EAST SIDE COASTAL RESILIENCY STUDIO FINAL REPORT MAY 2021 Pathway in East River Park
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EAST SIDE COASTAL RESILIENCY STUDIO FINAL REPORT MAY 2021 Pathway in East River Park. EV Grieve EAST SIDE COASTAL RESILIENCY STUDIO TEAM FACULTY ADVISOR Francesca Bruce Professor Lily Pollans Christopher Freire Tess Guttieres Tomas Izarra CLIENT Priya Mulgaonkar East River Park Action (ERPA) Colin Ryan Erica Saunders Lynne Siringo Sean Sonnemann Andrew Wasserman Report Layout Priya Mulgaonkar & Sean Sonnemann Process Timeline Graphic Tess Guttieres & Colin Ryan Cover Photos: ESCR Rendering, NYC New York City Department of Design & Construction Protest at East River Park, ERPA Sandy-related flooding along FDR and East River, Beth Carey, WikiCommons FALL 2020-SPRING 2021 3 EAST SIDE COASTAL RESILIENCY STUDIO TABLE OF CONTENTS 5 Executive Summary 6 Introduction 12 Project Goals & Research 14 Objectives & Methods 17 ESCR Process Timeline 20 Community Concerns & Critical Viewpoints 26 Planning Analysis: What Went Wrong 34 Recommendations 46 Appendix 4 HUNTER COLLEGE MUP - ESCR STUDIO Executive Summary The East Side Coastal Resiliency Project (ESCR) is a resiliency initiative undertaken by New York City that aims to protect the East Side of Manhattan from flood risk and sea level rise. The ESCR project area spans from Montgomery Street to East 15th Street and includes our Studio’s area of focus, East River Park. Working on behalf of East River Park Action (ERPA) over the past two semesters, our Studio has sought to understand the shortcomings of the ESCR Plan at present, as they relate to the initial community engagement efforts and the threats of climate change and COVID-19. Further, we aim to identify how our findings might be leveraged in the best interest of affected communities. Finally, we look towards resilience as a more abstract concept, using the ESCR Plan as a case study to surmise how resilience might best be integrated into the planning field at large. Our research and analysis, as framed above, have yielded the following results and recommendations: • Provide greater transparency with regard to the environmental impacts of park construction by way of publishing data from noise and air quality monitoring devices. • Expand existing open space alternatives, or provide direct assistance to residents that promote access to other open spaces throughout the city. • Incentivize contractors for quick project turnover of completed portions of the park, Hold contractors responsible for any delays that prevent re-opening of the park to the public on schedule. • Ensure full community buy-in for new park amenities and reuse of all viable elements of the current park. • Establish a memorial to the current park through documentation of its history using photos, videos, and signage. • Improve project accountability by implementing a community scorecard system to allow local evaluation of the project with financial repercussions for the construction team. • Continue to provide advance notice for closures and disruptions due to construction activities. FALL 2020-SPRING 2021 5 I. INTRODUCTION Scenes of the uneven blackouts that spread throughout New York after Hurricane Sandy struck the city. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Following the City’s immediate response Hurricane Sandy and and recovery efforts, long-term planning efforts CALLOUTbegan to focus intently on future the Rise of Resiliency climate risks, prompting ‘resiliency’ to enter the lexicon of planning in New York Planning in NYC City. In June of 2013, former Mayor Michael Bloomberg’s administration released an Hurricane Sandy was a transformative updated iteration of his strategic plan, climate event that had a lasting impact PlaNYC, entitled A Stronger, More Resilient on New York City, marking a turning point New York. The plan recommended in how the municipality perceives climate increasing the resiliency of infrastructure threats. The category one “superstorm” across the city, as well as more specific made landfall in New York City on October community rebuilding and resiliency plans. 29, 2012 as the largest storm to ever hit In addition, the Bloomberg administration the region, and its direct impacts were convened the New York City Panel on far-reaching, disrupting transportation, Climate Change (NPCC): a group of communication, energy, and water scientists, academics, and professionals systems. The storm claimed 44 lives in New in the field of climate change tasked York City, and its associated economic with producing annual projections and damages are estimated at $19 billion.1 reports on climate impacts in New York. Storm surge reached a peak of 14 feet Bloomberg’s successor, Mayor Bill de and flooded 17% of the city’s landmass, Blasio, has continued to incorporate the ravaging homes and businesses, forcing language of resiliency in policy documents, school closures, and causing power including in his strategic OneNYC plan, outages that lasted months in some as well as in major resiliency-focused areas.2 About 300 homes were destroyed planning initiatives. The ESCR Plan is one and some 69,000 residential units were such example of a de Blasio-era resiliency damaged, displacing thousands of New initiative prompted by the devastation Yorkers.3 The extensive physical impact of of Hurricane Sandy and reliant on both Hurricane Sandy affirmed the threat of municipal and federal funding, including a climate change and set in motion a series Community Development Block Grant for of federal and municipal actions that disaster recovery. reshaped local urban planning decision- making for years. Storm surge during Hurricane Sandy’s landfall in New York City. Source: Carbon Brief. FALL 2020-SPRING 2021 7 CLIMATE CHANGE RISKS Climate Risks in NYC Looking ahead, extreme weather events like Hurricane Extreme heat Sandy will become more frequent and intense as climate change accelerates. Other anticipated impacts of climate change include sea level rise and an associated increase in coastal flooding and storm surges, heightened temperatures, and more frequent heat waves, among many others. These impacts pose an unprecedented challenge for New York City, since its coastal orientation and dense development exacerbate its vulnerability to sea Severe rainstorms level rise and extreme weather events. Mid-range sea level rise projections for New York City, as detailed by the NPCC, estimate an increase of 11-21 inches by the 2050s and 18-39 inches by the 2080s.4 High-end estimates project an increase of 30 inches by the 2050s, 58 inches by the 2080s, and 75 inches by 2100.5 Sea level rise coupled with more frequent and intense storms has the potential to inundate large swaths of New York City. As such, resiliency Droughts planning efforts should meaningfully incorporate climate projections, especially as they relate to coastal development. Warmer winters COVID-19 & Resiliency Planning In addition to the contexts of Hurricane Sandy and climate change more broadly, the COVID-19 Pandemic provides a new lens through which to consider the ESCR Plan. The COVID-19 Pandemic has highlighted the essential functionality of open space and parks, particularly for vulnerable residents and low-income communities of color. With social distancing and outdoor gatherings Sea level rise becoming the new normal as the City looks towards recovery, retention of park space is integral for resident quality of life. Thus, determining a strategy for resiliency planning that centers the current needs of communities will be essential for any long-term climate planning of New York City’s waterfront, including the ESCR Plan. Coastal flooding 8 HUNTER COLLEGE MUP - ESCR STUDIO This was the product of design and History & Context: architecture firms working in conjunction with the LES Ecology Project and The East Side Coastal Community Boards 3 and 6. It was the first plan to respond to the devastation of Resiliency Project Hurricane Sandy. In August of this same The East Side Coastal Resiliency Project year, the Rebuild by Design competition Area I spans from Montgomery Street to began. The BIG U design was presented, East 15th Street, bordering Community after community engagement, as the District 3 (CD3). Impacted neighborhoods winner in 2014. In October 2018 the City include Chinatown, the Lower East Side announced a pivot from the BIG U to the (LES), and the East Village. CD3 is a 1.7 current iteration of the ESCR Plan. square mile district containing roughly What we can take from this brief and 155,000 people. Of the total area in the incomplete picture of proposed plans and district, 0.35 square miles, or 20%, is in the development related to the waterfront 1% annual chance floodplain, with a nearly in the LES is that there has been over a equal percent of the population in the decade of community engagement, and floodplain, at 21%.6 The community district more than one proposed plan that has houses 26 NYCHA developments that been reconfigured. This is a long time to go comprise 23% of total rental units.7 25% of without flood protection for a community the district is Hispanic, 8% Black, and 30% already deeply harmed by one flood event. Asian, with 35% of residents being foreign born.8 Prior to the implementation of the ESCR Project in its current state, several other waterfront plans and community engagement processes were explored within the community. In 2009, O.U.R. Waterfront, a coalition of local community groups, released A People’s Plan in response to the NYC Economic Development Corporation’s (EDC) plans to redevelop the waterfront. The coalition was focused on documenting the concerns of the community, reflecting the potential development. In 2013, The East River Blueway Plan, commissioned by former Manhattan Borough President Scott Stringer, State Assemblymember Brian Kavanaugh, and the New York State Department of State’s Division of Coastal Resources was released. FALL 2020-SPRING 2021 9 ERPA also expressed concerns that the Client Background: East final ESCR Plan required the closure of the East River Park for a minimum of three River Park Action years, resulting in the loss of active and passive open and community space for In 2018, the City announced that the ESCR hundreds of thousands of New Yorkers.