEBELA_________________________________________ Student number: ____55761372___________________________________________________ Degree: _____PhD______________________________________________________________ EVALUATION OF PHYTOREMEDIATION POTENTIALS OF Phytolacca dodecandra, Adhatoda schimperiana AND Solanum incanum FOR SELECTED HEAVY METALS IN FIELD SETTING LOCATED IN CENTRAL ETHIOPIA I declare that the above thesis is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. I further declare that I submitted the thesis to originality checking software and that it falls within the accepted requirements for originality. ______ __________________ ___02/11/2020________ SIGNATURE DATE I further declare that I have not previously submitted this work, or part of it, for examination at Unisa for another qualification or at any other higher education institution. i Abstract Pollution of soil by trace metals has become one of the biggest global environmental challenges resulting from anthropogenic activities,
    [Show full text]
  • Spices, Condiments and Medicinal Plants in Ethiopia, Their Taxonomy and Agricultural Significance
    V V Spices,condiment s and medicinal plants inEthiopia , theirtaxonom y andagricultura l significance P.C.M .Janse n NN08201,849 34° 36c 3 TOWNS AND VILLAGES —I DEBRE BIRHAN 66 MAJI DEBRE SINA 57 8UTAJIRA ANKOBER KARA KORE 58 HOSAINA DEJEN KOMBOLCHA 59 DEBRE ZEIT (BISHUFTU) GORE BATI 60 MOJO YAMBA 6 TENDAHO 61 MAKI TEPI 7 SERDO 62 ADAMI TULU ASSENDABO 8 ASSAB 63 SHASHAMANE KOLITO 9 WOLDYA 64 SODDO DEDER 10 KOBO 65 BULKI GEWANI 11 ALAMATA 66 BAKO 12 LALIBELA 67 GIDOLE 13 SOKOTA 66 GIARSO 14 MAICHEW 69 YABELO 15 ENDA MEDHANE ALEM 70 BURJI 16 ABIYADI 71 AGERE MARIAM 17 AXUM 72 FISHA GENET 18 ADUA 73 YIRGA CHAFFE 19 ADIGRAT 74 DILA 20 SENAFE 75 WONDO 21 ADI KAYEH 76 YIRGA ALEM 22 ADI UGRI 77 AGERE SELAM 23 DEKEMHARE 7B KEBRE MENGIST (ADOLA) 24 MAS SAWA 79 NEGELLI 25 KEREN 60 MEGA 26 AGORDAT 81 MOYALE 27 BARENTU 62 DOLO 28 TESENEY 83 EL KERE 29 OM HAJER 84 GINIR 30 DEBAREK 85 ADABA 31 METEMA 86 DODOLA 32 GORGORA 87 BEKOJI 33 ADDIS ZEMEN 88 TICHO 34 DEBRE TABOR 89 NAZRET (ADAMA) 36 BAHAR DAR 90 METAHARA 36 DANGLA 91 AWASH 37 INJIBARA 92 MIESO 36 GUBA 93 ASBE TEFERI 39 BURE 94 BEDESSA 40 DEMBECHA 95 GELEMSO 41 FICHE 96 HIRNA 42 AGERE HIWET (AMBO) 97 KOBBO 43 BAKO (SHOA) 98 DIRE OAWA 44 GIMBI 99 ALEMAYA 45 MENDI 100 FIK 46 ASOSA 101 IMI 47 DEMBI DOLO 102 JIJIGA 48 GAMBELA 103 DEGEH BUR 49 BEDELLE 104 AWARE 50 DEMBI 105 WERDER 51 GHION(WOLUSO) 106 GELADI 52 WELKITE 107 SHILALO 53 AGARO 108 KEBRE DEHAR 54 BONGA 109 KELAFO 55 MI2AN TEFERI 110 FERFER LAKES A LAKE RUDOLF G LAKE ABAYITA B LAKE CHEW BAHIR H LAKE LANGANO C LAKE CHAMO (RUSPOLI) J LAKE ZIWAI D LAKE ABAYA K LAKE TANA (MARGHERITA) L LAKE ABBE E LAKE AWASA M LAKE ASALE F LAKE SHALA MOUNTAIN PEAKS a RAS DASHAN (4620 M) RAS BIRHAN (4154 M) b MTABUN A YOSEF (4194M) MT YERER (3051 M) C MT GUNA (4281 M) MT GURAGE (3719 M) d AM8AFARIT (3978 M) MT TOLA (4200 M) e MT AMEDAMIT (3619 M) j PEAK IN AMARRO MTS (3600 M) 0 GARA MULETTA (3364 M 40° 42° U° 46° 48° P.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Gondar College of Natural And
    UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY DETERMINATION OF ESSENTIAL METAL, POLYPHENOL CONTENT, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF METHANOLIC ROOT EXTRACTS OF CROTON MACROSTACHYUS AND PHYTOLACCA DODECANDRA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CHEMISTRY BY: ABEBE TSEGA ADVISOR: DESSIE TIBEBE (PhD, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR) CO-ADVISOR: MR. MULUGETA LEGESSE (M.Sc., ASSISTANT PROFESSOR) OCTOBER, 2020 GONDAR, ETHIOPIA i UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY DETERMINATION OF ESSENTIAL METAL, POLYPHENOL CONTENT, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF METHANOLIC ROOT EXTRACTS OF CROTON MACROSTACHYUS AND PHYTOLACCA DODECANDRA BY: ABEBE TSEGA APPROVED BY THE EXAMINING BOARD: Name Signature Date -------------------------------- ----------------------- ------------- Advisor ---------------------------------- ------------------------- -------------- Co advisor ---------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------- External Examiner --------------------------------- ---------------------------- ------------ Internal examiner ---------------------------------- ------------------------------ ------------ Chairman i DECLARATION First of all, I declare that this thesis was an outcome of my genuine effort and I submit it to the University of Gondar in partial fulfillment for the requirement of a Degree of Master of Science. The thesis
    [Show full text]
  • Phytolacca Dodecandra) from Ethiopia
    African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 3 (1), pp. 32-39, January 2004 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB ISSN 1684–5315 © 2004 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Patterns of phenotypic variation in endod (Phytolacca dodecandra) from Ethiopia KASSA SEMAGN1*, BRITA STEDJE2 AND ASMUND BJORNSTAD1 1Agricultural University of Norway, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, P. O. Box 5003, N-1432, Ås, Norway. 2University of Oslo, Botanical Garden, P. O. Box 1172, Blindern, N-0318, Oslo, Norway. Accepted 4 December 2003 The extent of morphological variability of endod (Phytolacca dodecandra) sampled from 17 localities in Ethiopia that varied from 1600 to 3000 meters above sea level (m.a.s.l) was investigated using 16 characters. Statistical analyses were performed using leaf hairiness and altitude as categorical variables. Cluster analysis performed using average taxonomic distance matrix revealed the separation of most plants into their respective leaf hairiness and altitude groups. When leaf hairiness was used as categorical variable, canonical discriminant analysis performed using characters selected by the stepwise procedure revealed the distinct separation of all glabrous plants from the pubescent ones with the slightly pubescent plants being intermediate. Classificatory discriminant analysis was used to assign 95.8% of the plants into their respective hairiness groups. Our data therefore support the hypothesis that pubescent forms are highly likely to be a different taxon. For altitude groups, canonical discriminant analysis performed using characters selected by the stepwise procedure resulted to the separation of most plants into lowland (1600-2100 m.a.s.l.), central highlands (2101-2500 m.a.s.l.), and highland (2501-3000 m.a.s.l) groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Medicinal Plant Composition, Distribution, Usage and Conservation Status in Nole Kaba District, West Wollega, West Ethiopia
    Medicinal Plant Composition, Distribution, Usage and Conservation Status in Nole Kaba District, West Wollega, West Ethiopia Kebu Balemi Jima ( [email protected] ) IBC: Institute of Biodiversity Conservation https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8070-8356 Zemede Asfaw Addis Ababa University Sebsebe Demissew Addis Ababa University Gemedo Dalle Addis Ababa University Research Article Keywords: Ethnomedicine, ethnoveterinary, informant consensus, medicinal plants, quantitative indices, threats Posted Date: March 10th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-265972/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/19 Abstract Background Many Ethiopians have practiced and still practice home-based medications using various medicinal plants. This research was aimed to study the composition, distribution, and usage and conservation status of medicinal plants in the Nole Kaba District. Methods Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews, group discussions, and eld observations. The analysis employed descriptive statistics and quantitative indices including Factor of Informant Consensus (Fic), Fidelity Level (FL), and Sorenson’s Similarity. Results One hundred sixty-two medicinal plants that belong to 65 families, and 135 genera were documented for use in the treatment of 45 human and 31 animal health problems. The growth forms that comprise high proportions of the medicinal ora were herbs (76, 46.9%) and shrubs (45, 27.8%). Most of the species were distributed in forests and farmlands. Ehretia cymosa (FL = 100%), Pentas schimperiana (FL = 100%), Buddleja polystachya (FL = 100%) Scheera abyssinica (FL = 100%) and Loxogramme abyssinica (FL = 94%) were among medicinal plants showing high informant consensus. Pairwise comparisons identied the expansion of agriculture, deforestation, and over-grazing as principal threats to most medicinal plants.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Pesticidal Properties of Euphorbia Tirucalli L. (Euphorbiaceae) Against Selected Pests
    Evaluation of Pesticidal Properties of Euphorbia tirucalli L. (Euphorbiaceae) against Selected Pests Mwine Tedson Julius Promoter: Prof. Dr. ir. Patrick Van Damme Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Plant Production, Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Agriculture and Ethnobotany [email protected] Chairman of the jury: Prof. Dr. Bernard DeBaets, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Applied Mathematics, Biometrics and Process Control, University of Gent, Coupure links 653, Gent, [email protected] Members of the jury: Prof. Dr. ir. De Clercq, Patrick, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Plant Protection, University of Gent, Coupure links 653, Gent, [email protected] Prof. Dr. Kiseka, Joseph, D/Vice chancellor, Uganda Martyrs University, P. O. Box 5498, Kampala, [email protected] Prof., Dr. Papenbrock, Jutta, Institute of Botany, University of Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany, [email protected] Prof. Dr. ir Steurbaut, Walter, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Plant Protection, University of Gent, Coupure links 653, Gent, [email protected] Prof. Dr. ir. Van Damme, Patrick, promoter, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Plant Production, Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Agronomy and Ethnobotany, Coupure Links 653, B- 9000 Gent, [email protected] Dean: Prof. Dr. ir. Guido Van Huylenbroeck Rector: Prof. Dr. Paul Van Cauwenberge JULIUS TEDSON MWINE EVALUATION OF PESTICIDAL PROPERTIES OF EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLI L. (EUPHORBIACEAE) AGAINST SELECTED PESTS Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor (Ph.D.) in Applied Biological Sciences Dutch translation: EVALUATIE VAN PESTICIDE-EIGENSCHAPPEN VAN EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLI L. (EUPHORBIACEAE) OP GESELECTEERDE PLAGEN Front and back cover photographs by Julius Mwine Front cover photo: Euphorbia tirucalli young pencil-like branches Back cover photo: Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) plants treated (R) and untreated (L) with E.
    [Show full text]