MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMI- NARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORK- SHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PA- PERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA UNODA Occasional Papers WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS No. 37, December 2020 PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS United Nations Programme PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGSof Fellowships PRESENTATIONS on Disarmament PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIAat 40 WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS ISBN 978-92-1-139193-0 PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS

PAPERS SEMINARS20 15562 STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA UNODA Occasional Papers No. 37, December 2020

United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament at 40 The United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA) publishes the UNODA Occasional Papers series to feature, in edited form, papers or statements made at meetings, symposiums, seminars, workshops or lectures that deal with topical issues in the field of arms limitation, disarmament and international security. They are intended primarily for those concerned with these matters in Government, civil society and in the academic community. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the United Nations or its Member States. Material in UNODA Occasional Papers may be reprinted without permission, provided the credit line reads “Reprinted from UNODA Occasional Papers” and specifies the number of the Occasional Paper concerned. Notification to the following e-mail address would be highly appreciated: [email protected]. Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. These documents are available in the official languages of the United Nations at http://ods.un.org. Specific disarmament-related documents can also be accessed through the disarmament reference collection at www.un.org/disarmament/publications/library.

This publication is available from www.un.org/disarmament UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. E.20.IX.8 ISBN 978-92-1-139193-0 eISBN 978-92-1-100527-8 Copyright © United Nations, 2020 All rights reserved Printed at the United Nations, New York Contents

Foreword v Acknowledgements xi

My experience as a United Nations Disarmament Fellow 1 Tejaswinee Burumdoyal 2017 Disarmament Fellow (Mauritius)

A programme with high professional value: A booster for excellence of young multilateral disarmament diplomats 7 Radoslav Deyanov 1979 Disarmament Fellow (Bulgaria)

Every quest needs a fellowship 15 Amandeep S. Gill 1999 Disarmament Fellow (India)

Memories of a United Nations Disarmament Fellow 21 Rafael Mariano Grossi 1986 Disarmament Fellow (Argentina)

Bridging divides and building friendships 25 Chris King 2007 Disarmament Fellow (Australia)

In commemoration of the fortieth anniversary of the United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament 32 Shorna-Kay Richards 2005 Disarmament Fellow (Jamaica)

The Fellowship of 1980 and my encounter with the Salle du Conseil of the Palais des Nations in Geneva 42 Tibor Tóth 1980 Disarmament Fellow (Hungary)

Appendix United Nations Disarmament Fellows listed by year 54

iii Foreword

As the coordinator of the United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament since 2014, I have never been a Fellow myself—and, sadly, I no longer meet all the criteria to qualify. But my connection to the Programme dates back to the start of my diplomatic career in the mid-1980s, when two former Fellows who shared my office gave me some early insight into what makes this annual training so remarkable.

Back then, I was working in an area of multilateral diplomacy completely unrelated to disarmament. Nonetheless, as my office’s most junior recruit, I was assigned in 1985to co-organize a programme study visit to my country. The Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament was still young at that time, having convened its first “class” in 1980, just one year after its establishment, at the initiative of Nigeria, by the first special session of the United Nations General Assembly devoted to disarmament. Yet, despite its short history, the Programme was already an institution. In fact, one of “my” Fellows would later describe it as “legendary”. Its main goal was, and remains, “to promote expertise in disarmament in more Member States, particularly in developing countries”. Its curriculum provides training in negotiation and multilateral diplomacy, honing the ability of Fellows to bridge divides on disarmament issues through innovative thinking, proactive dialogue and effective coordination with international colleagues. Participants gain a nuanced understanding of the complex factors that can foster or undermine disarmament efforts, and they develop critical thinking skills that enable them to leverage their deepened knowledge into effective multilateral action. In this process, Fellows also develop subject-matter

v expertise and witness, through in-person study visits, the impacts of weapons use on the environment, on international security and on individual lives. The Fellowship Programme incorporates educational lectures, round tables and panel discussions with senior diplomats and representatives of international organizations, academia and civil society. Fellows take part in practical exercises like tests, simulation exercises and seminars, while also interacting directly with hibakusha and visiting disarmament-related sites around the world. Finally, each participant develops a research paper and presents it to peers. The Programme is usually organized in three parts. It begins in Geneva with a curriculum focused mostly on the work of the Conference on Disarmament and on several disarmament and arms control treaty regimes. This segment also provides a basic introduction to various legal frameworks, weapon types and organs of the multilateral disarmament machinery. Its second component comprises study visits to relevant intergovernmental organizations and Member States, at their invitation. Typical hosts have included the International Atomic Energy Agency, the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization, the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons and the Brazilian-Argentine Agency for Accounting and Control of Nuclear Materials, as well as China, Germany, Japan, Kazakhstan, the Republic of Korea, Switzerland and European Union institutions. Other hosts of these visits have included Bulgaria, the former Czechoslovakia, Finland, France, the former German Democratic Republic, Hungary, Romania, Sweden, the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United States of America. The third part of the Programme, held at United Nations Headquarters in New York, is centred on the First Committee of the General Assembly, as well as other United Nations disarmament and arms control-related mechanisms. Fellows

vi also finalize and present their research papers during this segment. In the 40 years since its establishment, the annual Programme has trained 1,033 Fellows from 170 countries (see appendix). But while these facts and statistics provide an accurate description of the Fellowship Programme, they hardly convey what makes it so unique, so celebrated, so “legendary”. The reader will hopefully find some answers in this Occasional Paper, which presents the thoughts and memories of seven former Disarmament Fellows representing several generations. First, though, allow me to share my perspective as a coordinator of an experience that many Fellows have described as a “once-in-a-lifetime” event. The Programme takes its participants on a journey—a very exciting one, but, believe me, not a lazy or relaxing junket for participants to breezily take in disarmament reliquiae in exotic locales. Its rigid curriculum is typically packed with lectures, exercises, discussions and study visits, all of which feed into a constant jet lag that makes a quick nap, stolen on a short flight or train ride, a real luxury. It is a journey linking the past with the present and future, where the horrifying recollections of hibakusha and other victims of violence make plain the need to pursue a world free from nuclear weapons and armed conflicts. It is a journey that creates lasting personal and professional bonds among participants, all of whom bring unique perspectives informed by their different nationalities, cultures, educations and religious views. Fellows may come from countries that lack diplomatic ties or are even at war, yet they learn to live together, talk to one another and understand each other. It is amazing each year to witness a group of distinct personalities coalesce within a few weeks into a strong, friendly, cohesive and mutually supportive team.

vii Fellows seen during a guided tour near the Atomic Bomb Dome in Hiroshima, Japan, in October 2015. Peter Kolarov is seen on the far left.

It is a journey that builds a unique sense of community, as well as friendships that can last for life. “Once a Fellow, always a Fellow”, one author in this publication used to say. These words probably best capture the inimitable spirit of community shared by all former Fellows, regardless of their individual experiences during the Programme. It is fascinating to observe, again and again, the very special rapport that emerges immediately among Fellows from different classes, generations, countries or diplomatic ranks when they meet each other for the first time. It is a journey that, in some cases, transforms total strangers to disarmament and arms control issues into avid promoters of peace, non-violence and cooperation among peoples and civilizations. It is a journey that combines challenges and opportunities and provides young professionals, mostly diplomats, with a unique chance to directly interact and network with key

viii representatives of the disarmament community, thus shaping and boosting hundreds of careers. Needless to say, achieving all of this is a year-round undertaking for the Programme’s organizers. It represents an enormous administrative, logistical and substantive challenge, from selecting candidates, to identifying priority topics, to coordinating visits, to addressing routine visa and medical problems. But, in the view of this author, there is no greater satisfaction in coordinating the Programme than seeing its steadily growing pool of alumni apply their leadership, professional engagement and negotiation skills at all levels and across the whole spectrum of disarmament and arms control efforts. What better validation could one seek of the General Assembly’s decision to establish the Programme at its first special session devoted to disarmament? In New York and Geneva, The Hague and national capitals alike, its results are tangible. It is worth stressing that this Programme is a collective effort. Its implementation would be impossible without the active involvement of colleagues from the diplomatic community, the United Nations and other international organizations, civil society, and academia who selflessly share their time, knowledge and professional experiences with a new class of Disarmament Fellows each year. Their contributions are crucial to the Programme’s success. As the Programme is far more than a simple educational tool, it also depends on the generous and invaluable support of several Member States that host study visits by Fellows every year. In addition to providing useful information on each country’s priorities, these visits offer unique, first-hand perspectives on an array of activities related to disarmament and arms control. Fellows have travelled to industrial sites used to destroy obsolete conventional weapons; fields contaminated by landmines and explosive remnants of war; the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site; nuclear reactors and a tokamak; a nuclear

ix fuel production plant; Hiroshima and Nagasaki; chemical and biological weapon-related sites and laboratories; and the Korean Demilitarized Zone, to name just a few past destinations. Finally, in addition to the undivided support of Member States, this programme could not be possible without the dedicated work of the United Nations staff who have created, shaped and sustained it through the years, in particular the Programme coordinators Ogunsola Ogunbanwo (from 1979 to 1997), Silvana da Silva (from 1998 to 1999), Jerzy Zaleski (from 2000 to 2009), Valère Mantels (from 2010 to 2011) and Xiaoyu Wang (from 2012 to 2013). These past coordinators benefited from the tireless assistance of Annette Ekberg and Hanan Twal. This author also wishes to express his wholehearted appreciation and gratitude for the friendship and dedication of Vivian Njume-Ebong and Jenny Fuchs, who have each been vital to the Programme’s success since 2006. “Legendary” the Programme is, and lucky are those who had or will have the chance to graduate into the family of United Nations Disarmament Fellows. Although I will never be a Fellow myself, the Programme will always have a place in my heart.

Peter Kolarov Coordinator, United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament October 2020

x Acknowledgements

Tejaswinee Burumdoyal Tejaswinee Burumdoyal was born and bred in Mauritius. After completing her first degree in Economics and International Relations at the University of Mauritius, she pursued an LL.M in International Law at the University of Nottingham, United Kingdom. She joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Mauritius in 2016 as Second Secretary and served as desk officer for disarmament, elections and other United Nations–related issues. She was also involved in the drafting of the first Voluntary National Review on the Sustainable Development Goals presented by Mauritius in 2019. She is a proud graduate of the 2017 United Nations Fellowship on Disarmament and is currently serving at the Permanent Mission of Mauritius in Geneva.

Radoslav Deyanov Radoslav Deyanov, PhD, is a career diplomat (Minister Plenipotentiary, 1975–2012) with extensive experience as representative of Bulgaria to, and as an international civil servant in, the United Nations system of international organizations, covering matters of peace, international and national security, non-proliferation, arms control and disarmament. He occupied senior managerial positions in the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (1997– 2004) and the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (2006–2013), served in three United Nations study groups of qualified governmental experts (on nuclear-weapons-free zones, nuclear weapons and prevention of an arms race in outer space), and was President of the

xi Conference on Disarmament (February 1993, Geneva). He is currently serving as Independent Consultant in RAD Consulting and as Senior Fellow in the Economic and International Relations Institute, Sofia.

Amandeep S. Gill Amandeep Gill, PhD, was Ambassador and Permanent Representative of India to the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva from 2016 to 2018 and Executive Director of the United Nations Secretary-General’s High-level Panel on Digital Cooperation (2018–2019). He is currently serving as Project Lead at the International Digital Health and AI Research Collaborative and as Senior Fellow at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva. His book Nuclear Security Summits: A History (Palgrave Macmillan, 2020) uses the theoretical construct of international learning framework to describe the history of the idea of nuclear security and of the Nuclear Security Summits process from 2010 to 2016.

Rafael Mariano Grossi Rafael Mariano Grossi was elected Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in October 2019 and took up office on 3 December that year. A veteran diplomat and expert in non-proliferation and disarmament, he had served as Argentina’s Ambassador to the International Organizations in Vienna since 2013. He joined Argentina’s foreign service in 1985 and had early postings in Geneva and Brussels. From 2002 to 2007, he was Chief of Cabinet in the Office of the Director General of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons in The Hague. After serving for several years as Director-General for Political Coordination at the Foreign Ministry in Buenos Aires, he moved in 2010 to Vienna, where he worked as Chief of Cabinet and Assistant

xii Director General for Policy at IAEA until 2013. He was Chairman of the Nuclear Suppliers Group from 2014 to 2016 and served as President of the Diplomatic Conference of the Convention on Nuclear Safety in 2015. He was designated as President of the 2020 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Review Conference but did not take up this position because of his election as IAEA Director General. He holds a B.A. in Political Science from the Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina, as well as a PhD and an M.A. in International Relations from the University of Geneva. Born in 1961, he is married and has eight children.

Chris King Chris King is the Senior Political Affairs Officer in the Weapons of Mass Destruction Branch of the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA). He also previously served as head of the Strategic Planning Unit and the Science and Technology Unit in UNODA. Before joining the United Nations, Chris served in the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, including in India and Iraq. He was Acting Director of the Arms Control Section, responsible for Australian disarmament and non-proliferation policy, and an adviser to former Australian Foreign Minister Kevin Rudd.

Shorna-Kay Richards A career diplomat, Shorna-Kay Richards is currently the Director of the Bilateral Relations Department in Jamaica’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade and the country’s Ambassador-Designate to Japan. She was the Deputy Permanent Representative of Jamaica to the United Nations, New York, from September 2012 to August 2016. During this assignment, she served as Vice-Chair of the United Nations Disarmament Commission and was a facilitator for the Arms Trade Treaty negotiations and a lead negotiator during the

xiii United Nations process culminating in the adoption of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. She also served at the Jamaican Missions in South Africa and Washington, DC. She holds a master’s degree in International Policy and Practice from the George Washington University and a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of the West Indies.

Tibor Tóth Tibor Tóth is Executive Secretary Emeritus of the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO); he served the organization from 2005 to 2013. He is a Fellow and Trustee of the Board of the World Academy of Art and Science. From 2011 to 2013, he was member and later Chair of the World Economic Forum’s Weapons of Mass Destruction Global Agenda Council. He served as Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Hungary to the United Nations Office in Geneva (1990–1993 and 2003–2005), Vienna (1997–2001) and The Hague (1993). He represented Hungary at the Conference on Disarmament, the Preparatory Commission of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, the International Atomic Energy Agency and the CTBTO. From 1986 to 2012, he participated in all sessions of the United Nations General Assembly and its First Committee in New York. He served as Deputy State Secretary of Defense responsible for international affairs (1994–1996). As Chair, he led the all the negotiations on an implementation regime for the Biological Weapon Convention (1991–2003). He negotiated the provisions on the Executive Council of the Chemical Weapons Convention and triggered in 1996 the entry into force of the Chemical Weapons Convention through Hungary’s decisive ratification.

xiv My experience as a United Nations Disarmament Fellow Tejaswinee Burumdoyal 2017 Disarmament Fellow (Mauritius)

I was only 25 years old then.

I barely had 15 months of experience in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Mauritius. I was among the most junior in our cadre of diplomats, many of whom had decades of service and multiple postings behind them. By luck, I must have been one of our few young members who was familiar with the law of the sea. It was thus almost by default that I was posted in the Multilateral Political Directorate of the Ministry, which handles the United Nations and United Nations–related issues. During my first 15 months in that Ministry, I was groping and fumbling with the files and issues I was given to handle. My seniors will never admit it, but I must have taxed their patience to the limit during that learning process. In May 2017, I was among the lucky few selected by the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA) to participate in the United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament.

1 UNODA Occasional Papers, No. 37

Despite knowing that I was going to be part of a restricted club—joined by fewer than 1,000 diplomats since its inception in 1978—my heart was full of apprehension. I did not know what was really expected of me, even though I had spoken with some senior colleagues lucky enough to have participated in the past. Overwhelmed by all the information available, I started to prepare by reading all the briefs I could find on the history of disarmament and the position of Mauritius on every related treaty and convention. All I knew was that I had to make the most of this once-in-a-lifetime opportunity and make Mauritius proud of me. My worries were not restricted to the nuts and bolts of the programme; they extended to my would-be fellows, who would later turn into my international family. The only way to overcome my initial inhibitions towards 24 other people from 24 different countries, 24 different backgrounds and 24 different perspectives was to “e-meet”. That is how a quintessential tool of our Fellowship turned out to be a WhatsApp group—a technological marvel for which we could not have adequately expressed our gratitude. And thus, we began an adventure in August 2017 in Geneva. Even though I hailed from a multi-ethnic and multicultural country, it was remarkable to experience the rich interactions— and occasional clashes—between different cultures in our group of 25 diplomats. For me, this interplay opened new windows of understanding. The mix of cultures seemed like an Indian dish, with various flavours mixing under heat to form a delicious curry. In my class of Fellows, I met intelligent people from countries to which I had previously given little thought. These individuals taught me, helped me grow into a more mature person and gave me confidence that I was cut out to aim higher.

2 United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament at 40

These extraordinary people bestowed on me a new first name: my initials, “TJ”. I had never before seen a diverse group of individuals share so inspiringly one another’s cultures. We celebrated birthdays wherever we could. On a 12-hour train ride through Kazakhstan, a Fellow from Israel bought us apples and honey in celebration of the Jewish New Year. During that adventure, I visited places I had never expected to see in my lifetime. I never thought I would, for instance, see places like the town of Kurchatov and the cities of Harbin, Hiroshima and Nagasaki. During our visits, we interacted with people who described their experiences. The Hibakusha talked about that dreadful day when kith and kin were sacrificed on the nuclear altar, when the burnt bodies and charred remains of their parents were carried away by the cool river waters, when homes and livelihoods were reduced to ash and cinder by the mushroom cloud. We heard stories of biological weapons testing in Harbin and nuclear weapons testing at Semipalatinsk affecting the anatomy of people, including newborns and the unborn. In all those stories of suffering, one commonality emerged: a wish to make the world safer for our children and theirs. I was amazed by the human capacity to endure immense suffering and, even then, find the optimism and will to work for the greater good of humanity. It showed to me that the victims of the past are no longer victims but realists. As they would say in French, chaque personne apporte sa pierre à l’édifice. Each person’s contribution was, and remains, an inspiration. Administering the Fellowship Programme of is an immense task for the United Nations Secretariat, but the UNODA team—Peter Kolarov, Vivian Njume-Ebong and Jenny Fuchs—provided an incredible support system at every step. They made us feel at ease immediately.

3 UNODA Occasional Papers, No. 37

The author's class of Fellows poses by the “Stronger than Death” monument in Semey, Kazakhstan, in September 2017.

4 United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament at 40

UNODA provided us with new tools and technologies. We interacted with people of high calibre. Former Fellows who later became Ambassadors involved with the First Committee were present in Geneva and New York to talk to us about different mechanisms under the disarmament umbrella. The tools provided by UNODA were an eye-opener. To say that I learned about new methods of work would certainly be an understatement. Every day brought new discoveries, taking me forward from where I began. It was a process of personal evolution. It was not easy. We dealt with pressure, fatigue and high expectations, but we steadily navigated those difficulties over the course of our pilgrimage. And the United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament is indeed a pilgrimage, one that starts each year in Geneva and culminates at the Holy of Holies of diplomacy, the United Nations Headquarters in New York. Built following the horrors of the Second World War and the failure of the League of Nations, the United Nations has come to represent our shared desire to secure a better world. It is not perfect; as a reflection of humanity, it cannot be and never will. Yet the world has continued to gather there, reaffirming our highest common hopes. And that was probably the biggest lesson of our Fellowship: we all shared the hope to make the world a better place through disarmament. When I came back to Mauritius, my perspective had changed. I was more accepting. I was willing to learn more. I was more open to people, to their cultures and backgrounds, for I now knew the riches contained in every person. My attitude towards my areas of responsibility had also changed. I understood them better, perhaps in part through my increased maturity. In hindsight, I now know that I returned richer and better able to serve my country and the world.

5 UNODA Occasional Papers, No. 37

And my class of Fellows is now my international family. We still celebrate every birthday, but on WhatsApp. We still laugh about the moments we had together, but on Facebook. And we call each other during debates on resolutions at the First Committee, because, apart from being friends, we are also an established network of diplomats. Thank you, UNODA, for making me one of the lucky members of this family in 2017.

6 A programme with high professional value: A booster for excellence of young multilateral disarmament diplomats Radoslav Deyanov 1979 Disarmament Fellow (Bulgaria)

The United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament is a useful instrument to promote professional expertise in junior multilateral diplomats and assist the substantive development of their disarmament careers. This programme has been implemented successfully for more than 40 years. Since its inception in 1978, it has trained more than 1,000 government officials from 170 Member States. A large number ofthose Fellows have acquired high-level positions of responsibility within their own Governments or in intergovernmental organizations. Former Fellows have been elected as Heads of two specialized organizations within the United Nations system—the current Director-General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the Executive Secretary of the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) for the period 2005–2013.

7 UNODA Occasional Papers, No. 37

I find it positive that the Fellowship Programme undertakes annually to train young university graduates who are involved in, or are about to commence work within, the political structures of their Governments dealing with international security, disarmament or related matters. The expectation is that the programme would enhance the capacity of the awarded candidates both to handle disarmament matters internally and to help further advance their consideration at international forums. I believe that the programme offers an excellent opportunity for motivated junior diplomats to accelerate their development of the necessary personal proficiency to deal successfully with multilateral matters of international security and disarmament, a process that normally takes up to seven years. To this end, it is a privilege for the Fellows to benefit directly from the knowledge of scholars from leading internationally recognized research institutions, as well as senior diplomatic representatives with extensive experience in negotiating multilateral, regional or bilateral agreements. The lectures, seminars and discussions arranged by the United Nations Secretariat under this training programme naturally focus on key political aspects of international security, non-proliferation and disarmament. The most stimulating part of the programme, however, seems to be the requirement for all Fellows to develop, present and defend analytical papers on disarmament matters that they themselves see as being of particular importance for the national interests of their countries. This type of work normally forms a significant part of the daily work of multilateral diplomats. Hence, the additional expertise and practical experience acquired in these exercises likely enhances the Fellows’ ability to fulfil their professional duties upon return to positions in their diplomatic services, both in capitals and when assigned to permanent missions to multilateral disarmament organizations. I believe that the programme can thus also contribute to increasing the efficiency of the decision-making bodies of these international organizations.

8 United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament at 40

I personally benefited, as a junior multilateral diplomat, from my enrollment in the first United Nations Disarmament Fellowship Class, convened in 1979. I felt honoured to be a member of a distinguished group of 19 young diplomats of different schools of thought who studied, discussed and performed “committee simulation exercises” together for more than five months (26 June–29 November 1979). The programme was organized and administered by the United Nations Centre for Disarmament, now the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA). In organizing the programme, the Centre for Disarmament drew on expertise from the United Nations system, Member States and relevant research institutes in the field of international security and disarmament. In particular, the programme widely utilized the “know-how” of the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, IAEA, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, universities and non- governmental organizations. The lecturers were drawn from as wide a group of countries as possible, both developed and developing, in order to expose the Fellows to various shades of opinion on most politically sensitive issues of security. At that time, each disarmament Fellow was expected to prepare and defend to the Director of the Centre for Disarmament two papers on disarmament subjects of their own choice: one analytical research paper (in Geneva) and one draft United Nations document—e.g., a resolution or a formal proposal for a diplomatic action in a United Nations committee (in New York). During the first segment (26 June–24 August) of the Fellowship Programme, which took place at the United Nations Office at Geneva (Palais des Nations), the 1979 Class focused mainly on the work of the Committee on Disarmament (later on enlarged and renamed as the Conference on Disarmament) as the single independent multilateral negotiating body reporting to the United Nations General Assembly. The group was involved in discussions on different approaches to disarmament,

9 UNODA Occasional Papers, No. 37

On 1 October 1979, Alessandro Corradini, Director and Deputy to the Assistant Secretary-General of the United Nations Centre for Disarmament, delivers remarks in New York to the first participants of the United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament.

particularly methods of verification of compliance with legally binding agreements, procedural issues under current consideration with the disarmament machinery, and specific proposals for negotiation of disarmament measures put forward by Member States. In addition, the Fellows were briefed on the interim progress at the ongoing bilateral talks on strategic nuclear arms limitations between the United States and the Soviet Union negotiating teams based in Geneva. The second segment (27–31 August 1979) offered a valuable opportunity for the Fellows to become acquainted with the work of IAEA in Vienna. The focus was on the activities to fulfil the main functions of the Agency—under its Statute and the existing optional “safeguards agreements”—to promote the peaceful uses of atomic energy and to strengthen the verification role of IAEA in monitoring compliance with the Treaty on the Non- Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (Nuclear Non-Proliferation

10 United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament at 40

Treaty). During the third segment, the programme’s training continued at the United Nations Headquarters in New York (4 September–29 November 1979) but also involved study visits to the Massachusetts Institute for Technology and other research institutions in Cambridge, Boston. The Fellows closely followed the work of the United Nations General Assembly’s First Committee and became more familiar with substantive and technical activities undertaken by the United Nations Centre for Disarmament. I believe that being part of the Disarmament Fellowship Class of 1979 was a valuable joint experience that allowed all Fellows not only to improve their knowledge and diplomatic skills but also to establish a number of useful professional contacts within the United Nations system. During my career as a multilateral disarmament diplomat, I enjoyed the cooperation of a number of former Fellows holding positions within their own Governments or serving as professional officers in international bodies. These bodies have included the First Committee, the Conference on Disarmament, IAEA, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Review Conferences, the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), CTBTO and all arms and dual-use export control regimes. I particularly felt this “cooperation benefit” in my regular contacts with UNODA when I was selected as an expert in three United Nations study groups of qualified governmental experts—on nuclear-weapon-free zones (1982–1985), on nuclear weapons (1989–1990) and on confidence-building measures in outer space (1991–1993). This type of working relationships also greatly assisted my role as President of the Conference of Disarmament in February and March 1993 and when the OPCW Preparatory Commission in The Hague appointed me as Chairman of its Working Group B (1995–1996), dealing with all verification-related matters and procedures of implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention. The contacts established during the Disarmament Fellowship Class of 1979 proved extremely valuable after I became a professional staff member

11 UNODA Occasional Papers, No. 37

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) inspection equipment is demonstrated in 2018 at the OPCW Laboratory and Equipment Store in Rijswijk, Netherlands.

of the Technical Secretariat of OPCW (1997–2004) and of the Provisional Technical Secretariat of the CTBTO Preparatory Commission (2006–2013). I felt particularly honoured to be among the “Founding Fathers” of OPCW when this disarmament organization was awarded the 2013 Nobel Peace Prize. Every staff member of the OPCW Technical Secretariat has received a certificate signed by the Director-General recognizing his or her substantive contribution to its disarmament achievements. A couple of assignments in my long “disarmament journey” have produced useful results through cooperation with UNODA and UNIDIR. In these instances, I benefited from professional relationships that began during my time as a Fellow and continued during my diplomatic service as a member or acting head of the delegation of Bulgaria to the Conference on Disarmament (1980–1993).

12 United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament at 40

For instance, my “occasional paper” on security assurances for non-nuclear weapon States (the so-called “negative security assurances”) was developed in Geneva during the Disarmament Fellowship Class of 1979, which laid the groundwork for my subsequent active involvement in the Ad Hoc Committee of the Conference on Disarmament on negative security assurances. I used some of the ideas included in this fellowship paper when I was assigned to serve for a number of years as “negative security assurances coordinator” of the Eastern European group of delegations and became the principal drafter of resolutions on the subject regularly submitted by Bulgaria to the First Committee. My accumulated insight on this agenda item has helped me suggest some conceptual amendments to the main approach to negative security assurances during this period. After the political changes in Eastern Europe in 1989, these considerations and other related developments have led to a notable convergence in the approaches of nuclear-weapon States to negative security assurances, particularly with respect to the security of non-nuclear-weapon States parties to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Yet another breakthrough in my exposure to issues of international security and disarmament took place owing to my close working relationships established during the Disarmament Fellowship Class of 1979. In 1987, during my diplomatic assignment to the Permanent Mission of Bulgaria to the United Nations Office at Geneva, I was formally invited by UNIDIR to write a monograph on the national concept of security of my country. This invitation, which was accepted by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Sofia, has produced a written product that opened a new chapter in my diplomatic career and political science research activity, particularly after completing my diplomatic assignment in Geneva. Upon return to my country and based on the monograph requested by UNIDIR, I became deeply involved in security-related research and produced papers dealing with issues of democratic Bulgaria’s external security. The written analysis and suggestions put forward

13 UNODA Occasional Papers, No. 37

in these studies have helped develop a new vision of external security for my country and assisted the Bulgarian Parliament in considering the complex issues involved in its implementation. I can now proudly say that my security-related “conceptual journey”, as substantiated through a number of working relationships with United Nations institutions and international involvement in scientific projects, has stimulated my interest and helped me contribute to the search for new foundations for the external security of democratic Bulgaria, which is now a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the European Union. In conclusion, on the basis of my personal experience with the United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament, and as evident from the professional benefits I have managed to derive from my long disarmament journey, I remain convinced that this programme is worth retaining for future generations. The programme’s implementation to date has proved its high professional value. It can definitely help devoted young diplomats prepare better to meet the challenges lying ahead on the way to better days in the field of multilateral disarmament. Hence, I strongly recommend the United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament to all junior diplomats interested in developing a career dealing with the fascinating matters of international security and multilateral disarmament.

14 Every quest needs a fellowship Amandeep S. Gill 1999 Disarmament Fellow (India)

Each cause requires its champions and every complex subject its community of practice. Disarmament is no exception. The practice of modern arms control and disarmament started with The Hague conferences in 1899. A hodgepodge of disarmament practitioners from diverse backgrounds emerged in the post- World War I period after extensive references to the subject were written into the Covenant of the League of Nations. However, it was not until well after the San Francisco Charter and the atomic turn that a distinct epistemic community came into existence.1 Outside of a few States, and in many ways within them as well, it was a volunteer transdisciplinary community: self-taught and self-motivated, forced to learn by the compulsions of international negotiations, technological shifts and domestic policy turns.

The cold war arms race and the anxiety provoked by thermonuclear testing in the 1950s and 1960s expanded this community beyond North America, Western Europe and the Soviet Union. Valerian Zorin, John McCloy, Jules Moch, General Andrew McNaughton, Bernard Bechhoefer, Lawrence

1 Jennifer Sims, Icarus Restrained: An Intellectual History Of Nuclear Arms Control, 1945-1960, (Westview Press, 1990).

15 UNODA Occasional Papers, No. 37

Weiler, Thomas Schelling, Donald Brennan, Henry Kissinger, Bertrand Russell, Philip Noel-Baker, Alva Myrdal, Arthur Lall and Alfonso García Robles are some of the pioneering thinker-practitioners from that era. In crucial ways, the knowledge-makers of the cold war period influenced policy within their countries and even across borders.2 Forums such as the Pugwash Conferences became fertile venues for socializing younger generations of disarmament advocates, and a few specialized centres of education and policy research sprung up at universities. The first harvest of multilateral agreements on arms control and non-proliferation in the late 1960s and the Viet Nam War–era radicalization of youth on university campuses, which forced Governments to broaden their approach to public opinion on national security issues beyond elite communities, provided a fillip to this process. The Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford and the Centre for International Politics, Organization and Disarmament at the Jawaharlal Nehru University were thus set up in 1970, and the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard followed in 1973. This still left a large number of countries bereft of trained human resource to tackle the growing complexity of disarmament negotiations. The agenda had expanded beyond the terrifying weapons of mass destruction wielded by the cold war titans. Disarmament’s links with development and human security had become clearer, as had the possibilities for peaceful uses of dual-use technologies in areas such as space and nuclear power. The United Nations Secretariat’s role had also become more prominent, not only in servicing the disarmament machinery but also in producing expert studies and analysis to back disarmament discussions. The scene was therefore set for

2 Emmanuel Adler, “The Emergence of Cooperation: National Epistemic Communities and the International Evolution of the Idea of Nuclear Arms Control”, International Organization, vol. 46, no. 1 (Winter, 1992), pp. 101–145.

16 United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament at 40 adding a multilateral component to disarmament education and training when the first special session of the United Nations General Assembly devoted to disarmament took place in 1978. In paragraph 106 of the Final Document3 of that special session, Governments and governmental and non-governmental international organizations were urged to develop programmes of education for disarmament and peace studies at all levels. In paragraph 107, the General Assembly urged the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization to step up its programme aimed at the development of disarmament education as a distinct field of study through the preparation of teachers’ guides, textbooks, readers and audio-visual materials. It also called on United Nations Member States to encourage the incorporation of such material into curricula of their educational institutes. Finally, in paragraph 108, the Assembly established a programme of fellowships on disarmament “in order to promote expertise in disarmament in more Member States, particularly in the developing countries”. Starting with the first batch of 19 Fellows in 1979, and over four decades, the programme has trained more than a thousand government officials from 170 States in the field of disarmament.4 The growing participation of women in the programme is particularly noteworthy. A number of Disarmament Fellows have served their Governments or international organizations with distinction. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that most of the delegates that attend disarmament meetings today in Geneva, New York, Vienna and The Hague have not been through the United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament or similar programmes in their national education institutions. They instead “learn on the job” from seniors and peers and often struggle to maintain their motivation through ritualistic meetings. It is hard to tell if this is due to a specific

3 General Assembly Official Records: Tenth Special Session, Supplement No.4 (A/S-10/4), September 1978. 4 UNODA Fact Sheet, July 2020.

17 UNODA Occasional Papers, No. 37

At United Nations Headquarters, New York, Fellows draft a mock final document during a simulation exercise in October 2015 for a meeting on the Treaty on the Non- Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.

disarmament-related educational and motivational deficit or a more general relegation of disarmament issues to a secondary priority by Member States due to the absence of real negotiation opportunities. Another challenge facing disarmament education is the rapid pace of technological development. The threat spectrum has expanded beyond the neat categories of nuclear, biological, chemical and conventional weapons due to these developments. Who would have thought a decade ago that social media could be weaponized and that commercial mobile telephony could become a geopolitical issue? Different scientific fields are also converging, making it difficult even for experts with a background in biological, chemical or nuclear science to understand developments at the junction of two or more fields. Unlike the past, when technical expertise was readily available within governments, many of the emerging technologies in areas such as cybersecurity, gene drives, quantum computing

18 United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament at 40 and machine learning are dominated by the private sector. Too often, there is no choice but to fall back on “language fixes” or delaying tactics as capitals scramble to put together the necessary transdiscipline expertise, and delegates catch up on the underlying issues at stake by talking to those in the know. A third challenge is the lack of stable financial resources for education and capacity-building programmes, including the United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament. Capacity-building ends up being the orphan child for which no one wants to take responsibility and which becomes the first target of austerity when budgets come under pressure. Against this background, what could be the future direction for disarmament education in general and the Disarmament Fellowship Programme in particular? I offer the following three suggestions. First, in addition to the annual Disarmament Fellowship Programme, delegates attending disarmament meetings as part of their regular jobs should be offered microlearning opportunities in Geneva, New York, Vienna and The Hague. Education modules customized to fit ongoing discussions or negotiations should be developed in partnership with reputed centres of learning. In addition to content delivered by outside experts, these modules should deploy peer-to-peer learning by leveraging expertise available within delegations. Second, there should be a conscious effort to up the technology content in disarmament education. Transdiscipline learning should invariably be part of disarmament education programmes. Research institutions and companies developing emerging technologies of relevance to existing disarmament, arms control or international humanitarian law instruments could be partners in this exercise, for example, by hosting participants or by providing subject matter experts. Third, a conscious attempt should be made to turn the Disarmament Fellowship alumni into a force for promoting disarmament and international security. This is particularly

19 UNODA Occasional Papers, No. 37

Secretary-General António Guterres addresses the 2019 Disarmament Fellows at United Nations Headquarters in New York on 22 October 2019.

important as faith in multilateralism erodes and rapid powershifts change the political landscape. In practical terms, this would mean giving a regular voice to Disarmament Fellows. To begin with, a modern online platform could help the alumni stay in touch with the latest developments and share knowledge, experiences and views. A secure and anonymized polling system for seeking inputs could be built into such a platform; this would help, for example, the United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs check the global pulse on disarmament issues. Recently, I had the privilege of speaking to the 2019 cohort of Disarmament Fellows on the impact of new technologies on means and methods of warfare. Their enthusiasm and dedication to the subject of disarmament was heartwarming and the diversity of skills and backgrounds within the group reassuring. The programme was every bit as exciting as it was when we packed our bags in 1999. The Fellowship is truly a global public good. It deserves to be maintained and taken to the next level to keep pace with the scale and spread of technological change and the rapidly shifting international security scenario.

20 Memories of a United Nations Disarmament Fellow Rafael Mariano Grossi 1986 Disarmament Fellow (Argentina)

I was selected to join the United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament in 1986. I was a young third secretary who had joined Argentina’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs the previous year and was already working on disarmament issues. In those days, the programme lasted six months, from July until the end of the year. We were really fortunate.

It was a fantastic programme and incredibly comprehensive. The aim was to give us as full an understanding as possible of everything to do with disarmament in the broadest sense. The programme was structured around visits to the main disarmament and non-proliferation forums in Geneva, Vienna and the United Nations First Committee in New York. We visited the Soviet Union, representing the Warsaw Pact, West Germany, representing the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and Japan. We also went to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. In Geneva, the United Nations Conference on Disarmament was working on issues such as chemical weapons and what became the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. Participants from across the cold war divide in the Geneva

21 UNODA Occasional Papers, No. 37

talks were generous in sharing their knowledge with their youthful visitors. We had lectures from the Chairs of all the ad hoc committees—for example, on outer space and on negative security assurances. We gained a thorough understanding of the substantive issues and of the positions of the major players. We met the world’s leading seismic experts, some of whom ended up working for the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO). We came to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in Vienna just a few months after the Chernobyl accident, which had happened in April. It was a fascinating time. Member States had started sharing information about their nuclear power programmes more openly and were finalizing negotiations on two major new conventions—on early notification of nuclear accidents and on assistance in the case of a nuclear accident. I still remember my very positive first impressions of the Agency and of Vienna, which has since become my second home. I was especially impressed by IAEA Director General Hans Blix. Possibly the most memorable experiences were our visits to Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan, sites of the two devastating atomic bombings in August 1945. We were privileged to meet some hibakusha, as the survivors are known. I was one of the members of our group selected to lay a wreath at the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park. This was very moving. Fellows were required to write a paper. I did mine on nuclear verification. This was before the crises over the nuclear programmes of Iraq, the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and before the introduction of the Additional Protocol to the Comprehensive Safeguards Agreements that countries conclude with the IAEA. To those of us passionate about disarmament and non- proliferation, this period now seems like ancient history.

22 United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament at 40

We learned a lot as United Nations Disarmament Fellows, but the experience of travelling all over the world with a group of clever young people of the same age, and with similar interests, was also great fun. More fundamentally, I now realize

Disarmament Fellows visit the nuclear test site at Kurchatov, Kazakhstan, on 20 September 2019.

23 UNODA Occasional Papers, No. 37

it opened my mind and made me truly sensitive and attentive to cultural, religious and political differences and nuances. This is indispensable in the international field. Many of my year group have kept in touch over the years and many have taken on senior positions in their Governments. My country, Argentina, takes the Fellowship Programme very seriously. My wife Cinthia Echavarria was a Fellow 10 years after me and is currently working at CTBTO. The Head of Disarmament in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Gabriela Martinic, also participated in the programme. Mariela Fogante, another former Fellow from Argentina, has joined me as my Special Assistant at the IAEA. I have made a point of meeting current Fellows throughout my career, including when I was Chef de Cabinet at the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, Assistant Director General for Policy at the IAEA and, more recently, as Argentinian Ambassador to the IAEA and other international organisations in Vienna. I plan to continue to do so as IAEA Director General. Looking back after more than three decades, I am extremely grateful for the wonderful opportunities provided by the United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament. It was a great privilege to be selected. It gave me a thorough grounding in disarmament and non-proliferation that has served me well in 35 years of working in this fascinating field.

24 Bridging divides and building friendships Chris King 2007 Disarmament Fellow (Australia)

The United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament is, quite simply, one of the best initiatives undertaken by the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs or, indeed, the United Nations as a whole.

It is the rare beast that manages to combine an in-depth substantive educational experience, a gentle introduction to United Nations process and intergovernmental negotiation (albeit simulated), with a strong dose of cross-cultural awareness-raising. This heady cocktail produces the best of outcomes— the ability to appreciate the positions of others based on an understanding of background, context and history. Perhaps most importantly, the fellowship creates a network of peers, colleagues and even friends, all of whom have a shared experience that engenders life-long memories and connections. From Geneva to Vienna to The Hague to Beijing to Tokyo and Nagasaki and Hiroshima and finally New York, we travelled together, lived together, ate together and argued together. Across languages, religions, political persuasions and upbringings, we built habits of engagement and dialogue.

25 UNODA Occasional Papers, No. 37

Every crop of Disarmament Fellows undertakes its programme against the backdrop of the current international climate. In late 2007, the disarmament-related headlines were dominated by reliable replacement warheads, robust nuclear earth penetrators, the pending expiry of the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty and its verification mechanism, and concerns that the Islamic Republic of Iran’s alleged nuclear weapons programme could spark another conflict in the Middle East or even a “proliferation cascade”. There was no Obama and no Prague Statement. Secretary- General Ban Ki-moon was a year away from releasing his 5-point proposal on disarmament, and the Nobel Prize winning International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons was in its infancy. And yet I came away from the nearly three-month fellowship imbued with a strong sense of optimism that the world could be made a safer and more secure place. It was an optimism built on face-to-face encounters with experts and policymakers, the development of a sound understanding of the United Nations “disarmament machinery” and, above all, countless—countless—back-and-forth debates with my fellow Fellows. My optimism was not built on a utopian view that the world would disarm overnight but rather an understanding of the history and nuances of disarmament and non-proliferation, combined with a better appreciation of the positions and values of others. I suspect much of this fell into place on one night. I was sitting on an overpass in Nagasaki, eating ice cream with two other Fellows. We were discussing what we had witnessed on a day during which we had been privileged to meet some of the hibakusha—the survivors of the atomic bombings. The meeting took place in a nursing home for survivors and much of the day was taken up with fun activities, such as tea ceremonies and traditional dances. But there was, of course, a serious aspect to

26 United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament at 40 our visit. We sat and listened as the hibakusha—many of them bearing the keloid scars resulting from the events of 9 August 1945—described in excruciating and emotional detail their experiences: the physical pain they endured, the carnage they witnessed, the loved ones who were vaporized in seconds as their city was set on fire, and the tragic legacies of social ostracization and mental illness. They begged us, diplomats from around the world, to take urgent action to make sure such devastation was never visited again upon anyone, anywhere. The human face of nuclear war was a wake-up call. Sitting on that overpass, my colleagues and I agreed that this issue was bigger than us, bigger than single States and something that we had a responsibility to achieve. We might disagree on the methods, but we all agreed on the goal—a world free of nuclear weapons. It was our job to bridge those disagreements and reach that goal. Today’s international security environment makes 2007 look positively benign. As Secretary-General António Guterres has said, elements of the global arms control regime are collapsing. Relationships between nuclear-armed States are deteriorating. Norms thought inviolable, such as the non-use of chemical weapons, are eroding. Dialogue is largely absent and is marred by mistrust and fears of cheating. The hard-won gains of the past three decades are being discarded in favour of unrestrained strategic competition, at the expense of the collective security of the world’s peoples. We live in a world in which, as High Representative for Disarmament Affairs Izumi Nakamitsu has rightly noted, “the potential use of nuclear weapons, either intentionally, through accident or miscalculation, is higher than it has been since the darkest days of the cold war”. The divisions between Member States are on prominent display in the various multilateral disarmament forums. In the review cycle of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of

27 UNODA Occasional Papers, No. 37

Nuclear Weapons, yawning gulfs are appearing over issues that many have traditionally regarded as common ground. There are disputes between—and among—nuclear-weapon States and non-nuclear-weapon States. Regional proliferation challenges, the pace and scale of disarmament, compliance with commitments and obligations—these issues plague proceedings. Perhaps, worst of all, the appetite to negotiate in good faith appears to be withering. In today’s difficult context, initiatives such as the Fellowship are needed as much as ever. Opportunities for young people representing myriad Governments to learn together and engage in dialogue are vital to the pursuit of diplomatic and multilateral solutions that address the challenges posed by weapons of mass destruction, the proliferation of conventional weapons and the emergence of new means and methods of warfare.

Anti-improvised explosive device and demining techniques are demonstrated to Disarmament Fellows in 2015 at the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical-Explosive Ordnance Disposal Centre of Competence of the Swiss Armed Forces in Thun, Switzerland.

28 United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament at 40

The Disarmament Fellowship Programme is a cost- effective mechanism to build relationships and bridges between States on these issues and to forge habits of cooperation. Doing so among young diplomats is especially important because it provides a framework for career-long connections. I may not see my former Fellows on a day-to-day basis, but I know that if I do, our shared experience will always provide a platform for conversations. The Fellowship is an educational opportunity for all States, but especially developing States. The deliberations surrounding disarmament issues, be they in Geneva, Vienna or New York, are at once both technical and arcane. Many States simply do not have the capacity or resources to engage or even follow them. By providing access to experts in the field, facilitating visits to symbolic venues such as Hiroshima or Semipalatinsk, and placing Fellows in the heart of multilateral discussions such as those in the First Committee of the United Nations General Assembly, the Fellowship helps to build expertise and understanding.

Fellows leave flowers at the Hiroshima Victims Memorial Cenotaph in October 2015.

29 UNODA Occasional Papers, No. 37

Building the capacity of all States to engage in intergovernmental deliberations provides necessary new voices and views that not only enrich those dialogues, but also drive forward the very mission of the United Nations. The need for technically literate diplomats will never dissipate. In fact, it is likely to escalate in the coming years, because this field can no longer be neatly divided into “conventional weapons” and “weapons of mass destruction”. As warfare spreads into new domains of cyber and outer space, as revolutionarily technological advances such as artificial intelligence are militarized, and as scientific innovations such as synthetic biology lower the barriers to biological weapons, the Fellowship will become a forum in which representatives from all States can address the challenges posed by technology while seeking to maximize the benefits, including for international peace and security. The Fellowship today is increasingly progressive as the Office for Disarmament Affairs demands gender parity among participants. Equal engagement by men and women in deliberations on peace and security produces better results for everyone. Strengthening the role of women in disarmament and ensuring that disarmament discussions take the gendered impacts of weapons into account are effective and underutilized strategies to advance the goals in disarmament, non-proliferation and arms control. As High Representative Nakamitsu said during the First Committee in 2018, “Women remain chronically underrepresented at intergovernmental discussions and negotiations on disarmament. At any given international meeting of Governments on disarmament, only one in four delegates are women. Among heads of delegations, this figure is even worse.” By aiming for gender parity in its ranks, the Fellowship seeks to help rectify this disproportionality.

30 United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament at 40

Likewise, one of the animating principles of the Fellowship is to narrow the divides between States. To do so, it brings together nuclear-weapon States, regional competitors and non-nuclear-weapon States from all over the world. It places them in situations where they need to think beyond their own national positions or personal points of view. To a certain extent, this is achieved by listening to other perspectives and through scenario-based simulations that allow Fellows to “road test” another State’s national positions, gaining an insight into their more nuanced elements. However, much of it is also derived from what I have already called the “human face”. The Fellowship encourages its participants to see the problems posed by weapons as important for all of humanity, as an issue of collective security. Meeting the victims of weapons, including nuclear weapons and nuclear testing, is a key element in this respect. As I said at the beginning of this essay, the Disarmament Fellowship is one of the best initiatives undertaken by the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. It is a practical, forward-looking and inclusive mechanism that produces tangible results. I have had the privilege of interacting with many “batches” of Fellows in the years since my own, and I am always struck by the bonds between them. Disarmament, especially nuclear disarmament, is hard work. The Fellowship seeks to lessen that burden by creating the relationships and providing the in-depth knowledge that will produce common ground and common vision for a safer and more secure world.

31 In commemoration of the fortieth anniversary of the United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament Shorna-Kay Richards 2005 Disarmament Fellow (Jamaica)

There is no greater duty to be performed by the United Nations than the maintenance of international peace and security—two prerequisites to the attainment of sustainable development. Thanks to the United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament, I have been technically empowered and deeply inspired to carry out the work of my country, Jamaica, in advancing this noble duty. As a proud recipient of this Fellowship in 2005, I welcome the opportunity that the commemoration of the Programme’s fortieth anniversary provides to reflect on its impact on my career in the Jamaican Foreign Service.

Thirteen years ago, I travelled to Geneva to commence two months of intensive studies in the areas of disarmament, non-proliferation and arms control under the Fellowship Programme. On arrival in Geneva, I learned that the selection panel had initially been hesitant in granting me the fellowship, as Jamaica had a poor track record of assigning its participants

32 United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament at 40 to the United Nations, and in cases where this had been done, it was never to the Committee on Disarmament and International Security (First Committee). However, the two essays I submitted on small arms control and nuclear weapons in support of my application convinced the panel to accept me.

First promise: First Committee delegate This knowledge led to the first of two promises that I made during the programme, which would shape my career path towards disarmament. The first was to become a delegate to the First Committee. It took seven years to do so. In September 2012, when I was appointed to the post of Deputy Permanent Representative of Jamaica to the United Nations, in fulfillment of this promise, I immediately chose to cover the First Committee instead of the Budget Committee, which my predecessor had covered. As First Committee delegate from September 2012 to July 2016, I had ample opportunity to make good use of the knowledge and experiences gained as a Disarmament Fellow. In particular, I was able to participate actively in the negotiations of the Arms Trade Treaty, a major foreign policy objective for Jamaica and fellow States of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). I also served as First Committee Coordinator for CARICOM countries, ensuring that our region of Small Island Developing States (SIDS) participated actively in the Committee’s deliberations, not only in the general debate but also in the thematic debates on conventional weapons, nuclear weapons and regional disarmament and security. I am particularly proud of the fact that Jamaica had the opportunity to chair the Committee in 2014 during my tenure. Indeed, when the opportunity arose to elect the Committee’s Chair from among the Member States of the Latin American and Caribbean Group, I successfully lobbied our Permanent Representative, Ambassador Courtenay Rattray, and my capital for Jamaica to take on the chairmanship. In so doing,

33 UNODA Occasional Papers, No. 37

I highlighted the contribution that a small State, like Jamaica, could make in guiding the work of this important Committee. This was the second time that a CARICOM member State chaired the Committee. One of the highlights of Jamaica’s chairmanship was to successfully address the speaking arrangement for civil society participants, thereby ensuring that their invaluable contribution to the debate was made earlier in the Committee’s deliberations rather than at the end. This initiative was driven in part by my exposure, during the Fellowship Programme, to the constructive input of many non-governmental organizations to the work of various parts of the multilateral disarmament machinery. Furthermore, at the outset of my assignment in New York, it became quite clear that civil society played a critical role in supporting Member States’ efforts to advance the disarmament agenda. Working in collaboration with these important actors in the disarmament arena has been a hallmark of my career. During the Fellowship Programme, I was keenly interested in learning how to advance concerted international action to address the scourge of gun violence, a major foreign policy priority for Jamaica and its CARICOM partners. As a First Committee delegate, I was therefore pleased to have the opportunity to fully utilize the knowledge I acquired from the Fellowship Programme, especially during Jamaica’s chairmanship of the sixth Biennial Meeting of States to Consider Implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects in June 2016. A fulfilling moment for me personally during Jamaica’s chairmanship of the First Committee was to witness the 2014 Fellows receive their certificates from the Chairman, Ambassador Rattray. As I watched the proceedings, I was reminded of my promise and felt humbled by the opportunity to serve in this area.

34 United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament at 40

Second promise: Advocacy for a nuclear-weapon-free world A defining moment in my career was the study visit to the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, where I was exposed first-hand to a story of profound tragedy. My colleagues and I heard the heart-wrenching and courageous testimony of the A-bomb survivors (hibakusha), as well as received an important briefing on the work of Mayors for Peace Conference, including the revised Emergency Campaign to Ban Nuclear Weapons by 2020. This personal experience broadened our awareness and deepened our understanding of the hibakusha’s warning that no one else should ever suffer as they had. In the remarks that I delivered on behalf of my colleagues at the welcome reception in Hiroshima, I was very much aware that, on departing Japan, we would ponder many questions on how best to utilize what we gained from seeing with our own eyes the realities of the atomic bombing, as well as experiencing the memories, voices and prayers of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. I stated that, as representatives from 30 diverse countries—small and large, developed and developing, non- nuclear and nuclear—we would have different answers to this question. However, there was no doubt that we would all leave with the strong belief that the pursuit of mutual understanding, international cooperation and commitment to collective action are the essential ingredients for ensuring international peace and security. I therefore asked that we take with us the appeal of Hiroshima’s then-Mayor Tadatoshi Akiba to the 2004 Preparatory Committee for the 2005 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty): “Please let our venerable hibakusha go to their final rest comforted in the knowledge that world leaders are at last determined to take the steps necessary to welcome future generations into a nuclear- weapon-free world.”

35 UNODA Occasional Papers, No. 37

This appeal was the second promise I made during the Fellowship Programme, which also shaped my career in the field of disarmament. My assignment to the United Nations seven years later presented me with the opportunity to translate the hibakusha’s appeal into action. As a First Committee delegate, I actively represented my country in deliberations on the important question of nuclear disarmament in the First Committee, as well as at the United Nations Disarmament Commission, the 2015 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Review Conference and the Open-ended Working Group (OEWG) taking forward multilateral nuclear disarmament negotiations. In early 2013, mindful of my country’s strong support for a nuclear-weapon-free world and bearing in mind my promise to the hibakusha, I became actively involved with the emerging initiative on the humanitarian consequences of nuclear weapons. My engagement with this initiative was underpinned by the advocacy work of the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN), in particular its Latin American and Caribbean Arm, as well as the visionary leadership of Member States such as Mexico and Austria. In fact, Jamaica was one of the first countries to host, in collaboration with ICAN, a regional round-table discussion on the question of how to address the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of nuclear weapons, including by means of a treaty banning nuclear weapons. This round table, convened in Montego Bay, Jamaica, in August 2014, served to prepare the CARICOM region to contribute actively towards advancing the humanitarian initiative on nuclear weapons. In May 2016, the second session of the OEWG brought me to back to Geneva for the first time since my visit there to commence the Disarmament Fellowship Programme. The occasion, this time, was to represent my country in the very crucial deliberations to determine concrete effective legal measures, legal provisions and norms that would need to be concluded to attain and maintain a world without nuclear weapons.

36 United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament at 40

As a “one-woman” delegation, I participated whole- heartedly in the deliberations, ensuring that the position of SIDS was robustly represented and that the voice of women was heard in these discussions. I did so mindful of my country’s keen interest in advancing the goal of general and complete disarmament in the pursuit of international peace, security and development and the strong political and moral leadership of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC), firmly rooted in the Treaty of Tlateloco. Against the background of a renewed focus on and deeper understanding of the humanitarian consequences of nuclear weapons and their associated risks, we were determined to live up to our responsibility and take forward multilateral nuclear disarmament. As I said in one of my statements, “we too have fears—fear for our security, fear for our survival. Indeed, we fear that the ‘grand bargain’, which enabled the coming into being of the [Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty], which is not being implemented in both letter and spirit, as well as the backtracking on commitments freely undertaken, keeps us on the brink of massive nuclear violence and threatens the very survival of humanity.” During those deliberations, I remained keenly conscious of the commitment I made as a Disarmament Fellow to use the knowledge and skills with which I had been equipped to contribute to advancing the multilateral disarmament process. In my final statement to the OEWG, mindful that my tourof duty in New York would end shortly, I therefore sought the Chairman’s approval to deviate somewhat from the script in my national statement to reflect on and highlight the importance of disarmament and non-proliferation education, and in particular the Disarmament Fellowship Programme. I had come full circle. The robust participation of CELAC member States, including Jamaica, along with other like-minded States, led to the decision by the OEWG to recommend the convening, by the General Assembly, of a conference in 2017, to negotiate a legally binding instrument to prohibit nuclear weapons, leading

37 UNODA Occasional Papers, No. 37

towards their total elimination. The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons was adopted on 7 July 2017. This was undoubtedly a major historic milestone in global efforts on disarmament. Since leaving New York, I have participated in several disarmament-related panels, including at the International Seminar on the Question of Nuclear Weapons to commemorate the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Treaty of Tlateloco in Mexico in February 2017 and at the High-level Panel for the “Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty: Science and Technology 2017 Conference” in Austria in June 2017. I was particularly honoured to be a guest speaker at the Summer School on Nuclear Disarmament and Non-Proliferation in Mexico in July 2016.

Gender and disarmament Participation in the Fellowship Programme exposed me very early on to the important issue of gender and disarmament and informed my work in this area. In fact, as part of the United Nations Secretariat’s gender-mainstreaming efforts, the guidelines for the award of the Disarmament Fellowship encourage the nomination of female candidates. I believe that the Fellowship Programme’s emphasis on ensuring female participation has been and remains a useful tool in addressing the under-representation of women in delegations and panels, in a very practical way. Undoubtedly, training and capacity-building are essential to building a critical mass of women working in the fields of disarmament, non-proliferation and arms control. This critical mass is needed to bring gender diversity both to negotiations and to the elaboration of relevant disarmament instruments, as well as to exert influence in prioritizing conflict prevention and the promotion of a culture of peace. The efforts of the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs and the tireless work of civil society groups in promoting gender and disarmament are commendable.

38 United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament at 40

A Disarmament Fellow is seen during a 2014 visit to the Infrasound and Seismic Test- Bed and Training Facility at the headquarters of the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization in Vienna.

For my part, as a First Committee delegate, I was encouraged by the increasingly active participation of female delegates. We contributed significantly to driving change in the disarmament arena, in part by changing the narrative and demanding a more equitable, peaceful and nuclear-weapon-free world. I was happy to work alongside many of these women, including Maritza Chan from Costa Rica, Charlene Roopnarine from Trinidad and Tobago, Soledad Urruela from Guatemala and Dell Higgie from New Zealand, as well as Ray Acheson from Reaching Critical Will and Anna MacDonald from Control Arms. My advice to current and prospective female Fellows, in particular, is to make good use of this opportunity and exert every effort to use your agency and your voice to create an alternative view to the State-centric and male-dominated perspective of security issues in your environment. This will be the legacy and key contribution of your training.

39 UNODA Occasional Papers, No. 37

Final reflections The knowledge and skills I acquired as a Disarmament Fellow were underpinned by a much broader, more sophisticated and universal vision of world affairs, thanks to the truly multinational and multicultural learning environment of the programme. In my year, as 30 participants from different countries and of different genders, we learned about each other’s perceptions of security concerns and national approaches to solving critical problems. The friendships we made and the cooperative network created remain key ingredients in fostering an environment in which disarmament truly becomes the art of the possible. In this regard, I wish to highlight the friendship developed with Sewar Masa’deh of Jordan, whom I visited in her country in 2010. On that occasion, I was also able to visit Egypt, Israel and the Syrian Arab Republic, which provided a deeper understanding of the security challenges in the Middle East. The Fellowship Programme has been successful in its execution over the past 40 years owing, in no small measure, to its very capable and hardworking operational team. I therefore use this opportunity to pay tribute to the Coordinator of the 2005 Programme, Jerzy Zaleski, who is not only a person of great technical competence but is also deeply committed to the cause of disarmament and non-proliferation. Indeed, he challenged us to think and act creatively in searching for new and imaginative ways of dealing with global challenges. Finally, I wish to underscore the enduring value of the United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament and urge the continued support of United Nations Member States. In so doing, I must recall the words of then Under-Secretary- General for Disarmament Affairs, Nobuyasu Abe, that, “though much of the United Nations disarmament machinery continues to struggle for consensus on certain difficult issues, it is unfortunately easy to forget the parts of this machinery that are

40 United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament at 40 not only working quite well but are also gaining recognition from Member States for their achievement”. Disarmament education matters. Forty years on, the transformative United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament is indisputably leading the way. Let’s scale up our collective global support.

41 The Fellowship of 1980 and my encounter with the Salle du Conseil of the Palais des Nations in Geneva Tibor Tóth 1980 Disarmament Fellow (Hungary)

It was back in 1980 when, as a young diplomat from Hungary, I was enrolled in the second year of the United Nations Disarmament Fellowship Programme.

Today, 40 years later, it seems pertinent to reflect on what I learned then and there. It might be equally relevant to identify the insights that I acquired much later, but which I still owe, directly or indirectly, to the Fellowship. Beyond the in-depth knowledge on disarmament and practical experience of how the Geneva, New York and Vienna disarmament machinery functioned, the benefit I am most grateful for surprisingly boils down to one particular aspect: enabling me to cross the threshold of the Conference of Disarmament meeting room in the Palais des Nations in Geneva. That room, the Salle du Conseil, captivated me permanently, and—figuratively speaking—I have never exited it. In the more literal sense, within two years after my Fellowship, I came back to that room when I was posted in the Permanent Mission of Hungary to the United Nations, covering

42 United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament at 40 the Conference on Disarmament, in addition to specialized organizations. Later, I returned to that room as Ambassador in 1990 and in 2002, respectively. But perhaps more importantly, my 1980 encounter with that room defined more than anything else how I look upon not just disarmament—or what I would more broadly call cooperative security—but also, more generally, security and socioeconomic developments. There are three lasting insights that I owe to the Salle du Conseil and, through it, to the Fellowship Programme.

1. Continuum Whether we acknowledge it or not, cooperative security has historically been overwhelmingly driven by competitive (coercive) security. Disarmament and cooperative security have simply been “day after” appendixes to cataclysms, near-miss catastrophes and other competitive security failures. At the same time, the course of competitive security—past, present and future—can only be understood in a non-compartmentalized manner, without being shoehorned into periods defined by fragmented events in history. The arc of competitive security is long, its continuum bending back far beyond recent years or decades. For our class of Disarmament Fellows, the defining reference points started with the Limited Test Ban Treaty of 1963 and continued with the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty of 1968, the Biological Weapons Convention of 1972 and, in 1978, the first special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament. None of these were more than one or two decades behind us. It was only through deep immersion in disarmament history that we referred back to the first resolution of the General Assembly in 1946, on the elimination of atomic and other weapons of mass destruction, or to the 1925 Geneva Protocol prohibiting the use of chemical and biological weapons. Once I entered the Salle du Conseil and became

43 UNODA Occasional Papers, No. 37

immersed in its past, my perspectives were inadvertently altered by the spirit of the place. At first, its name, “Salle du Conseil”, did not mean much to me. Then I learned from the archives that the name dated to the period of the United Nations’ forerunner, the League of Nations. I realized that it used to be the meeting room for the League’s Council, the supreme body of a bygone organization— if not a forgotten one—and the equivalent of today’s United Nations Security Council. I had the sensation of opening and peeping beyond a curtain that had been firmly brought down a few decades earlier. The Salle du Conseil was decorated in the mid-1930s by the magnificent murals of the Spanish artist, José Maria Sert. His other defining masterpieces can be found in the Rockefeller Center in New York and the Cathedral of Vic in Spain.

A view of the Salle du Conseil during the Conference on Disarmament session on 22 January 2013. (UN Photo/Jean-Marc Ferré)

44 United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament at 40

With the Salle du Conseil murals, Sert himself opened another set of curtains for those sitting in that room. Those murals carry striking allegories of choices humankind has been facing for centuries. Humanity’s technological and social progress—its historical advance in overcoming diseases, slavery and injustice—are artistically referenced as sources of hope for making the ultimate choice between war versus its overthrow. The ceiling provides a symbolic hub for all the surrounding allegories, with its imposing imagery invoking cooperation between all nations from the five corners of the world. The artwork evokes Francisco de Vitoria and other legal scholars at the School of Salamanca in Spain who, as early as the 1520s, were advancing the first notions of “just wars” and the “rights of nations”. The murals serve as a sombre reminder that voices of the appropriate choice have reverberated for centuries but been systematically ignored. It was overwhelming sitting in that room five decades after Sert and half a millennium after Francisco de Vitoria, surrounded by all those allegories of hope that humanity would make the right choice, despite knowing that the wrong option had been chosen again and again all along that continuum. It was chosen in the 1930s by those who opted for the folly of war and aggression, abandoning the Council and the aspirations of the League of Nations. It also was chosen in the 1900s and 1910s, when unbridled security competition at the expense of cooperation spiraled out of control, leading to the war that later had to be referenced as the “war to end all wars” because of its unjustifiable waste of human lives and material wealth. Butit did not end them. To the contrary, it morphed into the “thirty- years-war of the twentieth century”, by the phrase of Winston Churchill and Charles de Gaulle. And one could follow that dark continuum of competitive security backward another 500 years, and far beyond. In the summer of 1980, while I spent long sessions observing the diplomats of the day surrounded by those

45 UNODA Occasional Papers, No. 37

allegories evoking centuries of conflicting choices, I was wondering whether the continuum of unchecked competition would again run out of control one day in the future. Things looked virtually timeless to me since, by that moment, I had come across photos of diplomats of late 1930s surrounded by the Salle du Conseil’s familiar backdrop of murals, furniture and arrangements in the flagship space of cooperative security of that time. “This time” and “that time” looked indistinguishable. Remember that we were in the midst of the SS-20 and Pershing II missile controversy back then. Even so, I could not predict what the coming years held for us—and they held a lot. The year 1983 alone witnessed the initiation of the United States Strategic Defense Initiative, the shoot-down of Korean Air Lines 007 in Soviet airspace, a near-fatal false alarm of the Soviet missile early warning system and the suspension of talks on what would become the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty. Then, in November 1983, when the Able Archer exercise simulated the highest United States readiness level, DEFCON 1, the Soviet leadership misinterpreted it—with all the potential devastating consequences—as the United States nuclear assets actually being alerted to that level. Even in the worst days of the Cuban missile crisis, “only” DEFCON 2 had been put in place. For politicians on both sides, that event was the scariest near- miss of a nuclear conflict since 1962.

2. Cycles: booms and busts of competitive security Able Archer, as the closest of “close calls” that threatened our collective suicide in the early 1980s, finally led to the age-old “day after” ritual of soul-searching by political leaders on both sides. It had burst an overblown competitive security bubble with tangible prospects of global mayhem, frightening leaders sufficiently that they would turn towards cooperative security from the mid-1980s onwards. And turn they did. That crash ushered us into a period when even the most far-reaching regulatory proposals,

46 United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament at 40 unimaginable not just by 1980s’ standards, but by any reference point in nuclear power discussions, were suddenly not off the table. It started in 1985 in Geneva, where Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev jointly declared that “a nuclear war cannot be won and must never be fought”. The year after, in Reykjavik, the two leaders nearly agreed on the total elimination of strategic offensive arms. In the next 10 years, around two dozen cooperative security arrangements were put in place—bilateral and multilateral, disarmament, arms control, non-proliferation and confidence-building—more than in the previous 30 years combined. Plus, the cold war was brought to a peaceful end—a geopolitical and socioeconomic transformation of a magnitude that historically happened only in the wake of major wars. For me the change of heart was even more palpable since, between 1982 and 1986, we in the Conference on Disarmament were engaged in daily, seemingly fruitless negotiations on the prohibition of chemical weapons. And then suddenly, the doors of cooperative security flung open. The next 10 years gave me a once-in-a-lifetime chance to add my own personal imprint to some of the cooperative security measures put in place: • Initiating that national sub-ceilings were added to coalition ceilings in the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe • Initiating the Treaty on Open Skies negotiations as a Canada-Hungary joint initiative, co-hosting them in Budapest with Hungary later assuming the role of the co-depositary of the treaty • Putting in place enhanced confidence-building measures with Romania and Slovakia going beyond the Stockholm and Vienna agreements • As a chief negotiator, putting in place the Chemical Weapons Convention’s provisions on the Executive Council of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons and enabling its entry into force through Hungary’s triggering ratification

47 UNODA Occasional Papers, No. 37

• Assisting the launch of the Preparatory Commission of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization and serving from 1996 to 2004 as the chair responsible for budgetary, programmatic and regulatory issues • Initiating a unilateral legal prohibition of landmines by Hungary, the second of its kind in the world • Chairing, between 1991 and 2003, diplomatic conferences on the Biological Weapons Convention and the negotiations on its implementation protocol. During what I perceived through my professional experience as a golden decade of cooperative security, I was mystified in 1998 and 1999 to see the blows delivered tothe Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty by a series of nuclear- weapon tests in South Asia and by the fiasco in a key capital trying to ratify the Treaty. And two years later, in 2001, I could

At the headquarters of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons in The Hague, Netherlands, in August 2019, Disarmament Fellows pose with equipment used during on-site inspections.

48 United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament at 40 not cogently account for the rejection of the draft Biological Weapons Convention implementation protocol. Based on the trend I had witnessed since the mid-1980s, I projected in the late 1990s and early 2000s that there would be a swift return from those deviations to the business-as-usual trend: a continued bear market for competitive security with a steady flow of cooperative security regulations to further solidify regional and global stability. Naturally, once I was elected Executive Secretary of the Preparatory Commission of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization in 2004, I was even more interested in figuring out when the “normal” trend to which I had become accustomed would resume. And it did not resume until 2009. Only then, with the Barack Obama administration, did I think we were moving back towards normal. Yes, we were, in terms of aspirations and with some key regulatory elements like the Treaty on Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (New START Treaty) being put in place. But notwithstanding all the expectations and all the efforts of the Obama administration, as an overall trend, competitive security continued its upward march. In 2009, coinciding with the Great Recession, Carmen Reinhart and Kenneth Rogoff published a defining book called This Time is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial .Folly It describes how succeeding generations have for centuries been creating—through recurring cycles—financial bubbles again and again with disastrous consequences, all while ignoring previous lessons learned. I thought: what if I applied the idea of boom and bust cycles to describe the continuum of competitive security? And I did. In a paper,1 I conceptualized security

1 Tibor Tóth, “Conflict, cooperation, and the Comprehensive Nuclear- Test Ban Treaty: financial markets as a metaphor for cycles in global security”, The Nonproliferation Review, volume 23, 2016, issue 3-4: Twenty years of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty.

49 UNODA Occasional Papers, No. 37

through market trends, and—in the absence of proprietary security terminology—I borrowed the terminology of market trends as well. For the first time in my professional career, I connected the dots between cooperative security arrangements of the last half a century and realized I should group them, producing one cluster from 1963 to the mid-1970s and another from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s. Next, I tried to figure out why those measures and clusters emerged when they did. The clue came from the Cuban Missile Crisis and from the “never again under our watch” sentiment that John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev shared literally the day after the most fateful moments of the October 1962 standoff. It was more complicated to find the trigger for the second cluster until I came across literature describing the impact that the Able Archer incident had on the American and the Soviet sides, and especially on President Reagan. Clearly, it was another “it should not and will not happen again” departure point. At that point, I understood that a disarmament-centric approach would not enable me to conceptualize the security cycles. Looking instead through the competitive security prism, I saw how overinvestment in competitive security led again and again to the equivalents of a financial crash: to major wars or—fortunately, in the last half a century—“just” to near-miss nuclear catastrophes. But once I identified the cycles as being driven by competitive security and by unregulated overinvestment in competitive security, I could clearly see the role of cooperative security. The same belated, bad-conscience soul-searching that happened after the Great Recession—and after each and

50 United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament at 40 every other financial-economic crash—is applicable to security crashes as well. Decision-makers who are responsible for letting developments run out of their control pledge, after a crash, that “it will not happen again, not under our watch”. Suddenly, they embrace all the counter-cyclical regulatory measures that had been ridiculed and dismissed earlier. But as soon as their codification and implementation start, they are already being diluted and pushed back, and the arguments for the unregulated market forces of competition start to prevail again. This is how cooperative security measures are born and this is how they die. Yes, cooperative security measures do die. The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty died. As it stands now, the New START Treaty will die out of neglect. The Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe died. The Treaty on Open Skies died. The Biological Weapons Convention implementation protocol was dead on delivery. The Chemical Weapons Convention is bleeding from 100 cuts. The knives are out for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. All these cooperative security arrangements died because overinvestment in competitive security killed them. It feels painful and it looks surreal. It is painful as it would be for architects watching their flagship buildings, providing shelter to people and nations, being methodically blown up one by one. The structures embody the legacy that we and all other architects and builders intended to leave behind for the next generations, so we could look into their eyes and say, “We started without much at our disposal, but we created a shelter in case you need one.” But future generations now will have to start all over again, since we are leaving behind much less for them. It is surreal because, in essence, the competitive security guardians are throwing away the few fire extinguishers they still have at their disposal while the fire is threatening to overwhelm everything.

51 UNODA Occasional Papers, No. 37

By now I understand that the choice of “war versus its overthrow” posed by Sert in the Salle du Conseil is not a once-and-for-all solution. Rather, the choice is coming back to haunt and daunt people and nations in cycles that recur every two or three generations, as in the case of his other allegories: overcoming diseases, slavery and injustice, as well as technological and social progress. And always, in the case that belated choice is correct, it rights the wrong only temporarily, until the cycle starts again.

3. “This Time is Different”? A financial crash can be tragic. It takes half a decade for the market to recover and much longer for ordinary people, if they recuperate at all. But do political, military, scientific, legislative, media and other decision-makers and influencers really believe they can defy the gravity of out-of-control competitive security? Do they think the same forces of competitive security that have spiraled out control each and every two to three generations will behave differently for them, just because their decision-makers declare that “this time is different”? From today’s perspective, I still wonder whether the diplomats of the late 1930s, sitting in the same Salle du Conseil where today’s diplomats are idle, believed then and there that “this time is different” from the early 1910s. But what really bothers me is another question: what was the thinking of those who were not in that room anymore, or who were on their way out? Why did those countries that bet on coercion over cooperation, betraying what the League of Nations embodied, not comprehend in 1933, 1937 or 1939 where they were dragging their nations and people? Why did it take until the “day after” for them to see the writing on the wall—or on the murals of the Salle du Conseil—about the appropriate choice between coercion and cooperation? The three insights I described here should not dictate surrender to recurring patterns of security. Acknowledging their

52 United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament at 40 truth should not be looked upon as more deterministic than acknowledging that summer is followed by autumn and autumn by winter. With timely arrangements and precautions, we can weather even the harshest conditions of the coldest season. But for that, we have to pledge collective awareness, dedication and perseverance. As for the “Continuum”, we have to pledge to continue bending the arc of security towards a more balanced mix between cooperative and competitive security, where longer and longer periods of stability keep at bay the dark, coercive security instincts of people and nations. As for the “Cycles”, we have to pledge that, even as competitive security forces throw away regulatory checks and balances as part of the present cycle, we will not give up or surrender. After all the setbacks, we will get up again and start all over, putting in place counter-cyclical regulations to create the trust sufficit that will enable us to be resilient and avoid the worst if and when the next crash comes. As for “This Time is Different”, we—not just decision- makers, but all of us—have to understand that betting on unbridled competition at the expense of cooperation has repeatedly led to disastrous consequences and will not lead to a different outcome here, now or for us. This time is different only if we make it different.

53 Appendix

United Nations Disarmament Fellows listed by year

1979 (19 Fellows) 1980 (20 Fellows)

Mr. Radoslav DEYANOV (Bulgaria) Mr. Erick Rivera CLAUSSEN (Bolivia) Mr. Fombo Peter TEBA (Cameroon) Mr. THAUNG HTUN (Burma) Mr. Pedro Nunez MOSQUERA (Cuba) Mr. Humberto Rivero ROSARIO (Cuba) Mr. Mohamed Naqui EL GHATRIFI (Egypt) Mr. Vladimir KUSTEK (Czechoslovakia) Mr. Fesseha YOHANNES (Ethiopia) Mr. Hussein Saleh FADHLI (Democratic Republic of Mr. Mercourios CARAFOTIAS (Greece) Yemen) Mr. Shyam SARAN (India) Ms. Wafaa Ashraf Moharram BASSIM (Egypt) Mr. Indra Malela DAMANIK (Indonesia) Mr. Tibor TÓTH (Hungary) Mr. David DANIELI (Israel) Mr. MacPetrie HANJAHANJA (Malawi) Ms. Jennifer Elaine SHARPE (Jamaica) Mr. Lakhouit ABDELHAMID (Morocco) Mr. George MUNIU (Kenya) Mr. Pushkar Man Singh RAJBHANDARI (Nepal) Mr. Isaac Ivbodaghe AYEWAH (Nigeria) Mr. Thomas AGUIJI-IRONSI (Nigeria) Mr. Jerzy ZALESKI (Poland) Mr. Mohammed Ali Thani AL-KHASSIBY (Oman) Mr. Nicolae DINU-IONITA (Romania) Mr. Abdul Moiz BOKHARI (Pakistan) Mr. Sami GLAIEL (Syrian Arab Republic) Mr. Vicente Rojas ESCALANTE (Peru) Mr. Cem BASMAN (Turkey) Mr. Rex ROBLES (Philippines) Mr. Pham NGAC (Viet Nam) Ms. Dhiradhamrong SRISARAN (Thailand) Ms. Guillermina DA SILVA SERPA (Venezuela) Mr. Ecvet TEZCAN (Turkey) Mr. Ivan MRKIC (Yugoslavia) Mr. Musinga T. BANDORA (United Republic of Tanzania) Mr. Slobodan TASOVSKI (Yugoslavia) Mr. Luaba BULA (Zaire)

54 United Nations Disarmament Fellows listed by yea

1981 (20 Fellows) 1982 (20 Fellows)

Mr. Jorge Alejandro MASTROPIETRO (Argentina) Mr. Abd-El-Naceur BELAID (Algeria) Mr. Ahmed AKHTARUZZAMAN (Bangladesh) Mr. Vitia Dimitrov BOZHKOV (Bulgaria) Mr. Bu XIAO-DI (China) Mr. Chang-he LI (China) Ms. Ana Catalina DEL LLANO RESTREPO (Colombia) Mrs. Fatma Hussein AWAD-ALLAH (Egypt) Mr. Alphonse NKOUKA (Congo) Mr. Michael GERDTS (Federal Republic of Germany) Ms. Susana GUERRA (Ecuador) Mr. Kevin DOWLING (Ireland) Mr. Mesfin MEKONNEN (Ethiopia) Ms. Hussain RAJMAH (Malaysia) Mr. Andreas BRIE (German Democratic Republic) Mr. Biodun OWOSENI (Nigeria) Mr. Henry HANSON-HALL (Ghana) Mr. Angel E. RIERA (Panama) Mr. Athanassios DENDOULIS (Greece) Mr. Cesar Castillom RAMIREZ (Peru) Mr. Jagdish Chandra SHARMA (India) Mr. Julio C. DERY (Philippines) Mr. Awang BAHRIN (Indonesia) Mr. Brendon BROWNE (Saint Vincent and the Mr. Esther-Efrat SMILG (Israel) Grenadines) Mr. François A.R. MCGILCHRIST (Jamaica) Mr. Francis Obai KABIA (Sierra Leone) Mr. John M. KIBOI (Kenya) Mr. H.M.G.S. PALIHAKKARA (Sri Lanka) Mr. Gebran SOUFAN (Lebanon) Mr. Ercan OZER (Turkey) Mr. Gibreel Souleiman MANSOURY (Libyan Arab Mr. Igor M. KHVOROSTIANY (Ukrainian Soviet Jamahiriya) Socialist Republic) Mr. Tache PANAIT (Romania) Mr. Jesus Alberto Zarraga REYES (Venezuela) Mr. Mohi Eldin Ibrahim ABDELRAHMAN (Sudan) Mr. Dinh Truc PHAN (Viet Nam) Mr. Mohammad Said BOUNNI (Syrian Arab Republic) Ms. Mira STJEPANOVIC (Yugoslavia) Mr. Humphrey Bwalya KUNDA (Zambia)

55 UNODA Occasional Papers, No. 37

1983 (25 Fellows) 1984 (25 Fellows)

Mr. Gabriel Eduardo PARINI (Argentina) Mr. Hassane RABEHI (Algeria) Ms. Jill Bernadine COURTNEY (Australia) Mr. Rafiqul BARI (Bangladesh) Mr. Mauricio ETIENNE-SOLARES (Bolivia) Mr. Marc DEBUNNE (Belgium) Mr. Aziz-Philippe GOUNDJI (Central African Republic) Mr. George DIMITROV (Bulgaria) Mr. Francisco Fernandez PEÑA (Cuba) Mr. Nkwelle EKANEY (Cameroon) Mr. Negash KEBRET (Ethiopia) Mr. Pedro OYARCE (Chile) Ms. Christel NYMAN (Finland) Mr. Yen ZHANG (China) Mr. Lutz MULLER (German Democratic Republic) Mr. Hussein Saeed AL-ALFI (Democratic Republic Mr. Zed Kofi GRANT-ESSILFIE (Ghana) of Yemen) Mr. THEIN TUN (Burma) Ms. Miriam S. MANTILLA-LARREA (Ecuador) Mr. Jayant PRASAD (India) Mr. Abderahman Salah-El-Din ABDERAHMAN (Egypt) Mr. Iwan WIRANATAATMADJA (Indonesia) Mr. Jurgen MOPERT (German Democratic Republic) Mr. Usana B. MAHMOUD (Iraq) Ms. Bhaswati MUKHERJEE (India) Mr. Kouadio ADJOUMANI (Côte d’Ivoire) Mr. Farhad Morid Moshtagh SEFAT (Islamic Republic Mr. Ayman AAMIRY (Jordan) of Iran) Ms. Juliette Farah RAZAFIARISOA (Madagascar) Mr. Edwin F. SELE (Liberia) Ms. Monica ORTIZ-TABOADA (Mexico) Ms. Rosalva Andrea RUIZ-PANIAGUA (Mexico) Mr. Miroslaw B. MIERNIK (Poland) Mr. Mostapha JEBARI (Morocco) Mr. Julian SEVILLA-SUAREZ (Spain) Mr. Nigel Donald FYFE (New Zealand) Mr. Najeib Elkheir ABDELWAHAB (Sudan) Mr. Heli PELAEZ (Peru) Mr. Mohammad Najdat SHAHEED (Syrian Arab Mr. Mamadou Moustapha DRAME (Senegal) Republic) Mr. Prasad KARIYAWASAM (Sri Lanka) Mr. Ridha BOUABID (Tunisia) Ms. Rangsiya DEVAKUL (Thailand) Mr. Idule AMOKO (Uganda) Mr. Bernard ODOCH-JATO (Uganda) Mr. Sultan Ali AZAZY (Yemen Arab Republic) Mr. Felix K. MWIJARUBI (United Republic of Mr. Lazarus KAPAMBWE (Zambia) Tanzania) Mr. Herbert L. CALHOUN (United States of America) Mr. Vladimir Gueorguievich BARANOVSKY (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)

56 United Nations Disarmament Fellows listed by yea

1985 (23 Fellows) 1986 (20 Fellows)

Mr. Ebrahim Mohammad NENGRAHARY Mr. Mohamed TEFIANI (Algeria) (Afghanistan) Mr. Rafael Mariano GROSSI (Argentina) Mr. Ruben Pablo GUEVARA (Argentina) Mr. Zacharie Richard AKPLOGAN (Benin) Mr. Wolfgang SCHNEIDER (Austria) Mr. Tarcisio Lima Ferreira Fernandes COSTA (Brazil) Mr. Hubert DEGUENON (Benin) Mr. Weidong ZHANG (China) Ms. Rosemarie Crespo VAZQUEZ (Bolivia) Mr. Eduardo Martinez BORBONET (Cuba) Mr. YE MYINT (Burma) Ms. Iman Moustafa Abdou AHMED (Egypt) Mr. Petr KUBES (Czechoslovakia) Ms. Agnès MARCAILLOU (France) Mr. A. Carsten DAMSGAARD (Denmark) Mr. Kojo YEBOAH-ASUAMAH (Ghana) Ms. Francia Margarita SENCION-RAMIREZ (Dominican Mr. Lajos BOZI (Hungary) Republic) Mr. Fouad Khalil ATIEH (Jordan) Mr. Janos JELEN (Hungary) Mr. Reuben Ambeyi LIGABO (Kenya) Mr. Arizal EFFENDI (Indonesia) Mr. Linthong PHETSAVAN (Lao People’s Democratic Mr. Daniel Koikai MEPUKORI (Kenya) Republic) Mr. Claude Sama TOUNKARA (Mali) Ms. Deborah JACKSON (New Zealand) Mr. Mohammed Yeslem MOKTAR (Mauritania) Mrs. Seema NAQVI (Pakistan) Ms. Andrea Garcia GUERRA (Mexico) Mr. Krzysztof JAKUBOWSKI (Poland) Mr. José Maria MORAIS (Mozambique) Mr. Jean-Marie Vianney GATERA (Rwanda) Mr. Hira THAPA (Nepal) Ms. Kzhenuka Dhireni DE SILVA (Sri Lanka) Mr. Akatu A. ELLA (Nigeria) Mr. Abou YACOUBOU (Togo) Mr. Abdi Artan ADAN (Somalia) Mrs. Liberata N. R. MULAMULA (United Republic of Mr. Abdelmahmoud A. MOHAMED (Sudan) Tanzania) Mr. Henry Picho OKELLO (Uganda) Mr. Jonathan NOAKES (United Kingdom) Mr. Gift PUNUNGWE (Zimbabwe)

57 UNODA Occasional Papers, No. 37

1987 (20 Fellows) 1988 (25 Fellows)

Ms. Corinne D. TOMKINSON (Australia) Mr. Martin Gomez BUSTILLO (Argentina) Mr. Jorge Carrion VALLEJOS (Bolivia) Mr. Hermann LOIDOLT (Austria) Mr. Gérard SABUSHIMIKE (Burundi) Ms. Marcia Donner ABREU (Brazil) Mrs. Cornelia MANN (German Democratic Republic) Mr. Krassimir I. STANKOV (Bulgaria) Mr. Virendra GUPTA (India) Mr. THANT KYAW (Burma) Mr. Behrooz MORADI (Islamic Republic of Iran) Mr. Shan HUA (China) Mr. Oumar DAOU (Mali) Mr. Stefan FULE (Czechoslovakia) Mr. Henk J. VOSKAMP (Netherlands) Mr. Khaled W. SARWAT (Egypt) Ms. Maria 0. LAOSE (Nigeria) Mr. Stefan SCHNEIDER (Federal Republic of Mr. Dario E. CHIRU (Panama) Germany) Mr. Virgilio A. REYES (Philippines) Mr. Mohamed M. Ould EL GHAOUTH (Mauritania) Mr. Adil A. K. SHARFI (Sudan) Mr. James J. HENNESSY (Ireland) Mr. Komlan AGBODJI (Togo) Mrs. Rosemary W. NDEGWA (Kenya) Mr. Ali Ben MALEK (Tunisia) Mr. Rida M. EL FASSI (Morocco) Mr. Alexander G. TSVETKOV (Ukrainian Soviet Mr. Simoes K. SITHOLA (Mozambique) Socialist Republic) Mr. Yug Nath Sharma PAUDEL (Nepal) Mr. Wilmer A. Mendez GRATEROL (Venezuela) Mr. Ali ILLIASSOU (Niger) Mr. Le Luong MINH (Viet Nam) Mr. M. A. Mateen KHAN (Pakistan) Mr. Ognjen HUMO (Yugoslavia) Mr. Manuel E. Loyola SOTIL (Peru) Mr. Muyambo SIPANGULE (Zambia) Mr. Witold KARP (Poland) Mr. Thompson NHENGU (Zimbabwe) Mr. Cesar COLY (Senegal) Ms. Pamela JAYASEKERA (Sri Lanka) Ms. Dusadee SANGUANSOOK (Thailand) Mr. Edward Kamurasi KAPIRIISA (Uganda) Mr. Carlos PESTANA (Venezuela) Mr. Ali Al GHAFFARI (Democratic Republic of Yemen)

58 United Nations Disarmament Fellows listed by yea

1989 (24 Fellows) 1990 (26 Fellows)

Mr. Abdelfetah DAGHMOUM (Algeria) Mr. Artur KUKO (Albania) Ms. Virginia E. DE LA QUINTANA RUIZ (Bolivia) Mr. Ernesto Mario PFIRTER (Argentina) Mr. Vladimir KOROLEV (Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Mr. Amir Hussain SIKDER (Bangladesh) Republic) Mr. Anguel ANASTASSOV (Bulgaria) Mr. Sergio H. Valenzuela LEON (Chile) Mr. Nainla NGARRY-MBAILAO (Chad) Mr. Vincent BLA (Côte d’Ivoire) Mr. Endale TESSEMA (Ethiopia) Mrs. Maria E. FIFFE CABREJA (Cuba) Mr. Martin KREMER (Federal Republic of Germany) Mr. Rainer SALM (German Democratic Republic) Mr. Luciano BOZZO (Italy) Mr. Leslie K. CHRISTIAN (Ghana) Mr. Hussein AL-RIFAI (Jordan) Mr. Mohamed L. TOURE (Guinea) Mr. Tseliso KOLANE (Lesotho) Mr. Marton KRASZNAI (Hungary) Mr. Mohamed Ben KADDOUR (Morocco) Mr. Anil WADHWA (India) Ms. Maria del R. Peña JARAMILLO (Mexico) Mr. Imron COTAN (Indonesia) Mr. WYNN THEIN (Myanmar) Mr. Darvish RANJBAR (Islamic Republic of Iran) Mr. Dhananjay JHA (Nepal) Ms. Liora HERZL (Israel) Mr. Julio Acampo MASCARO (Peru) Mrs. Gloria C. VINTON (Liberia) Mr. Leslie J. BAJA (Philippines) Mr. Ahmad Jazri M. JOHAR (Malaysia) Mr. Hassan M. CONTEH (Sierra Leone) Mr. Dambyn GANKHUYAG (Mongolia) Mr. Manjusri Jayantha PALIPANE (Sri Lanka) Mr. John S. ADANK (New Zealand) Ms. Annika JOHANSSON (Sweden) Mr. Alphonsus G. ALANG (Nigeria) Mrs. Radhia Naima MSUYA (United Republic of Mr. Mohamed AL-HASSAN (Oman) Tanzania) Mr. Domingos A. FERREIRA (Sao Tome and Principe) Mr. Pavel MIKHAILOV (Union of Soviet Socialist Mr. Ghassan HAIDER (Syrian Arab Republic) Republics) Mr. Komi M. AFETO (Togo) Mr. Victor Manzanares VELOZ (Venezuela) Mr. Peter HOBWANI (Zimbabwe) Mr. Hoai Trung LE (Viet Nam) Ms. Dagana FILIPOVIC (Yugoslavia) Associate Disarmament Fellows: Mr. Li Yong HO (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea) Mr. Myong Jin KIM (Republic of Korea)

59 UNODA Occasional Papers, No. 37

1991 (25 Fellows) 1992 (29 Fellows)

Mr. Joao Baptista DA COSTA (Angola) Mr. Alejandro G. VERDIER (Argentina) Mr. Awangku Alihashim YUSSOF (Brunei Darussalam) Mr. R. Kevin MAGEE (Australia) Mr. Martin Xbeng AGBOR (Cameroon) Mr. Christian GLATZL (Austria) Mr. Zukang SHA (People’s Republic of China) Mr. Georges A. WHANNOU (Benin) Ms. Ana Matilde Rivera FIGUEROA (Costa Rica) Mr. Anatole Ayissi NGAH (Cameroon) Mr. Zdenek STIBOR (Czech and Slovak Federal Mr. Camilo SANHUEZA (Chile) Republic) Mr. So Chang SIK (Democratic People’s Republic of Ms. Diana Minerva CEPEDA NUNEZ (Dominican Korea) Republic) Mr. José M. Borja LOPEZ (Ecuador) Mr. Aly O. SIRRY (Egypt) Mrs. Laila Ahmed BAHAELDIN (Egypt) Mr. Loukas KARATSOLIS (Greece) Mr. Rajendra Kumar TYAGI (India) Mr. Karamo KOITA (Guinea) Mr. Nassereddin HEIDARY (Islamic Republic of Iran) Mr. Pedro FERNANDES (Guinea-Bissau) Mr. Bolat K. NURGALIEV (Kazakhstan) Mr. Hamid Ali RAO (India) Mr. Anthony ANDANJE (Kenya) Mr. Djumantoro PURBO (Indonesia) Ms. Begoña Sabate GOMEZ (Mexico) Mr. Hamid BAIDI-NEJAD (Islamic Republic of Iran) Mr. Ayushiin BAT-ERDENE (Mongolia) Ms. Salome F. ATANDI (Kenya) Mr. Jackson SHIKONGO (Namibia) Mr. Raymond VASSALLO (Malta) Mrs. Myrna F. Peña HERNANDEZ (Nicaragua) Mr. Patrice E. CURE (Mauritius) Mr. Yaqoob S. AL-ABRI (Oman) Mr. Lamjavyn JARGALSAIHAN (Mongolia) Mr. Mushtaq A. SHAH (Pakistan) Mr. Muntari A. KAITA (Nigeria) Mr. Krzysztof PATUREJ (Poland) Mr. Cristian ISTRATE (Romania) Mr. Younsoo LEE (Republic of Korea) Mr. Tanasak SUDTITES (Thailand) Mr. Gheorghe PREDESCU (Romania) Mr. Atilla GUNAY (Turkey) Mr. Victor L. VASSILIEV (Russian Federation) Mr. Mikhail OSNATCH (Ukraine) Mr. Esala Ruwan WEERAKOON (Sri Lanka) Mr. Yumi SHAKU (Zaire) Mr. Henrik CEDERIN (Sweden) Mr. Davies SAMPA (Zambia) Mrs. Shamim NYANDUGA (United Republic of Tanzania) Ms. Monia ALOUI (Tunisia) Mr. John R. NUWAMANYA (Uganda) Mr. Munyaradzi MOTSI (Zimbabwe)

60 United Nations Disarmament Fellows listed by yea

1993 (27 Fellows) 1994 (29 Fellows)

Mr. Ali ALAOUI (Algeria) Mr. Federico VILLEGAS BELTRAN (Argentina) Mr. Achilles ZALUAR (Brazil) Ms. Ellen HANSEN (Australia) Mr. Dimitar D. DIMITROV (Bulgaria) Mr. Yeshey DORJI (Bhutan) Mr. Macaire KABORE (Burkina Faso) Mr. Louis-Philippe SYLVESTRE (Canada) Mr. Manuel Couto de MATOS (Cape Verde) Mr. Genxin LI (China) Mr. Jieyi LIU (China) Mr. Ogbai HABTEMICAEL (Eritrea) Mr. Juan Carlos GONZALEZ-VERGARA (Colombia) Mr. Michael Yirdaw LEBARGACHEW (Ethiopia) Ms. Ana Maria CHONGO-TORREBLANCO (Cuba) Mr. Parfait S. ONANGA-ANYANGA (Gabon) Mr. Moataz ZAHRAN (Egypt) Ms. Daisy L. I. CARROL (Gambia) Mr. Aivo ORAV (Estonia) Ms. Marcia THOMAS (Jamaica) Mr. Marcus A. EICHHORN (Germany) Mr. Hani CHAAR (Lebanon) Mr. Norber KONKOLY (Hungary) Mr. Mohamed S. OULD MOHAMED LEMINE Mr. Dian WIRENGJURIT (Indonesia) (Mauritania) Mr. Rajab M. SUKAYRI (Jordan) Mr. Ramón T. ROMERO REYES (Mexico) Ms. Jean KIMANI (Kenya) Mr. Lotfi BOUCHAARA (Morocco) Mr. Karmain MISRAN (Malaysia) Mr. Aboubacar MOHAMADOU (Niger) Mr. KYAW SWA (Myanmar) Mr. Tariq JAVED (Pakistan) Mr. George KAXUXWENA (Namibia) Mr. Jamil RABAH (Palestine Liberation Organization) Mr. Gyan ACHARYA (Nepal) Ms. Martha S. ASHWELL-FERNANDEZ (Paraguay) Mr. Roger BALL (New Zealand) Mr. Jakub SKIBA (Poland) Mr. Jeremiah HASSAN (Nigeria) Mr. Paolo C. FERREIRA CHAVES (Portugal) Mr. A. E. BELIZ-GENETEAU (Panama) Mr. Abou THIAM (Senegal) Mr. Alexander G. SMIRNOV (Russian Federation) Mr. Pavol TOKAR (Slovakia) Mr. Vojko KUZMA (Slovenia) Ms. Stasa KOBI (Slovenia) Ms. Lisa EVANSON (United States of America) Mr. Kwang-Chul LEW (Republic of Korea) Ms. Mary CHIPALA (Zambia) Mr. Ahmed A. JAWAD (Sri Lanka) Mr. Joel MUZUWA (Zimbabwe) Mr. Maher BADDOUR (Syrian Arab Republic) Mr. Ismail ARAMAZ (Turkey) Mr. Geoffrey NKURLU (United Republic of Tanzania) Mr. Pedro VAZ RAMELA (Uruguay)

61 UNODA Occasional Papers, No. 37

1995 (30 Fellows) 1996 (19 Fellows)

Mr. Maurido Bernardo BORGES (Angola) Ms. Gabriela MARTINIC (Argentina) Mr. Conrod HUNTE (Antigua and Barbuda) Ms. Andrea FAULKNER (Australia) Mr. Artem AZNAURIAN (Armenia) Ms. Natasha TURNQUEST (Bahamas) Mr. Valery KALESNIK (Belarus) Ms. Xiaolin WANG (China) Mr. Raphael Codjo MENSAH (Benin) Mr. Waktasu NEGERI (Ethiopia) Mr. Ricardo AYROSA (Brazil) Ms. Hannah NY ARKO (Ghana) Mr. Zoran MILANOVIC (Croatia) Mr. Ashok DAS (India) Mr. Rodolfo BENITEZ (Cuba) Mr. Alon SNIR (Israel) Mr. Hossam Eldeen M. ALY (Egypt) Ms. Catherine ONYONI (Kenya) Mr. Zurab BERIDZE (Georgia) Mr. Olabode ADEKEYE (Nigeria) Ms. Alexandra KANGELARIS (Greece) Mr. Humaid AL-MA’ANI (Oman) Mr. Bouram CIRE (Guinea) Mr. Shuja ALAM (Pakistan) Mr. Yuri O. THAMRIN (Indonesia) Mr. Won Woo LEE (Republic of Korea) Mr. Shahrokh SHAKERIAN (Islamic Republic of Iran) Mr. Ionut SUSEANU (Romania) Mr. Ahmad AL-HAJAYA (Jordan) Mr. Andriy KUZMENKO (Ukraine) Mr. Nurbek JEENBAEV (Kyrgyzstan) Ms. Clare EVANS (United Kingdom of Great Britain Mr. Toms BAUMANIS (Latvia) and Northern Ireland) Mr. Gonchigiin GONGOR (Mongolia) Mr. John BRAVACO (United States of America) Mr. Ngakare KEEJA (Namibia) Mr. William SANTANA (Venezuela) Mr. Matthijs SCHROEDER (Netherlands) Ms. Lucy MUNGOMA (Zambia) Ms. Romy TINCOPA (Peru) Mr. Vladimir CHIRINCIUC (Republic of Moldova) Mr. Dimitri V. SPIRIN (Russian Federation) Mr. John Bobor LAGGAH (Sierra Leone) Ms. Morakot SRISWASDI (Thailand) Mr. Sébadé TOBA (Togo) Ms. Radhia ACHOURI (Tunisia) Mr. Yuriy KLYMENKO (Ukraine) Mr. Awad ALNEYADI (United Arab Emirates) Mr. William MALZAHN (United States of America)

62 United Nations Disarmament Fellows listed by yea

1997 (24 Fellows) 1998 (24 Fellows)

Mr. Djamel SAÏDANI (Algeria) Ms. Cinthia V. ECHAVARRIA (Argentina) Ms. Nahida SOBHAN (Bangladesh) Ms. Aïssèta GOMGNIBOU BOLY (Burkina Faso) Mr. René ORTEGA MEZA (Chile) Mr. Krešimir BOŠNJAK (Croatia) Mr. LONG Zhou (China) Mr. Haitham Mahmoud GHOBASHY (Egypt) Mr. Daniel AVILA (Colombia) Mr. William Osbaldo HERNANDEZ (El Salvador) Ms. Dania Margarita SANTANA TRUEBA (Cuba) Mr. Pa Modou ANN (Gambia) Mr. Song Il JONG (Democratic People’s Republic of Mr. Muhammad ADAM (Ghana) Korea) Mr. Mohammad Hassan DARYAEI (Islamic Republic Mr. Stefan KORDASCH (Germany) of Iran) Mr. László DEÁK (Hungary) Ms. Anne TINGLIN (Jamaica) Mr. Suryana SASTRADIREDJA (Indonesia) Mr. Khaled Suleyman AL-HAMED (Jordan) Ms. Claudia COLLA (Italy) Mr. Ki-Jun YOU (Republic of Korea) Ms. Leila BAISHINA (Kazakhstan) Mr. Dinala Jordan BALAKASI (Malawi) Ms. María Perla FLORES LIERA (Mexico) Mr. Ikram Mohd. IBRAHIM (Malaysia) Ms. Loubna AL ATLASSI (Morocco) Mr. Mohammed KATRA (Mali) Ms. Ekaterina CHUMICHEVA (Russian Federation) Mr. Parasram GOPAUL (Mauritius) Mr. Mame Gorgui GUEYE (Senegal) Mr. OULD HABIB Abderrahmane (Mauritania) Mr. Tomagole P. TSHOLETSANE (South Africa) Mr. YE MINN THEIN (Myanmar) Ms. Aruni WIJEWARDANE (Sri Lanka) Mr. Tapas ADHIKARI (Nepal) Mr. Agbessi Zomblewou KOKOU (Togo) Mr. Farrukh Iqbal KHAN (Pakistan) Ms. Natalia Petrivna HUZERCHUK (Ukraine) Mr. Janusz WAWRZYNIUK (Poland) Mr. Kagyabukama E. KILIBA (United Republic of Mr. Anthony Joseph COMRIE (St. Kitts and Nevis) Tanzania) Ms. Damla Yesim SAY (Turkey) Ms. Helen BIRD (United States of America) Mr. Karomidin GADOEV (Uzbekistan) Mr. PHAM B. Minh (Viet Nam) Mr. Kanguya MAYONDI (Zambia) Mr. Bebra G. MUNODAWAFA (Zimbabwe)

63 UNODA Occasional Papers, No. 37

1999 (26 Fellows) 2000 (28 Fellows)

Mr. José Paulino Cunha DA SILVA (Angola) Mr. Hamza KHELIF (Algeria) Mr. Guy SUMMERS (Australia) Mr. Gaguik HOVHANNISYAN (Armenia) Mr. Masud BIN MOMEN (Bangladesh) Mr. Eric Franck M. SAIZONOU (Benin) Mr. Oumarou CHINMOUN (Cameroon) Mr. Leonardo CLEAVER DE ATHAYDE (Brazil) Mr. Patricio AGUIRRE VACCHIERI (Chile) Ms. Raya Kostadinova STOYANOVA (Bulgaria) Mr. KANG Yong (China) Mr. NHEM You Ry (Cambodia) Mr. Pedro Agustín ROA ARBOLEDA (Colombia) Mr. Oscar LEÓN GONZÁLEZ (Cuba) Ms. Maria Christina SANCHEZ CISNEROS (Ecuador) Mr. Ojulu Owar OCHALLA (Ethiopia) Mr. Pedro C. NDONG ENGONO NCHAMA (Equatorial Mr. Emmanuel QUARTEY (Ghana) Guinea) Mr. Bantan NUGROHO (Indonesia) Mr. Aaro TOIVONEN (Finland) Mr. Abbas KADHOM OBAID ABBAS (Iraq) Mr. Amandeep Singh GILL (India) Mrs. Diedre MILLS (Jamaica) Mr. Kingmano PHOMMAHAXAY (Lao People’s Ms. Dina PODVINSKA (Latvia) Democratic Republic) Ms. Nada AL AKL (Lebanon) Mr. Ernest Nanjeen UREY (Liberia) Ms. Priscilla Marie-Noelle SOOGREE (Mauritius) Ms. Sarah N.R. AL BAKRI DEVADASON (Malaysia) Ms. Socorro JORGE CHOLULA (Mexico) Ms. Ganhuurai BATTUNGALAG (Mongolia) Mr. Uazuva Ben KAUARI (Namibia) Ms. Siham MOURABIT (Morocco) Mr. Abdul Hameed BHUTTA (Pakistan) Mr. Said Abdulla M. AL-AMRI (Sultanate of Oman) Mr. Frank R. CIMAFRANCA (Philippines) Mr. Pablo Antonio CISNEROS (Peru) Mr. LEE Sang-hwa (Republic of Korea) Ms. Elena-Anca COCA (Romania) Ms. Mihaela MANOLI (Republic of Moldova) Mr. Luis Guilherme D’OLIVEIRA VIEGAS (Sao Tome and Mrs. Natalia KRUTSKIKH (Russian Federation) Principe) Mr. Miloš KOTEREC (Slovakia) Mr. Ibrahim MOHAMED ALI BUSHRA (Sudan) Mr. Priyantha Sumedha EKANAYAKE (Sri Lanka) Mr. Jeffrey S. TSHABALALA (Swaziland) Mr. Hasan KHADDOUR (Syrian Arab Republic) Mr. Igor POPOVSKI (The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) Mr. Zied BOUZOUITA (Tunisia) Mr. Job Emmanuel ELOGU (Uganda) Ms. Gabrielle CANONICO (United States of America) Ms. Tetyana IVANOVA (Ukraine) Ms. Isabelle MATYOLA-LEMBA (Zambia) Mr. Conrado SILVEIRA RODRIGUEZ (Uruguay)

64 United Nations Disarmament Fellows listed by yea

2001 (28 Fellows) 2002 (29 Fellows)

Mr. Luciano TANTO CLEMENT (Argentina) Mr. Cameron R. ARCHER (Australia) Mr. Vasily PAVLOV (Belarus) Mr. Emil GASIMOV (Azerbaijan) Ms. Solange BOGORE (Burkina Faso) Mr. Mohammad Allama SIDDIKI (Bangladesh) Mr. James GABCHE (Cameroon) Mr. Rodrigo TOLEDO BASTIDAS (Chile) Mr. XU Wenlei (China) Mr. Kateba Coulibaly NOUHO (Côte d’Ivoire) Mr. Juan José PÁEZ PINZÓN (Colombia) Mr. Petar MIHATOV (Croatia) Mr. Norman LIZANO ORTIZ (Costa Rica) Mr. Assefa DELIL HASSEN (Ethiopia) Mr. Sherif Ahmed RIFAAT (Egypt) Mr. Ingo STENDER (Germany) Mr. Giorgi MUCHAIDZE (Georgia) Ms. Sara Angelina SOLİS CASTANEDA (Guatemala) Mr. Mohamed Aly DIALLO (Guinea) Mr. Márk HORVÁTH (Hungary) Mr. Vinay Mohan KWATRA (India) Mr. Mohammad ICHSAN (Indonesia) Mr. Behnam BOLOURIAN (Islamic Republic of Iran) Ms. Sofia Renata McGregor (Jamaica) Mrs. Maya KADOSH (Israel) Mr. Mohammed Ali AL-Nsour (Jordan) Mr. Tatsuo NAGAI (Japan) Ms. Jane Muthoni KAHUKI (Kenya) Mr. Fahmi ELZIANI (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) Mr. Anouparb VONGNORKEO (Lao People’s Ms. Rosita ŠORYTÈ (Lithuania) Democratic Republic) Mr. Sidi Ould MOHAMED LAGDHAF (Mauritania) Mr. Memory D. CHIBWANA (Malawi) Mr. José Antonio BALMACEDA (Nicaragua) Mr. Riedzal Abdul MALEK (Malaysia) Mr. Silas S. ANCHE (Nigeria) Mr. Jorge Luis HIDALGO PARTIDA (Mexico) Mr. Mohammed Aqeel BA-OMAR (Oman) Mr. Jamal MAATOUGI (Morocco) Mr. Paul DUCLOS Parodi (Peru) Mr. HTIN KYAW (Myanmar) Mr. Grzegorz POZNANSKI (Poland) Mr. J. Marvin T. NGIRUTANG (Palau) Mr. Israel B.K. JIGBA (Sierra Leone) Mrs. Carla Ivette POUSA CARIDE (Panama) Ms. Nontombi MAKUPULA (South Africa) Ms. Ji-hee KIM (Republic of Korea) Ms. Sara UDDENBERG (Sweden) Mr. Alberto NETO PEREIRA (Sao Tome and Principe) Mr. Tchabode ADJAGBA Sebabe (Togo) Mr. Adil Y. BANNAGA (Sudan) Mr. LE Huy Hoang (Viet Nam) Mr. Ahmad AL-HARIRI (Syrian Arab Republic) Mr. Marko SAMARDŽIJA (Federal Republic of Ms. Mouna MCHAREK (Tunisia) Yugoslavia) Ms. Fatma Ömür YURDAKUL (Turkey) Mrs. Olesia PEREVEZENTSEVA (Ukraine)

65 UNODA Occasional Papers, No. 37

2003 (30 Fellows) 2004 (29 Fellows)

Mr. Arman ISRAELIAN (Armenia) Ms. María Paula MAC LOUGHLIN (Argentina) Mr. Jandyr FERREIRA DOS SANTOS (Brazil) Mrs. Tatyana FEDOROVICH (Belarus) Ms. Lachezara Stoianova STOEVA (Bulgaria) Mr. Maurille F. BIAOU (Benin) Mr. LU Kang (China) Mr. Karma S. TSHOSAR (Bhutan) Ms. Marcela ORDOÑEZ (Colombia) Ms. Angela K. AYLLON Quisbert (Bolivia) Mr. Cheikh AHMED ABDALLAH (Comoros) Mr. Binega TEWELDE WELDEMARIAM (Ethiopia) Mrs. Anayansi RODRIGUEZ CAMEJO (Cuba) Mr. Rolliansyah SOEMIRAT (Indonesia) Mr. KABUZAMBA LUBINGA Tochi (Democratic Mr. Seyed Mohammad A. ROBATJAZI (Islamic Republic of the Congo) Republic of Iran) Mr. Mohamed Abdel Aziz MONEER (Egypt) Mr. Jomo Mareka GECAGA (Kenya) Mr. Malkhaz MIKELADZE (Georgia Ms. Līga Raita KALNINA (Latvia) Mrs. Betty OSAFO MENSAH (Ghana) Mr. Marwan FRANCIS (Lebanon) Mrs. TOURE Aminatou Diallo (Guinea) Ms. Pulane LECHESA (Lesotho) Ms. Nutan Kapoor MAHAWAR (India) Mr. Michael M. M. CHIUSIWA (Malawi) Mr. Hajime KURATA (Japan) Mrs. WONG Mee Choo (Malaysia) Mr. Donatas VAINALAVICIUS (Lithuania) Mr. Niraj Kumarsingh RAMDIN (Mauritius) Mrs. Hantasoa FIDA CYRILLE (Madagascar) Mr. Alonso Francisco MARTINEZ RUIZ (Mexico) Mr. Nemuun GAL (Mongolia) Ms. Salima LYOUSSOUFI (Morocco) Mrs. Martha Namene HAIDUWA(Namibia) Mr. Mohammed Bashir BASHA (Nigeria) Mr. Bharat Kumar REGMI (Nepal) Ms. Paulina A. GONCIARZ (Poland) Mr. Felix A. MARADIAGA Blandón (Nicaragua) Major Hassan Saleh AL-NESF (Qatar) Mr. Yousuf Issa AL-ZADJALI (Oman) Mr. Jong Kwon YOUN (Republic of Korea) Mr. Khalil-Ur-Rahman HASHMI (Pakistan) Mr. Dorin PANFIL (Republic of Moldova) Mrs. Monica C. CAMPOS FERNANDEZ (Peru) Mr. Nicolas A. NYOUKY (Senegal) Mr. Dmitry Vladimirovich KIKU (Russian Federation) Mr. Mohamed Hussein IDRIS (Sudan) Ms. Gordana LJUBISAVLJEVIC (Serbia and Mr. Orazdurdy A. KHEZRETOV (Turkmenistan) Montenegro) Mr. Rauben BYERETA (Uganda) Mr. Igor KUCER (Slovakia) Mr. Oleksander OSADCHIY (Ukraine) Mr. WALPITA GAMAGE Sampath Prasanna (Sri Lanka) Mr. Alexander G. YANEZ DELEUZE (Venezuela) Ms. Caroline KITANA (United Republic of Tanzania) Mr. Silumelume MUBUKWANU (Zambia) Mr. Rustam KAYUMOV (Uzbekistan) Mr. Mohamed Ali Saleh AL-NAJAR (Yemen)

66 United Nations Disarmament Fellows listed by yea

2005 (30 Fellows) 2006 (30 Fellows)

Mr. Mustapha BENFRIHA (Algeria) Ms. Mariela Adriana FOGANTE (Argentina) Mr. Andranik HOVHANNISYAN (Armenia) Ms. Maleka PARVEEN (Bangladesh) Ms. Carol M. HOLMES (Australia) Ms. Tshoki CHODEN (Bhutan) Mr. Zoran SPASENOVIC (Bosnia and Herzegovina) Mr. Jean BENGALY (Burkina Faso) Mr. Cláudio M. LEOPOLDINO (Brazil) Mr. Pablo Andrés CASTRO HERMOSILLA (Chile) Mr. Dieudonné C. NIYUHIRE (Burundi) Mr. Pablo Roberto QUIÑONEZ SANZ (Ecuador) Mr. Gaien BARKA (Chad) Mr. Hassan Ahmed EL-BAHTIMY (Egypt) Mr. HU Zhongkun (China) Mr. Gustavo Adolfo ARGUETA HERNANDEZ Mr. Bafétigué OUATTARA (Côte d’Ivoire) (El Salvador) Mr. Fermín G. QUIÑONES SÁNCHEZ (Cuba) Mr. George DOLIDZE (Georgia) Mr. Biniam Berhe TEWOLDE (Eritrea) Ms. Aminata THIAM (Guinea) Mr. Nicolas KASPRZYK (France) Mr. Birender Singh YADAV (India) Mr. Réné-Bertrand N’NO MINLAGHE (Gabon) Mr. Mehdi ALIABADI (Islamic Republic of Iran) Ms. Audrey BAMPOH (Ghana) Ms. Naoko KAMITANI (Japan) Ms. Edna V. CASTANEDA SAGASTUME (Guatemala) Ms. Sanita KRUMINA (Latvia) Ms. Shorna-Kay RICHARDS (Jamaica) Mr. Edward S. TOGBA (Liberia) Ms. Sewar MASA’DEH (Jordan) Mr. Aedl Omran ISSA (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) Mr. Nuran NIYAZALIEV (Kyrgyzstan) Mr. BONG Yik Jui (Malaysia) Ms. Rimgaile KARČIAUSKAITE (Lithuania) Mr. Yousouf Mohamed RAMJANALLY (Mauritius) Ms. Eman HUSSAIN (Maldives) Ms. Marlen GÓMEZ VILLASEÑOR (Mexico) Ms. Rinchenmyadag SHAGDAR (Mongolia) Ms. Khyne KALYAR (Myanmar) Mr. Fernando CHOMAR (Mozambique) Mr. Sudhir BHATTARAI (Nepal) Mr. Muhammad Aamar AFTAB QURESHI (Pakistan) Ms. Natalia FUZHENKOVA (Russian Federation) Mr. Enri Ciprian PRIETO Tica (Peru) Mr. Alan Charles LOGAN (Sierra Leone) Mr. Serge Mario NDONGO (Congo) Mr. Rastislav GABRIEL (Slovakia) Ms. Emilia SIDOROVA (Russian Federation) Ms. Dayani MENDIS (Sri Lanka) Ms. Noelani MANOA (Samoa) Ms. Babajalscha Flurina MEILI (Switzerland) Ms. Marija STAJIC (Serbia and Montenegro) Mr. Mohammed HAJ IBRAHIM (Syrian Arab Republic) Mr. DO Hung Viet (Viet Nam) Mr. Omer BEDIR (Turkey) Ms. Salwa Abdullah RIFAEI (Yemen) Ms. Angela C. GJERTSON (United States of America) Mr. Onismo CHIGEJO (Zimbabwe)

67 UNODA Occasional Papers, No. 37

2007 (30 Fellows) 2008 (25 Fellows)

Ms. Ivis NOCKA (Albania) Mr. Mustapha ABBANI (Algeria) Mr. Christopher David KING (Australia) Ms. Yulia LYASHUK (Belarus) Mr. HE Zhi (China) Ms. Dyane B. AGUIDISSOU (Benin) Ms. Mihaela BARIC (Croatia) Ms. Anna VASSILEVA (Bulgaria) Mr. Nikolaos MICHAELIDES (Cyprus) Ms. Angela ESTRADA JIMENEZ (Colombia) Ms. Yvonne MBIYA ILUNGA (Democratic Republic of Ms. Heba NEGM (Egypt) the Congo) Ms. Nardos AYALEW (Ethiopia) Mrs. Ketlin SÜSMALAINEN (Estonia) Mr. Jaime Leonel BRITO HERNANDEZ (Honduras) Mr. Ray Kini BALEIKASAVU (Fiji) Ms. Luna Amanda FAHMI (Indonesia) Ms. Anne-Cécile VIOLIN (France) Mr. Amir Masoud EJTEHADI (Islamic Republic of Mrs. Ellen Alexandra GOELZ (Germany) Iran) Ms. Freda Oforiwa PEPRAH (Ghana) Mr. Shinji YAMASHITA (Japan) Ms. Sheree Omeria CHAMBERS (Jamaica) Ms. Florence Kinya KABERIA (Kenya) Mr. Toshiyuki HAYASHI (Japan) Mr. Phonesavath PHONEKEO (Lao People’s Mr. Mohammed Sameer HINDAWI (Jordan) Democratic Republic) Ms. Neo Mary MOKATSA (Lesotho) Mr. Ahmad ARAFA (Lebanon) Mr. John Twapalizya KABAGHE (Malawi) Ms. Onipatsa H. TIANAMAHEFA (Madagascar) Mr. Zeenad ABDUL WAHID (Maldives) Ms. Sandra GARCIA LOREDO (Mexico) Mr. Madou DIALLO (Mali) Ms. Asmae DERKAOUI (Morocco) Ms. Carolina POPOVICI (Moldova) Mr. Moustapha ABDOU (Niger) Mr. Murad BASEER (Pakistan) Mr. Ashar SHAHZAD (Pakistan) Ms. Justyna Magdalena BARTKIEWICZ (Poland) Mr. Raúl MARTINEZ VILLALBA (Paraguay) Mr. Kyoo Ho LEE (Republic of Korea) Mr. Nicolae COMANESCU (Romania) Mr. Petre Alexandru STAMATESCU (Romania) Ms. Dragana MLADENOVIC (Serbia) Ms. Karen GALOKALE (Solomon Islands) Ms. Chwane Nomcebo V. MTHETHWA (South Africa) Mr. Reto WOLLENMANN (Switzerland) Ms. Supapan TIAPIRIYAKIJ (Thailand) Mr. Abdulmaola AL NUQARI (Syrian Arab Republic) Mr. Agossou Kokouda BOCCO (Togo) Mr. Elyes LAKHAL (Tunisia) Mr. Oleksandr KAPUSTIN (Ukraine) Mr. Fernando SANDIN-TUSSO (Uruguay) Mr. Gayrat YULDASHEV (Uzbekistan)

68 United Nations Disarmament Fellows listed by yea

2009 (24 Fellows) 2010 (25 Fellows)

Ms. Lianna MKRTCHYAN (Armenia) Ms. Radia Fatiha KADDOUR (Algeria) Mr. Aykhan HAJIZADA (Azerbaijan) Ms. Maria Victoria PICAZO (Argentina) Mr. S.M. Mahbubul ALAM (Bangladesh) Mr. Josué CASTRO (Australia) Mr. PRAK Nguon Hong (Cambodia) Mrs. Rinchen DEMA (Bhutan) Ms. Thérèse Christiane HANGLOG (Cameroon) Ms. Armelle EMASSI TCHAGO (Cameroon) Mr. Juan Pablo JARA (Chile) Ms. Hongliu ZHANG (China) Mr. ZHAO Kun (China) Mr. Carlos Enrique VALENCIA MUÑOZ (Colombia) Ms. Aliaa ELDEEB (Egypt) Ms. Petra RUBEŠOVÁ (Czech Republic) Ms. Dessy Oneida REYES-YANEZ (Honduras) Mr. Vasil RUBASHVILI (Georgia) Mr. Attila JUHÁSZ (Hungary) Mrs. Adisa YAKUBU (Ghana) Mr. Taghi MOHAMMADPOUR FERAMI (Islamic Mr. Fodé Moussa BANGOURA (Guinea) Republic of Iran) Mr. Maytham AL-RIKABI (Iraq) Mr. Thailesh Kumar CHAMANE (Mauritius) Mr. Yuki KIMURA (Japan) Ms. SIANG Tial (Myanmar) Ms. Kumiushay SUIUMBAEVA (Kyrgyzstan) Mr. Dilip Kumar PAUDEL (Nepal) Mr. Bachir SALEH AZZAM (Lebanon) Ms. Monika LIPERT-SOWA (Poland) Mr. Gediminas KLIUKAS (Lithuania) Ms. JANG Se Young (Republic of Korea) Ms. Angela Mija Franckline RASOARINJAFY Ms. Elena VODOPOLOVA (Russian Federation) (Madagascar) Mr. Abdoulaye BATHILY (Senegal) Ms. Madhvi SEEBALUCK (Mauritius) Mr. Klemen POLAK (Slovenia) Mr. Amartuvshin AMGALANBAYAR (Mongolia) Mr. Madi ELFATIH ALI IBRAHIM (Sudan) Ms. Stanica ANĐIĆ (Montenegro) Mr. Matteo FACHINOTTI (Switzerland) Ms. Narcisa Daciana VLADULESCU (Romania) Mr. Goran TRAJKOV (The former Yugoslav Republic of Mr. Alexander Vladimirovich KUKLIN (Russian Macedonia) Federation) Mr. Artem VOROBYOV (Ukraine) Ms. Kesarin PHANARANGSAN (Thailand) Mr. Shukhratjon YIGITALIYEV (Uzbekistan) Ms. Silvana Cecilia DELLA GATTA ALVAREZ (Uruguay) Mr. Giang DANG (Viet Nam)

69 UNODA Occasional Papers, No. 37

2011 (25 Fellows) 2012 (25 Fellows)

Ms. Ekaterina LOZOVSKAYA (Belarus) Mr. Mohamed Lamine SIARI (Algeria) Ms. Gracinda Marisia da Cruz FORTES (Cape Verde) Ms. Heather Louise CHAI (Australia) Ms. Andrea QUEZADA CARRASCO (Chile) Ms. Larissa SCHNEIDER CALZA (Brazil) Mr. ZHAO Li (China) Mr. Fernando GUZMÁN MUÑOZ (Chile) Ms. Katherine Mercedes URBAEZ MARTINEZ Mr. Xiaohong ZHANG (China) (Dominican Republic) Ms. Maria Andrea TORRES MORENO (Colombia) Mr. Mootaz MANSOUR (Egypt) Ms. Lilianne SÁNCHEZ RODRÍGUEZ (Cuba) Ms. Kristi TORIM (Estonia) Mr. Dilafera Bekele BEDANE (Etiopia) Mr. Ulrich KÜHN (Germany) Mr. Tamba TOLNO (Guinea) Ms. Tatiana ZELAYA BUSTAMANTE (Honduras) Mr. Manjunath DENKANIKOTTA CHENNEERAPPA Mr. David Elek HORVATH (Hungary) (India) Mr. Anas Abdullateef Mohi AL-NEIAMI (Iraq) Mr. Akbar NUGRAHA (Indonesia) Mr. Shinsuke SAKAMOTO (Japan) Mr. Stefano BORGIANI (Italy) Ms. Dana SMAGANBETOVA (Kazakhstan) Mr. Ryohei KANAMARU (Japan) Mr. Abel David Muniu NJUGUNA (Kenya) Ms. Nour Mamdouh Kaseb ALJAZI (Jordan) Ms. Raja Intan NOR ZAREEN (Malaysia) Ms. Shanda Anne-Louise COOPER (Liberia) Ms. Ifigenia ARGUETA SANCHEZ (Mexico) Ms. Dalia VITKAUSKAITĖ-MEURICE (Lithuania) Mr. Gleb MASLOV (Russian Federation) Ms. Mudita BAJRACHARYA (Nepal) Mr. Mirko KUZMANOVIC (Serbia) Mr. Oumar IBRAHIM SIDI (Níger) Ms. Kershney Chantelle NAIDOO (South Africa) Mr. Carlos Enrique GARCÍA CASTILLO (Peru) Ms. Teresa DÍAZ-MORERA VENTÓS (Spain) Mr. Tomasz TOKARSKI (Poland) Ms. Seraina CADUFF (Switzerland) Mr. Iurie TABUNCIC (Republic of Moldova) Mr. Dable BOTRE (Togo) Ms. Cecilia Anna Desirée ANDERBERG (Sweden) Ms. Ramla KHAMIS (United Republic of Tanzania) Ms. Rita GRUENENFELDER (Switzerland) Ms. Andreea Ioana PAULOPOL (United States of Ms. Pakprapai THONTIRAVONG (Thailand) America) Ms. Emilia Tendisai CHIGWEDERE (Zimbabwe) Mr. Berdibek ALIBEKOV (Uzbekistan )

70 United Nations Disarmament Fellows listed by yea

2013 (25 Fellows) 2014 (25 Fellows)

Mr. Juan Francisco GUTIÉRREZ TELLERÍA (Argentina) Mr. Larbi Abdelfattah LEBBAZ (Algeria) Ms. Corinne Trang Thi Thu TRAN (Australia) Ms. Pem Sedon THINLEY (Bhutan) Mr. Shelley SALEHIN (Bangladesh) Ms. Wen-Jei LIM (Brunei Darussalam) Mr. Sylvain FANIELLE (Belgium) Mr. ZHANG Jinjing (China) Ms. W. Honorine BONKOUNGOU (Burkina Faso) Ms. Madelin Esther LUNA (Dominican Republic) Mr. Stéphane C. NOAH (Cameroon) Mr. Mina RIZK (Egypt) Mr. Ibrahim SAID ABDELRAHIM IBRAHIM (Egypt) Mr. José Roberto CHÁVEZ (El Salvador) Ms. Huda M. YUSUF (Ethiopia) Ms. Salaseini TAGICAKIBAU (Fiji) Ms. Melissa E.E. SÄILÄ (Finland) Ms. Vera KHAJALIA (Georgia) Mr. Dávid PUSZTAI (Hungary) Mr. Daniel GITTINGER (Germany) Mr. Mehdi ROUZEH GIR QALEH NOEE (Islamic Republic Ms. Nana Afia TWUM-BARIMA (Ghana) of Iran) Mr. Daniel GRIFFITH (Guyana) Mr. Ryota TAKEMURA (Japan) Mr. Mohsen ASKARIAN (Islamic Republic of Iran) Ms. Phonenipha MATHOUCHANH (Lao People’s Mr. Johan Andrïa RAMANDIMBISON (Madagascar) Democratic Republic) Mr. Pavle KARANIKIĆ (Montenegro) Ms. Sandra B. SÁNCHEZ AGUILLÓN (Mexico) Ms. Asmaa BENNI (Morocco) Mr. Bold-Erdene YADAMSUREN (Mongolia) Ms. Safia Diallo MAMADOU DIALLO (Niger) Ms. SANN THIT YEE (Myanmar) Ms. Imaobong EFFIONG-ARCHIBONG (Nigeria) Mr. Syed Atif RAZA (Pakistan) Ms. Udani MANAMPERI GUNAWARDENA (Sri Lanka) Ms. Shirley L. FLORES (Philippines) Mr. Christoph CARPENTER (Switzerland) Mr. Abdulaziz Hamdan AL-AHMAD (Qatar) Mr. Wanou Ankoura SAMON (Togo) Ms. Soo Yeon SHIM (Republic of Korea) Ms. Feride MURADOVA (Turkmenistan) Mr. Radu Constantin BĀDITĀ (Romania) Mr. Grant William SCHNEIDER (United States) Ms. Tijana BOKIĆ (Serbia) Mr. NGUYEN DANG Trung (Viet Nam) Mr. Samvel ARUSTAMIAN (Ukraine) Mr. Ng’andwe Anderson KAPAYA (Zambia) Mr. Jeffrey Dubov GELMAN (United States) Mr. Julio Martín ORLANDO CHIFFLET (Uruguay)

71 UNODA Occasional Papers, No. 37

2015 (25 Fellows) 2016 (25 Fellows)

Ms. Estefania PORTA (Argentina) Mr. Abdul Ahad SHIRZAD (Afghanistan) Ms. Neli Yaroslavova BOGOMILOVA (Bulgaria) Mr. Mohammed OUADAH (Algeria) Mr. Charles Joseph GUIBLA (Burkina Faso) Mr. John Matthews BANKS (Australia) Mr. Sim’s Nono SIMABATU MAYELE (Democratic Mr. Mohamed Abdulla Ali ALNOAIMI (Bahrain) Republic of the Congo) Ms. Nina NIYUBAHWE (Burundi) Ms. Lia Berthiana BOUANGA AYOUNE (Gabon) Ms. Sandrine E. EBONGUE MAKOLLE (Cameroon) Ms. Carina Yvonne STELLER (Germany) Mr. Camilo Rodolfo MILLANAO LLOPIS (Chile) Ms. Miriam Aba ARHIN (Ghana) Ms. Wenwen HUANG (China) Mr. Pedro GORDILLO (Guatemala) Mr. Koffi Arsene BOUA (Côte d’Ivoire) Ms. Rose Bilenda SAINT FORT (Haiti) Ms. Claudia MORGADE DONATO (Cuba) Mr. Yuki NAKATA (Japan) Ms. María Gabriela ESPÍN ORDÓÑEZ (Ecuador) Ms. Anar FAZYLOVA (Kazakhstan) Ms. Selam Nigussie KETSELA (Ethiopia) Ms. Rana EL KHOURY (Lebanon) Mr. Giorgi PIPIA (Georgia) Ms. Loyce MERRICK (Malawi) Mr. Stefano SALDI (Holy See) Mr. Jorge Adalberto GONZALEZ MAYAGOITIA (Mexico) Ms. Szilvia BALÁZS (Hungary) Ms. Hnin Lai Lai SAN (Myanmar) Mr. Pawankumar Tulshidas BADHE (India) Mr. Surendra THAPA (Nepal) Mr. Mojtaba AZIZI BASATI (Islamic Republic of Iran) Mr. Vyacheslav KOSAREV (Russian Federation) Mr. Hamzah Habeeb Mohammed Hadi AL-SADR Ms. Masa GRIMM (Serbia) (Iraq) Ms. Dana Maria-Magdalena KOMAREK (Switzerland) Mr. Takahiro OMORI (Japan) Ms. Pimchanok JIRAPATTANAKUL (Thailand) Ms. Somsanouk KEOBOUNSAN (Lao People’s Mr. Tchein NINKABOU (Togo) Democratic Republic) Mr. Erdal ONAT (Turkey) Mr. Franz Pierre RASSL OCAMPOS (Paraguay) Ms. Hailey Rose ROBBINS (United States of America) Ms. Vera TARSINA (Republic of Moldova) Mr. Azam TOSHPULATOV (Uzbekistan) Ms. Tsoma Harriet SATEKGE (South Africa) Mr. Munyaradzi Amon Benedict TUMBARE Mr. Michael James BUTERA (United States of (Zimbabwe) America) Ms. Constance Chuzhya BELLINGTON (Zambia)

72 United Nations Disarmament Fellows listed by yea

2017 (25 Fellows) 2018 (25 Fellows)

Mr. Fernando Pedro MARQUES (Angola) Mr. Mr. Mohammad Jawad RAHA (Afghanistan) Ms. Namgyel SONAM CHODEN (Bhutan) Ms. Merinda Cristiana PETERSEN (Australia) Mr. Dario KREZIĆ (Bosnia and Herzegovina) Ms. Nahida BAGHIROVA (Azerbaijan) Ms. Darina Atanasova ZHELYAZKOVA (Bulgaria) Ms. Tshepang Thero SETHANTSHO (Botswana) Ms. Hema Doun-Sarma Safiatou SOULAMA OUATTARA Mr. Ernesto BATISTA MANÉ JÚNIOR (Brazil) (Burkina Faso) Mr. YAO Yue (China) Ms. Somalin SAN (Cambodia) Ms. Marcela ZAMORA OVARES (Costa Rica) Ms. Laura Steffany QUINTERO-BURITICA (Colombia) Mr. Hervé MAGARIBI LEHANI (Democratic Republic Ms. Artida MINGA (France) of the Congo) Ms. Lina-Marieke HILGERT (Germany) Mr. Finnbogi Rútur FINNBOGASON (Iceland) Ms. María del Rosario ESTRADA GIRÓN (Guatemala) Ms. Shae-Alicia Samantha LEWIS (Jamaica) Ms. Bernite LAZARE FRANÇOIS (Haiti) Ms. Nagisa TAKAHASHI (Japan) Mr. Javad BAKHSHI (Islamic Republic of Iran) Ms. Venephet PHILATHONG (Lao People’s Ms. Dana ERLICH (Israel) Democratic Republic) Ms. Gulsana TULEPBERGENOVA (Kazakhstan) Ms. Ance KLAVA (Latvia) Ms. Hantavololona RAMAHAZOSOA (Madagascar) Mr. Masaab E. M. HAMZA (Libya) Ms. Nur Azureen MOHD PISTA (Malaysia) Ms. AISHATH ZEESHAN ZUHUREE (Maldives) Ms. Tejaswinee BURUMDOYAL (Mauritius) Mr. Amaraa ERDENEBAATAR (Mongolia) Ms. Lalla Saloua MOUMNI (Morocco) Mr. Goran RULJIĆ (Montenegro) Ms. Magdalena Hilde Ndapandula SHIPIKI (Namibia) Ms. Marta António Jorge MUANDO (Mozambique) Mr. Manuel Rodolfo MUNDACA PEÑARANDA (Peru) Mr. Manga MAZOU MANI (Niger) Ms. Karla Mae Gueriña PABELIÑA (Philippines) Mr. Muhammad Salman Khalid CHAUDHARY (Pakistan) H.H. Prince Salman AL SAUD (Saudi Arabia) Ms. Rafaela FIGUEIRED CARVALHO MIRANDA Mr. Fakhry Basem Fakhry TAHA (Palestine) (Portugal) Mr. Domingos OKI (Timor-Leste) Mr. François Michel Moundor DIENE (Senegal) Ms. Tabitha NAMULINDA (Uganda) Ms. Rachel Marie HICKS (United States) Ms. Arline Cristina DÍAZ MENDOZA (Venezuela) Ms. Paidamwoyo Melinda Mitchelle SIGAUKE (Zimbabwe)

73 UNODA Occasional Papers, No. 37

2019 (25 Fellows)

Mr. Luciano Javier LIENDO (Argentina) Ms. Marina MESROPYAN (Armenia) Ms. Shaikha Jawaher Abdulla Mohamed ALKHALIFA (Bahrain) Ms. Mahoussi Florence LOKOSSOU (Benin) Ms. Anitha CONGERA (Burundi) Mr. Hamizanne MATH (Cambodia) Mr. Loïc MBIDA (Cameroon) Mr. Salvador Humberto MARTINEZ SANTAMARIA (Dominican Republic) Mr. Fouad Fouad Fouad HETTA (Egypt) Ms. Lisa Catherine Jane RANGER (France) Ms. Idlège Anouchka MVOU LOUBA (Gabon) Ms. Julia FREESE (Germany) Ms. Nidhi TEWARI (India) Ms. Suha Abdulkareem Zamil GHARRAWI (Iraq) Ms. Giselle Del Carmen RODRIGUEZ RAMIREZ (Panama) Ms. Seunghee SHIN (Republic of Korea) Mr. Bogdan MOLDOVEANU (Romania) Mr. Dorde ZAKULA (Serbia) Ms. Natasha Patricia Carvalho CARVALHO-MALEKANE (South Africa) Ms. Fathuma Mafusa MOHAMED LAFIR (Sri Lanka) Ms. Riham I.M. BARGHOUTHI (State of Palestine) Mr. Moritz Alexander Christian GLATTHARD (Switzerland) Mr. Ivens Manuel Francisco GUSMÃO DE SOUSA (Timor-Leste) Ms. Kristan Nadia JHAGROO (Trinidad and Tobago) Ms. Prisca Oscar MWANJESA (United Republic of Tanzania)

74 MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMI- NARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORK- SHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PA- PERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA UNODA Occasional Papers WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS No. 37, November 2020 PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS United Nations Programme PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGSof Fellowships PRESENTATIONS on Disarmament PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIAat 40 WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS ISBN 978-92-1-139193-0 PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS

PAPERS SEMINARS20 15562 STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA WORKSHOPS MEETINGS PRESENTATIONS PAPERS SEMINARS STATEMENTS SYMPOSIA