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De-La-Cruz-Francisco-Vicencio.Pdf UNIVERSIDAD VERACRUZANA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLOGICAS Y AGROPECUARIAS Campus Tuxpan Maestría en Manejo de Ecosistemas Marinos y Costeros Titulo: Estructura de las comunidades macrobentónicas y nectónicas asociadas a los sustratos rocosos coralinos del arrecife Lobos, Veracruz, México T E S I S Que para obtener el título de: MAESTRO EN MANEJO DE ECOSISTEMAS MARINOS Y COSTEROS P r e s e n t a: BIOL. VICENCIO DE LA CRUZ FRANCISCO Director: DR. CARLOS GONZÁLEZ GÁNDARA Tuxpan, Veracruz, Enero, 2013 i ii DEDICATORIA A mis padres y hermanos: Como un sencillo homenaje al esfuerzo, lucha, sacrificio y tolerancia que me han brindado en estos años y sobre todo por el amor, cariño, confianza y apoyo en todo momento. A toda mi familia: A quienes agradezco su cariño y comprensión por alentarme a seguir adelante en esta etapa de mi vida. iii AGRADECIMIENTOS A mi director de tesis: Dr. Carlos González Gándara; agradezco la confianza que siempre ha depositado en mí, por el apoyo incondicional que me brindo en todo momento para la revisión, corrección y asesoramiento durante la realización del presente trabajo. A los miembros de la comisión lectora: Dra. Maribel Ortiz Domínguez, Dr. Horacio Pérez España y Mtro. Francisco Javier Martos Fernández, por su disponibilidad en la revisión y valoración de la tesis, debido a sus atinadas criticas, observaciones y sugerencias se enriqueció aun más el presente trabajo, muchas gracias. Por el apoyo otorgado… Al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) por otorgar la beca No. 377374, apoyo que fue utilizado para estudiar la Maestría en Manejo de Ecosistemas Marinos y Costeros Al departamento de Desarrollo Académico por el apoyo otorgado para la consolidación del cuerpo académico Ecosistemas Costeros. A compañeros-colegas-amigos del Laboratorio de Arrecifes Coralinos (LAC): A Jimmy Argüelles Jiménez por su apoyo incondicional durante los muestreos en el arrecife Lobos y por sus sugerencias para enriquecer la presente tesis. A Karla A. Martínez Rivera por sus sabios consejos y su apoyo moral. A Mónica Lizbeth Quintana Cruz debido a su apoyo, compresión, cariño y amor me fortaleció para estudiar y culminar el posgrado, espero te sientas muy orgullosa de este logro. A mis amigos de la maestría: A Isabela Cruz Ferrer, Olga Bartolo Mateos, Rosina Hernández Jiménez, Maura Maruri Cruz, Rosa Estela Orduña Medrano, Pablo Villagran Maldonado y Mauricio Hernández Sánchez, quienes siempre los he considerado amigos, les agradezco la confianza que siempre me brindaron y por considerarme en los equipos de trabajo. iv ÍNDICE RESUMEN I. INTRODUCCIÓN…………………………………………………………………. 1 II. ANTECEDENTES………………………………………………………………... 5 III. HIPOTESIS………………………………………………………………………. 10 IV. OBJETIVOS……………………………………………………………………… 11 V. ÁREA DE ESTUDIO…………………………………………………………….. 12 5.1 Arrecife Lobos…………………………………………………………………… 12 VI. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS…………………………………………………… 14 6. 1 Identificación y determinación………………………………………………... 14 6.2 Atributos ecológicos……………………………………………………………. 16 6.3 Índices ecológicos……………………………………………………………… 17 a) Diversidad alfa α…………………………………………………………………. 18 b) Diversidad beta β………………………………………………………………… 21 6.4 Análisis estadístico……………………………………………………………... 22 VII. RESULTADOS………………………………………………………………….. 24 7.1 Inventario de las especies macrobénticas y nectónicas…………………… 24 7.2 Eficiencia de muestreo…………………………………………………………. 28 7.3 Atributos ecológicos a nivel de zona arrecifal……………………………….. 30 7.4 Atributos ecológicos a nivel de sitios…………………………………………. 36 Planicie arrecifal…………………………………………………………………….. 36 Pendientes profundas de sotavento y barlovento……………………………….. 42 7.5 Medición de la diversidad verdadera…………………………………………. 48 7.6 Diversidad beta β……………………………………………………………….. 50 v VIII. DISCUSIÓN……………………………………………………………………. 54 8.1 La biodiversidad que resguarda los sustratos rocosos coralinos en el arrecife Lobos……………………………………………………………………….. 54 8.2 Cobertura del macrobentos sésil……………………………………………... 55 8.3 Abundancia del macrobentos móvil y del necton…………………………… 60 8.4 Especies arrecifales más trascendentes por su cobertura, abundancia y valor de importancia.......................................................................................... 61 8.5 Índices ecológicos……………………………………………………………… 65 IX. CONCLUSIONES………………………………………………………………. 69 X. APLICACIÓN AL MANEJO…………………………………………………….. 71 9.1. Especies macrobentónicas y nectónicas con importancia de manejo…………………..................................................................................... 71 9.2. Zonificación…………………………………………………………………….. 77 XI. BIBLIOGRAFÍA………………………………………………………………….. 80 XII. ANEXO…………………………………………………………………………... 97 vi ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Figura 1. Arrecifes en peligro en el Caribe, 2004 (Tomado de Burke y Maidens, 2005)................................................................................................... 6 Figura 2. Áreas marinas protegidas en arrecifes coralinos del Atlántico Mexicano. A. P. F. F.: Área de Protección de Flora y Fauna. P. N.: Parque Nacional. R. B.: Reserva de la Biosfera............................................................. 8 Figura 3. Localización geográfica del arrecife Lobos......................................... 13 Figura 4. Ubicación de los sitios de muestreo en el arrecife Lobos, Veracruz. Sitios: EP: este de la planicie; SESP: sureste de la planicie; SP: sur de la planicie; SOEP: suroeste de la planicie; NOESP: noroeste de la planicie; NP: norte de la planicie; NESP: noreste de la planicie; STOES: sotavento oeste; STNOES: sotavento noroeste; STN: sotavento norte; STS: sotavento sur; BS: barlovento sur; BSEST: barlovento sureste; BEST: barlovento este; BNEST: barlovento noreste....................................................................................................... 15 Figura 5. Valores de la riqueza observada (Sobs) y riqueza esperada de los estimadores Michaelis-Menten (MM), Chao1, ACE y Cole por zona arrecifal.. 29 Figura 6. Valores promedio de la riqueza de especies a nivel de zona arrecifal. Las líneas verticales indican la desviación estándar de los datos....... 30 Figura 7. Cobertura del macrobentos sésil en los sustratos rocosos coralinos del arrecife Lobos.............................................................................................. 32 Figura 8. Abundancia relativa del macrobentos móvil y del necton en los sustratos rocosos coralinos del arrecife Lobos................................................. 32 Figura 9. Valores promedio de la diversidad de Shannon por zona arrecifal. 35 Figura 10. Valores promedio del índice de dominancia y equidad por zona arrecifal.............................................................................................................. 35 Figura 11. Cobertura macrobentónica de la planicie arrecifal por grupos biológicos. Sitios: EP: este de la planicie; SESP: sureste de la planicie; SP: sur de la planicie; SOESP: suroeste de la planicie; NOESP: noroeste de la planicie; NP: norte de la planicie; NESP: noreste de la planicie............................................................................................................... 38 Figura 12. Abundancia numérica del macrobentos móvil y necton de los sitios rocosos coralinos de la planicie arrecifal por grupos biológicos. Sitios: EP: este de la planicie; SESP: sureste de la planicie; SP: sur de la planicie; SOESP: suroeste de la planicie; NOESP: noroeste de la planicie; NP: norte de la planicie; NESP: noreste de la planicie....................................................... 39 vii Figura 13. Índice de diversidad de Shannon para los sitios rocosos coralinos de la planicie arrecifal. Sitios: EP: este de la planicie; SESP: sureste de la planicie; SP: sur de la planicie; SOESP: suroeste de la planicie; NOESP: noroeste de la planicie; NP: norte de la planicie; NESP: noreste de la planicie. Las líneas verticales indican la desviación estándar de los datos................................................................................................................... 41 Figura 14. Índice de dominancia y equidad para los sitios rocosos coralinos de la planicie arrecifal. Sitios: EP: este de la planicie; SESP: sureste de la planicie; SP: sur de la planicie; SOESP: suroeste de la planicie; NOESP: noroeste de la planicie; NP: norte de la planicie; NESP: noreste de la planicie. Las líneas verticales indican la desviación estándar de los datos..………………………………………………………….................................. 41 Figura 15. Cobertura macrobentónica del área de sotavento y barlovento por grupos biológicos. Sitios: STOES: sotavento oeste; STNOES: sotavento noroeste; STN: sotavento norte; STS: sotavento sur; BS: barlovento sur; BSEST: barlovento sureste; BEST: barlovento este; BNEST: barlovento noreste................................................................................................................ 44 Figura 16. Abundancia numérica del macrobentos y necton de los sitios rocosos coralinos de sotavento y barlovento por grupos biológicos. Sitios: STOES: sotavento oeste; STNOES: sotavento noroeste; STN: sotavento norte; STS: sotavento sur; BS: barlovento sur; BSEST: barlovento sureste; BEST: barlovento este; BNEST: barlovento noreste.....……………………….… 46 Figura 17. Índices ecológicos para los sitios rocosos coralinos de las zonas de sotavento y barlovento. Sitios: STOES: sotavento oeste; STNOES: sotavento noroeste; STN: sotavento norte; STS: sotavento sur; BS: barlovento sur; BSEST: barlovento sureste; BEST: barlovento este; BNEST: barlovento noreste.…….…………………………………………………………….. 48
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