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Reproductive System LECTURE: FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM DONE BY:MANAR AL-EID♣ MAY H. ALORAINY REVIEWED BY: ZEYAD ALHOZAIMI If there is any mistake or suggestions please feel free to contact us: [email protected] Both - Black Male Notes - BLUE Female Notes - GREEN Explanation and additional notes - ORANGE Very Important note - Red Objectives: At the end of the lecture, students should be able to: Boundaries of the perineum. Division of perineum into two triangles. Boundaries & Contents of anal & urogenital triangles. Lower part of Anal canal. Boundaries & contents of Ischiorectal fossa. Innervations, Blood supply and lymphatic drainage of perineum. Mind map: Perineum Boundaries Contents Division Uorogenital Anococcygeal Perineal body triangle body Function Anal triangle Location Take a look! http://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=q0Ax3rLFc6M *Perineum is the region of the body below the pelvic diaphragm (pelvic floor) munireP *Examined from below, it is a diamond shaped area lying between the thighs. Boundaries Its bony boundaries are: Anterior: Mons pubis Anterior: Symphysis pubis. Lateral: Medial surfaces of the thighs Posterior: Coccyx. Posterior: Intergluteal folds Lateral: Ischiopubic rami, ischial tuberosities & sacrotuberous ligament. Perineal Contents 1 Lower ends of urethra, vagina 4 o Perineal body & anal canal is an irregular mass of variable 2 3 ☻ size and External Gentitalia The anococcygeal consistency, ☻ Mons pubis : a body is located at collection of fat midpoint of the a complex overlying the pubes. line between musculotendinous the ischial ☻ Labia majora. structure tuberosities ☻ Labia minora. ☻ Situated o Lies in the ☻ Clitoris. between the subcutaneous anterior aspect tissue, posterior ☻ Vestibule of vagina: of the coccyx to vaginal The interval between and the vestibule and the two labia minora. posterior wall anterior to the ☻ Vagina & urethra of the anal canal & open into the anorectal canal anus vestibule through ☻ Receives o Forms the urethral orifice insertion of central point of anteriorly and vaginal fibers of the perineum & orifice posteriorly. levator ani blends muscle anteriorly with the perineal membrane Function: *Gives attachment to perineal muscles *Plays an important role in visceral support especially in female Division of Perineum By an imaginary line passing through two ischial tuberosities, it is divided into: *Urogenital triangle anteriorly. *Anal triangle posteriorly. Urogenital Triangle Boundari ᴥ Anteriorly : Symphysis pubis ᴥ Posteriorly : Transverse line passing through the 2 ischial tuberosities. es ᴥ Laterally : Ischiopubic rami & ischial tuberosities. Content ᴥ Lower part of urethra & vagina. s ᴥ External genitalia (vulva). Fascia of Urogenital Triangle (Perineal Fascia) The perineal fascia is continuous anteriorly with the fascia of abdomen and consists of superficial and deep layers Superficial perineal fascia Deep perineal fascia Superficial Deep fatty layer membranous invests the muscles in (Camper’s layer (Colle’s the superficial perineal fascia) fasci) pouch makes up the Does not substance of extend to anal mons pubis & region. labia majora Becomes fused and extends with the into the anal posterior region margin of the perineal membrane ☻ The gap between the two pubic arches is filled up by a triangular musculofascial diaphragm called the urogenital diaphragm (located in the anterior part of the perineum) ☻ The urogenital diaphragm is composed of two muscles (sphincter urethrae&deep transverse perineal muscle) enclosed within the superior and inferior layers of fascia of the urogenital diaphragm ☻ The inferior layer of the fascia is also called the perineal membrane Perineal pouches Perineal pouches (superficial & deep) are the two anatomic spaces bounded by fasciae within the urogenital triangle. Skin Superficial fatty layer deep membranous fascial layer Perineal membrane Urogenital diaphragm (Muscle) superior layer of urogenital fascia. Superficial perineal pouch Deep perineal pouch Definition It is the space between the deep membranous layer It is a completely closed space deep to of superficial fascia and the perineal membrane. the perineal membrane Boundries • Inferiorly: membranous layer of superficial • Inferiorly: Inferior fascia of the fascia. urogenital diaphragm (Perineal • Superiorly: perineal membrane. membrane) • Laterally: ischiopubic rami • Superiorly: Superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm • Laterally: Inferior portion of obturator internus facia Contents • Bulbs of vestibule: on each side of vaginal • Part of urethra orifice. • Part of vagina • Crura of clitoris. • Sphincter urethrae muscle, which is • Superficial perineal muscles: pierced by urethra & vagina. 1.Bulbospongiosus muscle, surrounds orifice of • Deep transverse perineal muscles vagina and covers vestibular bulb. • Internal pudendal vessels 2.Ischiocavernosus muscle, covers crus of clitoris on • Dosal nerve of clitoris each side. 3.Superficial transverse perineal muscles. • Greater vestibular glands: on each side of • Constitue urogenital diaphragm. vaginal orifice. • Perineal branch of pudendal nerve supplying muscles & skin. Vagina • The vagina is a muscular canal that leads from the uterus to the external orifice of the genital canal • It measures about 3 in. (8 cm) long. • It serves as the excretory duct for the menstrual flow & forms part of the birth canal. • The vaginal orifice in a virgin possesses a thin mucosal fold, called the hymen, which is perforated at its center. • Arteries: o Vaginal artery, a branch of the internal iliac artery. o Vaginal branch of the uterine artery. • Veins: drain into the internal iliac veins. Anal Triangle Boundari ᴥ Anteriorly : Transverse line passing through the 2 ischial tuberosities. ᴥ Posteriorly : : coccyx. es ᴥ Laterally : ischial tuberosity & sacrotuberous lig. Content ᴥ Lower part of Anal canal s ᴥ Ano-coccygeal body. ᴥ Ischiorectal fossa on each side ᴥ . ᴥ External genitalia (vulva). Ischiorectal fossa • It is a fascial lined wedge-shaped space on each side of the anal canal. - Boundaries: -Contents: Base: Skin of the perineum . Dense fat. Pudendal nerve & internal pudendal Medial wall: Levator ani & anal canal. vessels within the pudendal canal Lateral wall: Obturator internus, covered . Inferior rectal nerve & vessels with fascia crossing the fossa to reach anal canal. PudendalCanal: • A fascial canal located on the lateral wall of the ischiorectal fossa, formed by obturator fascia Contents: Pudendal nerve&Internal pudendal vessels.Cross the fossa horizontally to supply the anal canal. Anal Canal The most terminal part of the large intestine, it is about 1.5 in. long, descending from the rectal ampulla to the anus(outer opening of the anal canal). Relations (In female) Division • Anteriorly: Perineal • Upper half: derived from body, urogenital hindgut (endoderm) diaphragm, and • Lower half: derived from lower part of vagina the proctodeum • Posteriorly: (ectoderm) Anococcygeal body. • Laterally: Ischiorectal The two parts have fossae. different blood supply, nerve supply and lymphatic draiange. Anal canal Arterial Venous Lymphatic Nerves supply drainage drainage Upper half Superior rectal Superior rectal Para-rectal Visceral motor artery vein drained nodes drained (sympathetic & (continuation into the inferior into inferior parasympathetic) of the inferior mesenteric vein mesenteric & sensory nerves mesenteric (portal lymph nodes artery) circulation) Lower half Inferior rectal Inferior rectal Superficial Somatic motor artery. vein drained inguinal nodes & sensory (branch of into the internal nerves internal pudendal vein Different arterial pudendal (systemic supply artery) circulation; site different lymph of portal- drainage systemic because anastomosis) lymphtics follow arteries. Pudendal Nerve Block Pudendal nerve block is used in providing analgesia for the second stage of labour and to provide anesthesia of the perineum in order to create or repair an episiotomy. Can be done by transvaginally or through perineal approach. Transvaginal method: Perineal method: The needle is passed through the vaginal The ischial tuberosity is palpated mucous membrane toward the ischial spine. subcutaneously through the buttock. The After the needle is passed through the needle is inserted on the medial side of the sacrospinous ligament, the anesthetic ischial tuberosity to a depth of about 1 in. solution is injected around the pudendal (2.5 cm) from the free surface of the nerve tuberosity. The anesthetic is injected around the pudendal nerve. An episiotomy is a surgically planned incision on the perineum and the posterior vaginal wall during second stage of labor to prevent perineal tear. 1) The perineal body lies anterior to: A. Anus B. Vagina C. Urethra D. Perineal membrane 2) Which one of the following structures is situated between the anterior aspect of the coccyx and the posterior wall of the anorectal canal: A. Perineal body B. Levator Ani C. Anococcygeal body D. Coccygeus muscle 3) The line dividing the perineum into a urogenital and anal triangles passes between: A. Ischiopubic remi B. Ischial tuberosities C. Ischial spines D. Lesser sciatic notch 4) Choose the correct statement: A. Both fatty & membranous layers of superficial perineal fascia extend into the anal region. B. Only the fatty layer of the superficial perineal fascia extends into the anal region. C. Only the membranous layer of the superficial perineal fascia extends into the anal region. D. None of the layers of the superficial perineal fascia extend
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  • Mvdr. Natália Hvizdošová, Phd. Mudr. Zuzana Kováčová

    Mvdr. Natália Hvizdošová, Phd. Mudr. Zuzana Kováčová

    MVDr. Natália Hvizdošová, PhD. MUDr. Zuzana Kováčová ABDOMEN Borders outer: xiphoid process, costal arch, Th12 iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), inguinal lig., mons pubis internal: diaphragm (on the right side extends to the 4th intercostal space, on the left side extends to the 5th intercostal space) plane through terminal line Abdominal regions superior - epigastrium (regions: epigastric, hypochondriac left and right) middle - mesogastrium (regions: umbilical, lateral left and right) inferior - hypogastrium (regions: pubic, inguinal left and right) ABDOMINAL WALL Orientation lines xiphisternal line – Th8 subcostal line – L3 bispinal line (transtubercular) – L5 Clinically important lines transpyloric line – L1 (pylorus, duodenal bulb, fundus of gallbladder, superior mesenteric a., cisterna chyli, hilum of kidney, lower border of spinal cord) transumbilical line – L4 Bones Lumbar vertebrae (5): body vertebral arch – lamina of arch, pedicle of arch, superior and inferior vertebral notch – intervertebral foramen vertebral foramen spinous process superior articular process – mammillary process inferior articular process costal process – accessory process Sacrum base of sacrum – promontory, superior articular process lateral part – wing, auricular surface, sacral tuberosity pelvic surface – transverse lines (ridges), anterior sacral foramina dorsal surface – median, intermediate, lateral sacral crest, posterior sacral foramina, sacral horn, sacral canal, sacral hiatus apex of the sacrum Coccyx coccygeal horn Layers of the abdominal wall 1. SKIN 2. SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE + SUPERFICIAL FASCIAS + SUPRAFASCIAL STRUCTURES Superficial fascias: Camper´s fascia (fatty layer) – downward becomes dartos m. Scarpa´s fascia (membranous layer) – downward becomes superficial perineal fascia of Colles´) dartos m. + Colles´ fascia = tunica dartos Suprafascial structures: Arteries and veins: cutaneous brr. of posterior intercostal a. and v., and musculophrenic a.