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Developments in Integrated Aquaculture in Southeast Asia, P Responsible Aquaculture Development in Southeast Asia Edited by Luis Maria B. Garcia SOUTHEAST ASIAN FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT CENTER AQUACULTURE DEPARTMENT Responsible Aquaculture Development in Southeast Asia Proceedings of the Seminar-Workshop on Aquaculture Development in Southeast Asia organized by the SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department 12-14 October 1999 Iloilo City, Philippines Luis Maria B. Garcia Editor SOUTHEAST ASIAN FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT CENTER Aquaculture Department Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines On the Cover: Harvest of pond-reared grouper ISBN 971-8511-47-4 Published and printed by: Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Aquaculture Department Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines Copyright 2001 Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Aquaculture Department Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines All Rights Reserved No part of this publication maybe reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without the written permission from the publisher For inquiries: SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department 5021 Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines Fax +63 33 3351008, 3362891 E-mail [email protected] AQD website http://www.seafdec.org.ph/ FOREWORD Globally, aquaculture development has been recently recognized as the fastest growing food- producing sector, contributing significantly to national economic development, global food supply and food security. This trend has been very apparent in Southeast Asia where fish is a staple in the people’s diet. Increasing aquaculture production in the region appears to bridge the shortfall relative to the demand for fishery products that capture fisheries can, at present, no longer fulfill. However, this scenario of increased production did not materialize without a consequent trade-off impacting on environmental integrity, socioeconomic development and viability, and technological efficiency that ensure the sustainability of fish production. The SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department has been aware of this scenario in the formulation of its three-year plans for research and development during the tri-annual Seminar-Workshop on Aquaculture Development in Southeast Asia (or ADSEA). The theme for ADSEA ‘99, “Responsible Aquaculture Development in Southeast Asia”, is therefore timely. It comes at a time when SEAFDEC has adopted a new Strategic Plan, which adopts a regional approach in the formulation of programs of work in all its Departments. More importantly, since ADSEA ‘99addresses responsible aquaculture development in the region, the results of this seminar-workshop could certainly serve as important inputs for the establishment of regional technical guidelines for implementing the global Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, a major task that SEAFDEC is currently undertaking. ADSEA ‘99 invited practitioners of aquaculture researchand development in the region to define the status of technologies as these apply to major aquaculture systems. Researchers of the Aquaculture Department then presented an update of their aquaculture commodity-directed research, training, and extension activities since 1995. Together with the participation of representatives from the industry, the academe, government and non-government organizations, the workshops that followed identified and discussed issues and strategies relevant to aquaculture research and development in the region. The outputs of ADSEA ‘99 guided the Aquaculture Department in awarding priorities in its three- year research, training, and extension activities beginning in 2000. This volume documents the proceedings and the outputs of ADSEA '99. Hopefully, the contributions documented herein will translate to our common goal of attaining responsible food production and security through sustainable aquaculture. Rolando R. Platon Chief, Aquaculture Department Seafdec Panu Tavarutmaneegul Seafdec Secretary-General TABLE OF CONTENTS Responsible Aquaculture Development for the Next Millennium, p. 1 A. G.J. Tacon U.C. Barg Developments In Sustainable Shrimp Farming in Southeast Asia p. 27 H. Kongkeo M. Phillips Developments in Marine and Brackishwater Fish Culture in Southeast Asia, p. 45 W.G. Yap Developments in Freshwater Fish Culture in Southeast Asia, p. 67 F. Cholik Developments in Integrated Aquaculture in Southeast Asia, p. 77 C. K. Lin Y. Yi Socioeconomics of Responsible Aquaculture in Asia, p. 89 K. Viswanathan E. Genio Developments in Seaweed Farming in Southeast Asia, p. 99 R.S. Simbajon M.A. Ricohermoso Developments in Mollusc Farming in Southeast Asia, p. 103 D.M. Nair Health Management for Sustainable Aquaculture, p. 115 S. Chinabut Markets and Marketing Trends for Aquaculture Products in Southeast Asia, p. 121 S. Pawiro Community-based Coral Farming for Reef Rehabilitation, Biodiversity Conservation, and as a Livelihood Option for Fisherfolk, p. 133 T. Heeger F.B. Sotto J. Ll. Gatus C. Laron Biological Hazard Possibly Produced by Aquaculture and Its Control, p. 147 Y. Inui Environmental Impacts of Marine Fish Farming and their Mitigation, p. 157 R.S.S. Wu REVIEW OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES AT SEAFDEC/AQD Research for Marine Fishes, p. 173 J. D. Toledo Research of Freshwater Fishes, p. 185 C.B. Santiago Z.U. Basiao J.D. Tan-Fermin Research on Crustaceans, p. 199 O. M. Millamena Research on Molluscs and Seaweeds, p. 209 A. C. Fermin A.Q. Hurtado Community-based Fishery Resources Management Project in Malalison Island: Institutional Arrangements for Fisheries Co-management, p. 221 R.F. Agbayani A.S. Babol Mangrove-friendly Aquaculture Studies at the SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department, p. 231 J.H. Primavera A.T. Triño Technology Verification and Extension Program of SEAFDEC / AQD, p. 241 D. Baliao ADSEA ‘99 Priorities and Recommendations, p. 247 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AND OBSERVERS, P. 255 BACKGROUND OF THE SEMINAR-WORKSHOP The Seminar-Workshop on Aquaculture Development in Southeast Asia (ADSEA) is a series conducted every three years for the formulation of the three-year research and development plan of the SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department. It was conceived as a forum to assess the contribution of the Department to the development of aquaculture in the region. ADSEA was convened in 1987, 1991, and 1994. In 1997, in lieu of the regular seminar-workshop, a survey of aquaculture research and training needs was conducted and the result was the basis for the 1998-2000 research and training program of the Department. This seminar-workshop (ADSEA ’99) reviewed the recent developments in aquaculture and provided a forum to discuss strategies to ensure further development of responsible aquaculture in the region. Specifically, ADSEA ’99 1) assessed the progress and development of aquaculture technologies in the region, and research and development in the Department since 1995; 2) reviewed recent advances in sustainable and responsible aquaculture elsewhere in the world; and 3) identified strategies for sustainable and responsible aquaculture in the region. The contributions of selected participants during ADSEA ’99 appear in this present volume. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Governments of the Philippines and Japan provided financial support for the conduct of the Seminar-Workshop on Responsible Aquaculture Development in Southeast Asia (ADSEA ’99). Led by the Organizing Committee Chairperson, Dr. Rolando Platon, and the Scientific Program Committee Chairperson, Dr. Clarissa L. Marte, the various working committees of ADSEA ’99 spent a significant number of man-hours in planning the plenary and workshops sessions. All the participants and guests shared their experience and expertise to enliven the discussions, which eventually provided the material for formulating prioritized and specific areas for research and training to be undertaken by the SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department in the next three years. Mr. Augusto Surtida and the staff of the Training and Information Division prepared the layout of these proceedings. Responsible Aquaculture Development for the Next Millennium Albert G.J. Tacon1 and Uwe C. Barg2 1The Oceanic Institute, Makapuu Point, Waimanalo, Hawaii 96744, USA 2Fisheries Department, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy Abstract With the world population doubling in size from 3 to 6 billion people from 1960 to 1999 and currently growing at 1.33% per year (or an annual net addition of 78 million people), and expected to reach 7.3 to 10.7 billion by 2050 (with 8.9 billion considered most likely), there are growing doubts as to the long term sustainability of many traditional agricultural food production systems in being able to meet the increasing global demand for food. Nowhere is this more critical than within many of the world’s developing countries, and in particular within those Low-income Food- deficit countries (LIFDC; currently representing over 62% of the world’s population), which are net importers of food and lack sufficient earnings to purchase food to cover their basic dietary needs. Of the multitude of agricultural food production systems, aquaculture is widely viewed as being an important potential candidate capable of contributing to reductions in the shortfall in the terrestrial food basket. Aquaculture, the farming of aquatic plants and animals, has been the fastest growing food production sector for over a decade. Total global production from aquaculture more than tripled from 10 million metric tons (mmt) in 1984 to over 36 mmt in 1997, and production grew at an average compound rate of 11% per year since
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