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Risikovurdering Av Bd Og Bsal Samt Cytridiomykose I Norge

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Risikovurdering Av Bd Og Bsal Samt Cytridiomykose I Norge VKM Report 2019: 4 Assessment of the risk to Norwegian biodiversity from the pathogenic fungi Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) Opinion of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment 15.05.2019 Report from the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM) 2019:4 Assessment of the risk to Norwegian biodiversity from the pathogenic fungi Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) Opinion of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment 15.05.2019 ISBN: 978-82-8259-320-5 ISSN: 2535-4019 Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM) Po 222 Skøyen N – 0213 Oslo Norway Phone: +47 21 62 28 00 Email: [email protected] vkm.no vkm.no/english Cover photo: ColourBox Suggested citation: VKM, Nielsen, A., Dolmen, D., Höglund, J., Kausrud, K., Malmstrøm, M., Taugbøl, A., Vrålstad, T., Ytrehus, B., de Boer, H., Hindar, K., Kirkendall, L., Nilsen, E. B., Rueness, E. K. and Velle, G. (2019). Assessment of the risk to Norwegian biodiversity from the pathogenic fungi Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal). Opinion of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. VKM report 2019:4, ISBN: 978-82-8259-320-5, ISSN: 2535-4019. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM), Oslo, Norway. VKM Report 2019: 4 15.05.2019 Assessment of the risk to Norwegian biodiversity from the pathogenic fungi Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) Authors of the opinion VKM has appointed a project group consisting of 4 VKM members and 4 external experts to answer the request from the Norwegian Food Safety Authority. Members of the project group that contributed to the drafting of the opinion (in alphabetical order after chair of the project group): Anders Nielsen – chair of the project group and member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo. Dag Dolmen – Member of the project group. Affiliation: Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU). Jacob Höglund – Member of the project group. Affiliation: Uppsala University (UU). Kyrre Kausrud – Chair of the project group and member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) The Norwegian Veterinary Institute (NVI). Martin Malmstrøm – Member of the project group and project leader in the VKM secretariat. Affiliation: VKM. Annette Taugbøl – Member of the project group. Affiliation: Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) Trude Vrålstad – Member of the project group. Affiliation: The Norwegian Veterinary Institute (NVI). Bjørnar Ytrehus – Member of the project group and member of the Panel on Microbial Ecology in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA). The opinion has been assessed and approved by the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). Members of the panel that contributed to the assessment and approval of the opinion (in alphabetical order before chair/vice-chair of the Panel/Committee): Hugo de Boer – Member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Natural History Museum, Oslo. Kjetil Hindar – Member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA). VKM Report 2019: 4 15.05.2019 Lawrence Kirkendall – Member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Department of Biology, University of Bergen. Erlend B. Nilsen – Member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA). Eli K. Rueness – Member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo. Gaute Velle – Chair of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norwegian Research Centre AS (NORCE); 3) Department of Biology, University of Bergen. Acknowledgments VKM would like to thank the referees Professor An Martel (Ghent University) and Professor Matthew Fisher (Imperial College London) for reviewing and commenting on the manuscript. Competence of VKM experts Persons working for VKM, either as appointed members of the Committee or as external experts, do this by virtue of their scientific expertise, not as representatives for their employers or third-party interests. The Civil Services Act instructions on legal competence apply for all work prepared by VKM. VKM Report 2019: 4 15.05.2019 Table of Contents Summary ................................................................................................................ 9 Sammendrag på norsk ......................................................................................... 13 Abbreviations ....................................................................................................... 17 Background as provided by the Norwegian Environment Agency ........................ 18 Terms of reference as provided by the Norwegian Environment Agency ............. 19 1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 20 1.1 Amphibians in Norway .......................................................................................... 20 Great crested newt (Triturus cristatus (storsalamander)) .............................. 20 Smooth newt (Lissotriton vulgaris (småsalamander)) .................................... 22 Common toad (Bufo bufo (nordpadde)) .......................................................24 Common frog (Rana temporaria (buttsnutefrosk)) ........................................ 27 Moor frog (Rana arvalis (spissnutefrosk)) .................................................... 29 Pool frog (Pelophylax lessonae (damfrosk)) ................................................. 31 Edible frog (Pelophylax esculentus (hybridfrosk)) ......................................... 33 Joint distributions ...................................................................................... 35 The role of amphibians in the ecosystem ..................................................... 36 1.2 Pathogenic fungi infecting animals ......................................................................... 37 Animal diseases caused by pathogenic fungi ................................................ 37 Definition of, and distinction between, disease and outbreak ......................... 39 1.3 Pathogenic fungi of amphibians ............................................................................. 40 Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) .......................................................... 40 1.3.1.1 Taxonomy and strains ............................................................................. 41 1.3.1.2 Host specificity ....................................................................................... 42 1.3.1.3 Mode of infection .................................................................................... 42 1.3.1.4 Lifecycle / persistence ............................................................................. 43 1.3.1.5 Virulence ............................................................................................... 45 1.3.1.6 Prevalence and effects on different amphibian species ............................... 46 1.3.1.7 Bd in Europe .......................................................................................... 49 1.3.1.8 Bd in Scandinavia ................................................................................... 51 1.3.1.9 Factors influencing prevalence and disease development ........................... 51 1.3.1.10 Hosts and vectors influencing/facilitating the spread of Bd ....................... 54 Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) .................................................. 55 VKM Report 2019: 4 15.05.2019 1.3.2.1 Taxonomy and strains ............................................................................. 56 1.3.2.2 Host specificity ....................................................................................... 57 1.3.2.3 Mode of infection .................................................................................... 57 1.3.2.4 Lifecycle / persistence ............................................................................. 57 1.3.2.5 Virulence ............................................................................................... 58 1.3.2.6 Prevalence and effect on different amphibian species ................................ 58 1.3.2.7 Bsal in Europe ........................................................................................ 60 1.3.2.8 Bsal in Scandinavia ................................................................................. 60 1.3.2.9 Factors influencing the prevalence and disease development...................... 61 1.3.2.10 Hosts and vectors influencing/facilitating the spread of Bsal ....................
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