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Global Agenda 2013: Water, Energy, and the Arab Awakening FOREWORD BY ABDEL SALAM MAJALI EDITED BY THOMAS S. AXWORTHY AND ZAFAR ADEEL GLOBAL AGENDA 2013: Water, Energy, and the Arab Awakening GLOBAL AGENDA 2013: PAPERS FOR THE INTERACTION COUNCIL SERIES [ VOLUME 3 ] WATER, ENERGY, AND THE ARAB AWAKENING Edited by THOMAS S. AXWORTHY AND ZAFAR ADEEL ©United Nations University, 2014 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily refl ect the views of the United Nations University. Available from: United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health (UNU-INWEH) 175 Longwood Road South, Suite 204 Hamilton, ON L8P 0A1 CANADA Telephone: +1-905-667-5511 Fax: +1-905-667-5510 E-mail: [email protected] The United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health is a member Web: inweh.unu.edu of the United Nations University family of Facebook: facebook.com/UNUINWEH organizations. It is the UN Think Tank on Twitter Handle: @UNUINWEH Water created by the UNU Governing Council in 1996. The mission of the institute is to help Available for download at: resolve pressing water challenges that are of http://inweh.unu.edu concern to the United Nations, its Member States, and their people, through knowledge- ISBN: 978-92-808-6046-7 based synthesis of existing bodies of scientifi c discovery; through cutting edge targeted research that identifi es emerging policy issues; through application of on-the-ground UNU-INWEH is supported by: scalable solutions based on credible research; and, through relevant and targeted public Foreign Affairs, Trade and Affaires étrangères, Commerce outreach. It is hosted by the Government of Development Canada et Développement Canada Canada and McMaster University. Table of Contents List of Contributors ...............................................................................VIII Acknowledgements .....................................................................................X Foreword ....................................................................................................XI SECTION I: PRESENT STATE OF THE WORLD Introduction................................................................................................. 1 Andrés Pastrana Comments 1. Water Overuse and Debt as Challenges to Sustainability ..................... 5 Peter Brabeck-Letmathe 2. Present State of the World ....................................................................... 11 Goh Chok Tong 3. Uprisings in the Arab World: The Reality Beyond the Failure of Politics and Policies.............................................................................. 19 Abdel Salam Majali and Moneef R. Zou’bi Papers 4. Position Paper: Conventional Arms and the Arms Trade Treaty ...... 27 Arias Foundation for Peace and Human Progress 5. The Arab Pseudo-Spring? A Snapshot of the Underlying Politics and Economics, and the Challenge of Water Insecurity ..................... 35 Moneef R. Zou’bi SECTION II: THE WATER-ENERGY-FOOD NEXUS Introduction............................................................................................... 53 James Bolger Comments 6. Energy in the Twenty-First Century: Challenges and Opportunities ....................................................................................57 Majid A. Al-Moneef Papers 7. Water, Energy, and Food: Th e Ultimate Nexus .....................................63 Rabi H. Mohtar 8. Energy and Climate Security: Th en and Now ...................................... 71 Carole Nahkle 9. Come Hell and High Water: Hydro-Climatic Change and its Consequences ............................................................................... 87 Robert Sandford 10. Bridging Science and Policy in the Management of Water Resources ...................................................................................97 Henry Vaux Jr. and Daniel Dooley SECTION III: BRIDGING THE RELIGIOUS DIVIDE Introduction.............................................................................................115 George Vassiliou Comments 11. Dialogue Versus Sectarian Strife ..........................................................119 Gholamali Khoshroo Papers 12. Tolerance: An Underappreciated Virtue in our Sectarian Age .........127 Th omas S. Axworthy 13. Th e Risks of Sectarianism ......................................................................147 Nicholas Fogg 14. Th e Dynamics of Arab Uprisings and Middle Eastern Geopolitics ...................................................................177 Ahmad Moussalli SECTION IV: NUCLEAR NON-PROLIFERATION Introduction.............................................................................................189 Jean Chrétien Papers 15. Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula: A New Perspective .......193 Nobuyasu Abe 16. Th e Necessity to Reduce and Eliminate Nuclear Th reats and Weapons in the Middle East and Internationally .......................207 Rebecca Johnson 17. Th e Nuclear Problem on the Korean Peninsula: Searching for Solutions ..........................................................................223 Alexander Zhebin APPENDICES Appendix 1: Final Communiqué ..........................................................233 Appendix 2: A Universal Declaration of Human Responsibilities .........................................................................245 Appendix 3: High-Level Experts’ Meeting Th e Hiroshima Declaration: A Plea for Zero Nuclear Weapons ......261 Appendix 4: Th e Global Water Crisis: Addressing an Urgent Security Issue ....................................................267 List of Contributors Prof. Nobuyasu Abe Th e Rt. Hon. Jean Chrétien Vice Chairman of the Japan Atomic Energy Co-Chairman of the InterAction Council Commission; Former Director, Centre Former Prime Minister of Canada for the Promotion of Disarmament and Non-proliferation, Japan Institute of Mr. Bassel Daher International Aff airs Research Analyst, Strategic Projects Offi ce, Qatar Foundation H.E. Mr. Majid A. Al-Moneef Secretary-General, Supreme Mr. Daniel Dooley Economic Council Senior Vice President, University of California System Arias Foundation for Peace and Human Progress Mr. Nicholas Fogg Former Head of Religious Studies, Dr. Th omas S. Axworthy Marlborough College Secretary-General of the InterAction Council; Distinguished Senior Fellow, Munk School of Dr. Rebecca Johnson Global Aff airs Executive Director, Acronym Institute for Disarmament Diplomacy Th e Rt. Hon. James Bolger Member of the InterAction Council Gholamali Khoshroo Former Prime Minister of New Zealand Former Deputy Foreign Minister for Legal and International Aff airs, Islamic Republic of Iran Mr. Peter Brabeck-Letmathe Chairman, Nestlé SA VIII H.E. Dr. Abdel Salam Majali H.E. Emeritus Senior Minister Member of the InterAction Council Goh Chok Tong Former Prime Minister of Jordan Member of the InterAction Council Former Prime Minister of Singapore Dr. Rabi H. Mohtar TEES Endowed Professor, Biological and H.E. Dr. George Vassiliou Agricultural Engineering and Zachry Member of the InterAction Council Department of Civil Engineering, Former President of Cyprus Texas A&M University Dr. Henry Vaux Jr. Dr. Ahmad Moussalli Chair, Rosenberg International Forum Professor of Political Science and Islamic Studies, on Water Policy; Professor Emeritus, American University of Beirut University of California Dr. Carole Nakhle Dr. Alexander Zhebin Energy Economist, Surrey Energy Director, Centre for Korean Studies, Economics Centre Institute for Far Eastern Studies H.E. Mr. Andrés Pastrana Dr. Moneef R. Zou’bi Member of the InterAction Council Director General, Islamic World Former President of Colombia Academy of Sciences Mr. Robert Sandford InterAction Council Senior Water Advisor; EPCOR Chair, Canadian Partnership Initiative, United Nations ‘Water for Life’ Decade IX Acknowledgements Th e publication of Water, Energy, and the Arab Awakening in Th e Global Agenda: Papers for the InterAction Council Series, Volume Th ree, was made possible through the support of the Court of the Crown Prince of the Kingdom of Bahrain. Th e Council wishes to thank the Court for this considerable contribution, not only for this book, but also for hosting a highly successful 31st Annual Plenary Meeting in Manama in May 2013. Th e professionalism, expediency, good humour, and generosity displayed by all members of the Royal Court allowed for a seamless annual meeting and a positive experience from start to fi nish. Th is third publication of the Council marks the second time we have partnered with the United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health (UNU-IWEH) in Canada. Th e UNU-IWEH team was responsible for overseeing the design, copyediting, and production of this book. We are grateful for an ongoing collaboration with its director, Zafar Adeel, and the incredible work his team does every day to help solve the world’s water problems. We are particularly fortunate to have been able to call on the keen eye and incredible insight of Leslie Barker to guide this book through production. We are also grateful to Ms. Carly Popenko at UNU-INWEH for her design work and support for book publication. We wish to thank the many authors who contributed their papers and comments to this volume. Most of the papers were presented at InterAction Council meetings, although a number of authors spent considerable time reworking and otherwise updating their work for this book. We owe a special debt of gratitude to Council members Abdel
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