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Halifax, Nova Scotia April2000 The State, Market and Civil Society in the Growth Areas of Mindanao, Philippines: Approaches to Development Governance in the Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and Philippines East ASEAN Growth Area (BIMP-EAGA) Su bïegion Jessica Asne Dator Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia April2000 O Copyright by Jessica A. Dator, 2000 National Library Bibliothèque nationale ($1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services seiuices bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. iw Wellington Ottawa ON KIA ON4 OaawaW KtAW Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or se1 reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwjse de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. For al1 those who dare to see the goodness in others and to share hope to those in need. Table of Contents Page No. List of Tables and Figures vi Abstract VIi List of Acronyms viii Acknowledgements ix Part I Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Research Design Part II Chapter 3 The Brunei, Indonesia. Malaysia, Philippines East Asian Growth Area (BIMP-EAGA) Chapter 4 Growth Areas as Engines of Development in the Sub-region: The Growth Areas of Mindanao. Chapter 5 Acton in Development Govemance in Mindanao Growth Areas Chapter 6 Approaches to Development Govemance Chapter 7 Modes of Engagement Chapter 8 Dynamics of Engagement in Development Govemance: Creating A Web of Development Govemance in a Sub-Regional Growth Area Chapter 9 Examining Dimensions of Development Govemance in Sub- Regional Development in relation to Mindanao's Growth Areas Part III Chapter 1O Summary of Findings C hapter 11 Current Issues in the Govemance of Development Chapter 12 Conclusion Chapter 13 Future Directions for Development Govemance in Mindanao's Growth Areas Chapter 14 Theoretical and Research Challenges to the Study of Development Govemance Appendices Glossary Bibliography List of Figures Figure No. Title Page 1.l Map of Sub-regional Growth Triangles in East Asia 3 3.1 Map of BIMP-EAGA 16 3.2 BIMP-EAGA 17' Century Map 18 4.1 Map of Mindanao 30 4.2 Mindanao Growth Corridors 30 7.1 General Relational Trends Among Development Acton in 61 Mindanao's Growth Areas 9.1 Major Tuna Fishing Grounds in the Pacific 9.2 Ethnographie Map of Mindanao A Negoitiated/Participatory Model of Govemance List of Tables Table No. Title Page 1 List of Actors in the Governance of Developrnent in 40 Mindanao's Growth Areas 2 Sumrnary of Approaches to Development 3 Modes of Engagement ABSTRACT Jessica Asne Dator, 2000. The State, Market and Civil Society in the Growth Areas of Mindanao, Philippines: Approaches to Developrnent Govemance in the Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and Philippines Growth Area (BIMP-EAGA) Sub-region. A M. A. (International Development Studies) Thesis, Halifax. Canada: Dalhousie University. This exploratory study into development governance looks into the nature of development governance in selected growth areas of Mindanao Philippines. Therein, the following key questions were asked: who are the key acton in the development of growth areas, what approach to development do they use and what modes of engagement exist between multiple acton in the governance of the development. The thesis also looks into current issues in development governance giving particular emphasis on the intersectionality of varied dimensions in the development proœss (Le. environment. gender, health, security, eainicity, religion. economy. politics). The author's main thesis is that development is wnceived in different ways by different actors. Hence, approaches to and modes of engagement in development govemance will, likewise, Vary. The study identified a long list of development acton in Mindanao's growth areas that span global to local, macro to micro levels of development arena. All acton suggested by govemance models (i.e. the State, business and civil society) are in various levels and extent of engagement with one another as each forward their respective development agenda. The data gathered indiwtes a strong State presence in punuing a neo-liberalization agenda. The national to local govemment's economic and social policies bear the mark of the development agenda of donor agencies which raises the issue of State sovereignty vis a vis international donor agencies. The business sector enters as a key player in infrastructure and enterprise development, investment promotion and business matching. The civil society organizations in the growth areas studied, on the other hand, have taken on the role of implementing the social agenda of donor agencies as they put fonvard their own development agenda which often focuses on advocacy and education rather than on basic service delivery or infrastructure development. Development approaches advocated by different development actors are generally eclectic. There is no single theme that defines common direction for al1 the development initiatives in Mindanao. However, the most dominant approach is economic growth and its variations (e.g. growth with equity, redistribution with growth) followed by governance. 00th are strongly supported by many State acton, whereas, the fint is the predominant paradigm advocated by business acton. Participatory development, sustainable developmen t and self4etenination are among the more strongly advocated development paradigms of civil society organizations. The drive for su b-regional. regional, and global integration for purposes of economic growth increased State and business linkages and interaction in growth areas. On the other hand. there is a weak State and civil society and aven weaker business and civil society linkage. There is also a rare occurrence of State-business-civil society direct engagement in matters relating to development. Thus, there is a missing link, a gap in govemance necessary for a process of critical engagement between three critical actors in govemance. vii LIST OF ACRONYMS ADB Asian Development Bank AFTA ASEAN Free Trade Agreement AFP-RSBS Amed Forces of the Philippines Retirement and Separation Benefits System AFRlM Alternative Forum for Research in Mindanao Al DS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome APEC Asia-Pacific Econornic Conference ARD Associates in Rural Development ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations AUSAID Australian Agency for lnternational Aid BFAR Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources BIAF Bangsamoro lslamic Amed Forces BIMP-EAGA Brunei, Indonesia. Malaysia, Philippines East ASEAN Growth Area Canadian lnternational DeveIopment Agency csos Civil Society Organizations Department of Agriculture DlDP Davao lntegrated Development Pmgram DOT Department of Tourism Dfl Department of Trade and lndustry EABC East ASEAN Business Council ELAP Emergency Livelihood Assistance Program FEMAS Federation of Maranao Associations in Saudi Arabia GEM Growth with Equity in Mindanao GOLD Governance and Local Democracy Project GTZ Geman Agency for Technical Cooperation HIV Human Immuno-deficiency Virus Infrastructure Monitoring and Advisory Group for Samal Island faurism Estate Project International lslamic Relief Organization Initiatives for lnternational Developrnent International Labor Organization viii JlCA Japan International Cooperation Agency KKP Kabang Kalikasan ng Pilipinas KMP Kilusan ng Magbubukid ng Pilipinas LGSP Local Govemment Support Program MDB Mindanao Development Bank MSU Mindanao State University MDFI Maguindanaon Development Foundaüon. Inc. (MDFI) MlLF Moro lslamic Ciberation Front MNLF Moro National Liberation Front MEDCO Mindanao Ewnomic Development Council MBC Mindanao Business Council NEDA National Economic Development Authority NGO Non-Government Organization NIES Newly Industrializing Economies ODA Official Development Assistance OECF Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund PDAP Program for Peace and Development PTA Philippine Tourism Authority PHlLVlDEC Philippine Veterans Development and lnvestment Corporation PCARRD Philippine Council for Agriculture, forestry, Natural Resources Research Development REFORM Resource Ecology Foundation for the Regeneration of Mindanao SLS-CARBMCO San Isidro, Libertad. San Remigio Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries Multipurpose Cooperative S€z Special Econornic Zone SEARICE Southeast Asian Regional lnstitute on Community Education SOCSARGEN South Cotabato. Sarangani, General Santos Growth Area SPCPD Southem Philippines Council for Peace and Development SM€ Small and Medium Enterprise SZOPAD Special Zones of Peace and Development SOCOPA Southern Cotabato Purse Seiners Association SHINE Social Health Insurance Networking and Empowerment SHED Social Health and Environment Development SOMM Senior Official's Ministerial Meeting STD Sexually Transmitted Disease TACDRUP Technical Assistance for the Development of Rural and Urban Poor UKDFID United Kingdom Department
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