Venturia Inaequalis and V
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Venturia Inaequalis (Cooke) Winter, Hedwigia 36: 81, 1897
Set No 41, published 1974 CMI Descriptions of VENTURIA INAEQUALIS Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria No. 401 Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Winter, Hedwigia 36: 81, 1897. Sphaerella inaequalis Cooke, 1866. Spilosticta inaequalis (Cooke) Petr., 1940. Endostigma inaequalis (Cooke) Syd., 1923. Sphaeria cinerascens Fuckel, 1863. Sphaerella cinerascens Fuckel, 1870. Conidial state: Spilocaea pomi Fr., 1825. Fusicladium pomi (Fr.) Lind, 1913. Helminthosporium pyrorum Lib. (pro parte), 1832. (For further synonymy see Barr, Canadian Journal of Botany 46: 808, 1968 and Hughes, Canadian Journal of Botany 31: 566–568, 1953.) Pseudothecia immersed, globose, amphigenous, scattered or grouped, with or without setae. Asci cylindrical, bitunicate, 8- spored, 60–70 × 7–12 µm. Ascospores monostichous or distichous, olivaceous brown, septate in the upper third, with upper ends tapering and lower ends rounded, 12–15 × 6–8 µm. Conidial state: Conidiophores arising from subcuticular or intraepidermal mycelium which forms radiating plates, simple cylindrical, pale to mid brown to olivaceous brown, sometimes swollen at the base, variable in length, up to 90 µm long, 5–6 µm wide. Stroma often formed as pseudoparenchyma. Conidia produced singly at the tip of the conidiophore and then successively by proliferation through scars of the detached conidia, resulting in characteristic and distinct annellations on the conidiophores; obpyriform to obclavate, pale to mid olivaceous brown, smooth, 0–1-septate, 12–30 µm long, 6–10 µm wide in the broadest part with a truncate base 4–5 µm wide. © CAB INTERNATIONAL 1998 Set No 41, published 1974 HOSTS: Principally on apple (Malus pumila), and other species of Malus. Also recorded on Pyrus spp., Sorbus spp. -
Fungal Cannons: Explosive Spore Discharge in the Ascomycota Frances Trail
MINIREVIEW Fungal cannons: explosive spore discharge in the Ascomycota Frances Trail Department of Plant Biology and Department of Plant Pathology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA Correspondence: Frances Trail, Department Abstract Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/femsle/article/276/1/12/593867 by guest on 24 September 2021 of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Tel.: 11 517 The ascomycetous fungi produce prodigious amounts of spores through both 432 2939; fax: 11 517 353 1926; asexual and sexual reproduction. Their sexual spores (ascospores) develop within e-mail: [email protected] tubular sacs called asci that act as small water cannons and expel the spores into the air. Dispersal of spores by forcible discharge is important for dissemination of Received 15 June 2007; revised 28 July 2007; many fungal plant diseases and for the dispersal of many saprophytic fungi. The accepted 30 July 2007. mechanism has long been thought to be driven by turgor pressure within the First published online 3 September 2007. extending ascus; however, relatively little genetic and physiological work has been carried out on the mechanism. Recent studies have measured the pressures within DOI:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00900.x the ascus and quantified the components of the ascus epiplasmic fluid that contribute to the osmotic potential. Few species have been examined in detail, Editor: Richard Staples but the results indicate diversity in ascus function that reflects ascus size, fruiting Keywords body type, and the niche of the particular species. ascus; ascospore; turgor pressure; perithecium; apothecium. 2 and 3). Each subphylum contains members that forcibly Introduction discharge their spores. -
European Patent Office EP2157183 A1
(19) & (11) EP 2 157 183 A1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION (43) Date of publication: (51) Int Cl.: 24.02.2010 Bulletin 2010/08 C12N 15/82 (2006.01) C12N 15/55 (2006.01) C12N 9/50 (2006.01) C12N 5/04 (2006.01) (2006.01) (2006.01) (21) Application number: 09177897.7 A01H 5/00 A01H 5/10 (22) Date of filing: 27.08.2001 (84) Designated Contracting States: • Sarria-Millan, Rodrigo AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LI LU Cary, NC 27519 (US) MC NL PT SE TR • Chen, Ruoying Apex, NC 27502 (US) (30) Priority: 25.08.2000 US 227794 P • Allen, Damian Champaign, IL 61822 (US) (62) Document number(s) of the earlier application(s) in • Härtel, Heiko A. accordance with Art. 76 EPC: 13088, Berlin (DE) 01968216.0 / 1 349 946 (74) Representative: Krieger, Stephan Gerhard (71) Applicant: BASF Plant Science GmbH BASF SE 67056 Ludwigshafen (DE) GVX/B - C 6 Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38 (72) Inventors: 67056 Ludwigshafen (DE) • Da Costa e Silva, Oswaldo Apex, NC 27502 (US) Remarks: • Henkes, Stefan This application was filed on 03-12-2009 as a 14482, Potsdam (DE) divisional application to the application mentioned • Mittendorf, Volker under INID code 62. Hillsborough, NC 27278 (US) (54) Plant polynucleotides encoding prenyl proteases (57) The present invention provides novel polynucle- novel polynucleotides encoding plant promoters, otides encoding plant prenyl protease polypeptides, frag- polypeptides, fragments and homologs thereof. The in- ments and homologs thereof. Also provided arc vectors, vention further relates to methods of applying these novel host cells, antibodies, and recombinant methods for pro- plant polypeptides to the identification, prevention, ducing said polypeptides. -
Selection and Orchard Testing of Antagonists Suppressing Conidial Production by the Apple Scab Pathogen Venturia Inaequalis
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Wageningen University & Research Publications Eur J Plant Pathol DOI 10.1007/s10658-008-9377-z Selection and orchard testing of antagonists suppressing conidial production by the apple scab pathogen Venturia inaequalis Jürgen J. Köhl & Wilma W. M. L. Molhoek & Belia B. H. Groenenboom-de Haas & Helen H. M. Goossen-van de Geijn Received: 7 April 2008 /Accepted: 29 September 2008 # KNPV 2008 Abstract Apple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis concluded that C. cladosporioides H39 has promising is a major disease in apple production. Epidemics in potential as a biological control agent for apple scab spring are initiated by ascospores produced on over- control. More information is needed on the effect of C. wintering leaves whereas epidemics during summer cladosporioides H39onapplescabepidemicsaswellas are driven by conidia produced on apple leaves by on mass production, formulation and shelf life of biotrophic mycelium. Fungal colonisers of sporulating conidia of the antagonist. colonies of V. inaequalis were isolated and their potential to reduce the production of conidia of V. Keywords Antagonist screening . Biological control . inaequalis was evaluated on apple seedlings under Sporulation controlled conditions. The four most effective isolates of the 63 screened isolates were tested subsequently under Dutch orchard conditions in 2006. Repeated Introduction applications of conidial suspensions of Cladosporium cladosporioides H39 resulted in an average reduction of Apple scab, caused by Venturia inaequalis is a major conidial production by V. inaequalis of approximately disease in world-wide apple production (MacHardy 40%. In 2007, applications of conidial suspensions of C. -
Determination of the Genetic Structure of Venturia Inaequalis Populations by Means of Molecular Markers
SSis. EW <*-* -"B Diss. ETHNr. 12767 Determination of the Genetic Structure of Venturia inaequalis Populations by Means of Molecular Markers A dissertation submitted to the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich for the degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences presented by CatE Isabel Tenzer Dipl. sc. nat. ETH born January 8th, 1971 citizen of Germany accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. B. A. Roy, examiner Dr. C. Gessler, co-examiner Prof. Dr. G. Defago, co-examiner 1998 1 Contents Contents Page Abstract 2 zusammenfassung 3 Introduction 5 Chapter 1 15 Subdivision and genetic structure of four populations of Venturia inaequalis in Switzerland Chapter 2 28 Genetic diversity of Venturia inaequalis across Europe Chapter 3 41 Identification of microsatellite markers and their application to population genetics of Venturia inaequalis Discussion 57 Curriculum vitae 68 Verdankungen 69 2 Abstract Abstract Venturia inaequalis is the causal agent of apple scab, the most important disease in apple production in Europe. The pathogen is mainly controlled by fungicides, but the plantation of scab-resistant apple cultivars becomes increasingly important, being a more ecological cultivation strategy. The mostly used resistance gene (Vf) originated from Malus floribunda 821, but a break down of this resistance has already been reported in 1984 in Ahrensburg (Northern Germany), in 1994 in Kent (Great Britain), and in 1997 in Wilheminadorp (The Netherlands). Since most new resistant varieties carry the V/-resistance, concern about a large scale breakdown of this resistance increases. However, the V/-resistance is still largely effective despite of growing Vf-resistant cultivars in European as well as in American breeding stations for more than 30 years and for a shorter time in commercial orchards. -
EU-Spain Cherry RA.Docx
Importation of Cherry [Prunus avium United States (L.) L.] from Continental Spain into Department of Agriculture the Continental United States Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service A Qualitative, Pathway-Initiated Pest March 12, 2015 Risk Assessment Version 3 Agency Contact: Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology Plant Protection and Quarantine Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service United States Department of Agriculture 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606 Pest Risk Assessment for Cherries from Continental Spain Executive Summary The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prepared this risk assessment document to examine plant pest risks associated with importing commercially produced fresh fruit of cherry [Prunus avium (L.) L. (Rosaceae)] for consumption from continental Spain into the continental United States. Based on the scientific literature, port-of-entry pest interception data, and information from the government of Spain, we developed a list of all potential pests with actionable regulatory status for the continental United States that are known to occur in continental Spain and that are known to be associated with the commodity plant species anywhere in the world. From this list, we identified and further analyzed 9 organisms that have a reasonable likelihood of being associated with the commodity following harvesting from the field and prior to any post-harvest processing. Of the pests -
The Apple Scab Pathogen, Venturia Inaequalis, Causes
Dodine Sensitivity in Venturia inaequalis Populations and The Possibility for Renewed Use Against Apple Scab in The Northeastern US Kerik D. Cox Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456 he apple scab pathogen, Venturia inaequalis, causes of managing several diseases in addition to apple scab. By the extensive crop loss in all production regions in the north- 1990s, dodine use for apple scab management in the region had eastern US. In the absence of durable host resistance in all but ceased. During this time, scientists at the New York State T all commercially Agricultural Experiment Station (NYSAES) reassessed the stabil- ity of dodine resistance by investigating several orchards in NY Recent evaluations of dodine (Syllit) desirable culti- “ vars, producers and Michigan. They had found that although the frequencies of resistance in NY State have shown that are forced to un- resistant isolates had declined, they had not returned to baseline the resistance level to Syllit has declined dertake intensive sensitivity levels. and that dodine could potentially be chemical manage- Although, it has been only been a little over a decade since the used for control of early season apple ment programs to last investigation into dodine stability, increasing concerns over scab. In such orchards Syllit should be avoid fresh mar- QoI and DMI resistance warrant a more in-depth investigation ket losses. Indeed, into the prevalence of dodine resistance in the region and the used with caution until the changes in apple scab is man- possibility for renewed dodine use in apple orchards. -
An Annotated Check-List of Ascomycota Reported from Soil and Other Terricolous Substrates in Egypt A
Journal of Basic & Applied Mycology 2 (2011): 1-27 1 © 2010 by The Society of Basic & Applied Mycology (EGYPT) An annotated check-list of Ascomycota reported from soil and other terricolous substrates in Egypt A. F. Moustafa* & A. M. Abdel – Azeem Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Suez *Corresponding author: e-mail: Canal, Ismailia 41522, Egypt [email protected] Received 26/6/2010, Accepted 6/4 /2011 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract: By screening of available sources of information, it was possible to figure out a range of 310 taxa that could be representing Egyptian Ascomycota up to the present time. In this treatment, concern was given to ascomycetous fungi of almost all terricolous substrates while phytopathogenic and aquatic forms are not included. According to the scheme proposed by Kirk et al. (2008), reported taxa in Egypt belonged to 88 genera in 31 families, and 11 orders. In view of this scheme, very few numbers of taxa remained without certain taxonomic position (incertae sedis). It is also worthy to be mentioned that among species included in the list, twenty-eight are introduced to the ascosporic mycobiota as novel taxa based on type materials collected from Egyptian habitats. The list includes also 19 species which are considered new records to the general mycobiota of Egypt. When species richness and substrate preference, as important ecological parameters, are considered, it has been noticed that Egyptian Ascomycota shows some interesting features noteworthy to be mentioned. At the substrate level, clay soils, came first by hosting a range of 108 taxa followed by desert soils (60 taxa). -
Apple Scab (Venturia Inaequalis) and Pests in Organic Orchards
Apple Scab (Venturia inaequalis) and Pests in Organic Orchards Boel Sandskär Department of Crop Science, Alnarp Doctoral Thesis Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Alnarp 2003 2 Abstract Sandskär, B. Apple Scab (Venturia inaequalis) and Pests in Organic Orchards Doctoral Dissertation ISSN 1401-6249, ISBN 91-576-6416-1 Domestication of apples goes back several thousand years in time and archaeological findings of dried apples from Östergötland in Sweden have been dated to ca 2 500 B.C. Worldwide, apples are considered an attractive and healthy fruit to eat. Organic production of apples is increasing abroad but is still at very low levels in Sweden. This study deals with major disease and pest problems in organic growing of apples. It concentrates on the most severe disease, the apple scab (Venturia inaequalis). Resistance to apple scab was evaluated during three years in over 450 old and new apple cultivars at Alnarp and Balsgård in southern Sweden. There were significant differences between the cultivars and years. About ten per cent of the cultivars had a high level of resistance against apple scab. The correlation between foliar and fruit scab was stronger when the scab infection pressure was high (1998-1999), compared to when it was low (2000). Polygenic resistance is a desirable trait since such resistance is more difficult to overcome by the pathogen. A common denominator for polygenic resistance among the cultivars assessed was 'Worcester Pearmain'. The leaf infection of apple scab was compared at three locations: Alnarp, Kivik and Rånna (Skövde) in an observation trial for 22 new apple cultivars. The ranking of the cultivars was similar at the three locations. -
1 Check-List of Cladosporium Names Frank M. DUGAN, Konstanze
Check-list of Cladosporium names Frank M. DUGAN , Konstanze SCHUBERT & Uwe BRAUN Abstract: DUGAN , F.M., SCHUBERT , K. & BRAUN ; U. (2004): Check-list of Cladosporium names. Schlechtendalia 11 : 1–119. Names of species and subspecific taxa referred to the hyphomycetous genus Cladosporium are listed. Citations for original descriptions, types, synonyms, teleomorphs (if known), references of important redescriptions in literature, illustrations as well as notes are given. This list contains data of 772 taxa, i.e., valid, invalid and illegitime species, varieties and formae as well as herbarium names. Zusammenfassung: DUGAN , F.M., SCHUBERT , K. & BRAUN ; U. (2004): Checkliste der Cladosporium -Namen. Schlechtendalia 11 : 1–119. Namen von Arten und subspezifischen Taxa der Hyphomycetengattung Cladosporium werden aufgelistet. Bibliographische Angaben zur Erstbeschreibung, Typusangaben, Synonyme, die Teleomorphe (falls bekannt), wichtige Literaturhinweise und Abbildungen sowie Anmerkungen werden angegeben. Die vorliegende Liste enthält Namen von 772 Taxa, d. h. gültige, ungültige und illegitime Arten, Varietäten, Formen und auch Herbarnamen. Introduction: Cladosporium Link (LINK 1816) is one of the largest genera of hyphomycetes, comprising more than 772 names, but also one of the most heterogeneous ones, which is not very surprising since all early circumscriptions and delimitations from similar genera were rather vague and imprecise (FRIES 1832, 1849; SACCARDO 1886; LINDAU 1907, etc.). All kinds of superficially similar cladosporioid fungi, i.e., amero- to phragmosporous dematiaceous hyphomycetes with conidia formed in acropetal chains, were assigned to Cladosporium s. lat., ranging from saprobes to plant pathogens as well as human-pathogenic taxa. DE VRIES (1952) and ELLIS (1971, 1976) maintained broad concepts of Cladosporium . ARX (1983), MORGAN - JONES & JACOBSEN (1988), MCKEMY & MORGAN -JONES (1990), MORGAN -JONES & MCKEMY (1990) and DAVID (1997) discussed the heterogeneity of Cladosporium and contributed towards a more natural circumscription of this genus. -
Whole Genome Enabled Phylogenetic and Secretome Analyses of Two Venturia Nashicola Isolates
Plant Pathol. J. 36(1) : 98-105 (2020) https://doi.org/10.5423/PPJ.NT.10.2019.0258 The Plant Pathology Journal pISSN 1598-2254 eISSN 2093-9280 ©The Korean Society of Plant Pathology Note Open Access Whole Genome Enabled Phylogenetic and Secretome Analyses of Two Venturia nashicola Isolates Maxim Prokchorchik 1†, Kyungho Won2†, Yoonyoung Lee 1, Cécile Segonzac 3,4, and Kee Hoon Sohn 1,5* 1Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea 2National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science (NIHHS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Naju 58216, Korea 3Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea 4Plant Immunity Research Center, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea 5School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea (Received on October 11, 2019; Revised on November 29, 2019; Accepted on December 10, 2019) Venturia nashicola is a fungal pathogen causing scab acterization of host determinants in V. nashicola. disease in Asian pears. It is particularly important in the Northeast Asia region where Asian pears are in- Keywords : effector analysis, phylogenetic analysis, Ventu- tensively grown. Venturia nashicola causes disease in ria nashicola Asian pear but not in European pear. Due to the highly restricted host range of Venturia nashicola, it is hypoth- Handling Editor : Sook-Young Park esized that the small secreted proteins deployed by the pathogen are responsible for the host determination. Venturia nashicola is a member of Venturiaceae family Here we report the whole genome based phylogenetic that includes several important fungal pathogens of plant analysis and predicted secretomes for V. -
Apple Autotetraploids with Enhanced Resistance to Apple Scab (Venturia Inaequalis) Due to Genome Duplication-Phenotypic and Genetic Evaluation
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Apple Autotetraploids with Enhanced Resistance to Apple Scab (Venturia inaequalis) Due to Genome Duplication-Phenotypic and Genetic Evaluation Małgorzata Podwyszy ´nska 1,* , Monika Markiewicz 1 , Agata Broniarek-Niemiec 2 , Bozena˙ Matysiak 1 and Agnieszka Marasek-Ciolakowska 1 1 Department of Applied Biology, Research Institute of Horticulture, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3 Street, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland; [email protected] (M.M.); [email protected] (B.M.); [email protected] (A.M.-C.) 2 Department of Phytopathology, Research Institute of Horticulture, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3 Street, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Among the fungal diseases of apple trees, serious yield losses are due to an apple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis. Protection against this disease is based mainly on chemical treatments, which are currently very limited. Therefore, it is extremely important to introduce cultivars with reduced susceptibility to this pathogen. One of the important sources of variability for breeding is the process of polyploidization. Newly obtained polyploids may acquire new features, including increased resistance to diseases. In our earlier studies, numerous tetraploids have been obtained for several apple cultivars with ‘Free Redstar’ tetraploids manifesting enhanced resistance to apple scab. In the present study, tetraploids of ‘Free Redstar’ were assessed in terms of phenotype and genotype with particular emphasis on the genetic background of their increased resistance to apple Citation: Podwyszy´nska, M.; scab. Compared to diploid plants, tetraploids (own-rooted plants) were characterized with poor Markiewicz, M.; Broniarek-Niemiec, A.; growth, especially during first growing season.