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Merged Where Ashkenazim Had Greater Political Power, Occupational and Educational Attainments Than the Immigrants From Corso di Dottorato di ricerca in Studi sull’Asia e Africa ciclo XXXI Tesi di Ricerca in cotutela con Université Paris Nanterre Doctorat de Recherche en Droit et Science Politique Collective memory and cultural identity: a comparative study of the politics of memory and identity among Israelis of Polish and Tunisian descent SSD: L-OR/08 Coordinatore del Dottorato ch. prof. Patrick Heinrich Supervisore ch. prof. Dario Miccoli Supervisore cotutela ch. prof.ssa Marie Claire Lavabre Dottorando Giorgia Foscarini Matricola 823331 Ringraziamenti Il mio primo ringraziamento alla fine di un lungo percorso di ricerca e studio che si è sviluppato in almeno tre paesi, Italia, Francia e Israele, va a tutte quelle persone che con il loro sostegno, i loro consigli e la loro amicizia hanno reso possibile questo, non sempre semplice, percorso. Grazie in particolare al mio relatore, Dario Miccoli, che, oltre ad essere un amico, mi ha accompagnata per la seconda metà di questo tortuoso percorso con infinita pazienza e senso dell’umorismo. Grazie per essere sempre stato presente e per aver condiviso suggerimenti, contatti, incoraggiamenti e qualche battuta sull’Israele contemporaneo. Anche se non più mia relatrice sulla carta, la mia più profonda gratitudine va a colei che, nel mio percorso accademico, dall’inizio, è stata presenza costante e instancabile, e che ha contribuito a rendermi, non solo dal punto di vista intellettuale ma anche professionale, la persona che sono ora, con infinite pazienza, curiosità, fiducia e incoraggiamenti. Il mio grazie più profondo va alla professoressa Emanuela Trevisan che mi ha trasmesso tanti anni fa la sua passione per questo straordinario paese che è Israele, nel quale, oggi, ho scelto di vivere. Grazie per avermi spinta a intraprendere questo percorso che si è rivelato essere una meravigliosa avventura. Ringrazio la mia alma mater, l’Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia. In particolare, i colleghi, ricercatori, docenti e personale amministrativo del Dipartimento di Studi sull’Asia e Africa e del Master MIM che mi hanno accompagnata in tutti questi anni (ormai più di 10) mostrandomi mondi e punti di vista sempre diversi, e diventando, in alcuni casi, dei veri amici e una famiglia. In particolare, ringrazio Piera che mi ha incoraggiata e guidata, condividendo generosamente consigli e spunti di ricerca. Questo dottorato, realizzato in cotutela con l’Université Paris Nanterre, mi ha portata a trascorrere sei mesi in Francia e quasi un anno in Israele, ospite del Centre de Recherche Français à Jérusalem, CRFJ. Il mio grazie va dunque a tutti coloro che ho incontrato in queste istituzioni: alla mia relatrice francese Mme Lavabre e a Michèle Baussant per i consigli, l’aiuto e la disponibilità che mi hanno sempre dimostrato nonostante, talvolta, la distanza geografica. Un grazie sincero anche a tutti i membri del al CRFJ, ricercatori e personale amministrativo, che mi hanno accolta e resa parte di una istituzione che è ben più che un centro di ricerca. La possibilità di entrare nel mondo accademico francese mi è stata data dal generoso supporto dell’Università Italo-Francese che, tramite il Bando Vinci, ha finanziato i miei periodi di mobilità presso l’Université Paris Nanterre, in Francia e in Israele. Inoltre, il CRFJ (CNRS) ha sostenuto la mia attività di ricerca accogliendomi come dottoranda con una borsa di studio, e con una ospitalità che dura tuttora. Ringrazio, la mia famiglia e in particolare mia mamma, per aver sempre sostenuto, con fiducia e amore, le mie scelte, anche quelle più strane, come tanti anni fa, lo studio dell’ebraico, e, più di recente, il trasferimento nel paese dove l’ebraico lo parlano. Grazie anche alla mia unica e sola cugina, faro di affettuosa razionalità nella mia mente tempestosamente sentimentale. Grazie Frenci. Un grazie di cuore va a tutti i miei amici e amiche, vecchi e nuovi che da vicino, e, più che altro, da lontano, mi hanno aiutata e amata. Un grazie, in primis, a Giulia, anche lei dottoranda male in arnese come me, ma soprattutto amica preziosa e raggio di luce nei momenti più bui, non ce l’avrei fatta senza di te. Grazie a Matteo e Serena che, incontrati a Napoli all’inizio di questo dottorato, sono diventati veri amici in una Parigi che, per me, è ormai più italiana che francese grazie a loro. Alle mie amiche di sempre, le evangeliste Francesca (amo), Chiara e Claudia, che nonostante siano sparse ai quattro lati dell’Europa sono sempre vicine. A Nora, che, dopo aver condiviso l’avventura Mimmica, è diventata amica e confidente preziosa. Infine, un grazie di cuore alla mia famiglia e ai miei amici israeliani che mi hanno accolta a braccia aperte e che mi fanno sentire a casa ogni giorno. In particolare, grazie a Nadav, per la pazienza e il sostegno quotidiani e per credere in me più di quanto non faccia io stessa. ו ל ס י ו ם , ת ו ד ה ג ד ו ל ה ל מ ש פ ח ה ו ה ח ב ר י ם הישראלים שקיבלו את פני ב א ה ב ה ו זרועות פתוחות, וגרמו לי להרגיש בבית כל יום. בפרט, תודה לנדב על סבלנותו ו ת מ י כ ת ו היומיומית, ועל כך שהאמין בי יותר מ א ש ר ה א מ נ ת י ב ע צ מ י. 4 Summary Preface ............................................................................................. 9 Introduction .................................................................................. 23 Part I – The Private Sphere: Family, Memory and Cultural Heritage ......................................................................................... 59 1 - Generations, Memory and Cultural Heritage ............................. 59 2 -Immigration at Different Times: Families of pioneers and Families of Refugees ......................................................................... 77 2.1 Polish Jews at the Beginning of the 20th Century ................................ 77 2.2 Polish Pioneers .................................................................................... 82 2.3 Holocaust Survivors and Refugees ..................................................... 91 2.4 Tunisian Jews at the Beginning of the 20th Century ...........................114 2.5 Tunisian Pioneers ..............................................................................121 2.6 The Second Wave: Tunisian Immigration between 1952-1960 .........134 2.6 The Third Wave: Tunisian Immigration between 1956-1967 ............149 3 – Foodways to Memory ............................................................... 155 3.1 Food in the Land of Israel ..................................................................155 3.2 Being “Polish” today in Israel .............................................................167 3.3 Being “Tunisian” today in Israel .........................................................180 Part II – Mise en Récit Publique and National Narratives ..... 189 1 – National Narrative and Identity in the Public Sphere in Israel ............................................................................................................ 189 1.1 A New Kind of History ........................................................................195 2 – Ethnic Museums and Heritage Centers in Israel ................... 201 2.1 National Ethnic Museums: Beit HaTefutzot .......................................204 3 – Holocaust Museums – Yad Vashem ....................................... 221 3.1 Heritage Centers and the Holocaust ..................................................230 3.2 Alternative Holocaust Commemoration Institutions ...........................244 4 – Ashkenazi Jewry: The Case of Ethnic Museums and Associations .................................................................................... 257 5 – Oriental Jewry: The Case of Ethnic Museums and Associations ..................................................................................... 263 5.1 The Case of Tunisian Jewry in Israel ..................................................267 7 Conclusions ................................................................................ 295 Bibliography ............................................................................... 303 Appendix 1 – List of Interviews ................................................ 339 Appendix 2 – Transcript of One Interview .............................. 341 Appendix 3 – Résumé de la thèse en français ........................ 349 8 Preface Image 1 - Eliahou Eric Bokobza’s “Yom Ha’atzmaut”(2013) 90 x 110 cm and “Bar Mitzvah” (2014) 140x110. Oil and acrylic on canvas. The two paintings above portray a young man in two different situations one public and one private. In the first case he is celebrating Israel’s Independence Day1, and in the other he is celebrating his Bar Mitzvah2. In the former, the protagonist seems out of place, simply holding an Israeli flag with a lost look on his face, while all around him garlands representing Israel’s national colors, fighting soldiers and a tank hang above his head, symbolizing the festive atmosphere. On the background there are different themes representing each one something Israeli: the sea, an urban and a rural landscape and a reference to the star of David. Even in a completely secular context, such as Independence Day (Yom Ha'atzmaut in Hebrew), there is a reference to religion given by the kippah the boy is wearing, albeit in 1(in Hebrew Yom Ha'atzmaut) Day commemorating the Israeli Declaration of Independence, announced on the 5th of the Jewish month of Iyar, in 1948 (14 May 1948). The day is marked with a series of official and unofficial celebrations and ceremonies and plays a significant role in the creation of Israeli national identity.
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