doi: 10.17218/hititsosbil.319677 TURKEY’S ARABIAN MIDDLE EAST LI Y AND SYRIAN I IL AR
Erman AKILLI1
Citation/©: Akıllı, Erman (2017). Turkey’s Arabian Middle East Policy and Syrian Civil War, Hitit University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, Year 10, Issue 2, December 2017, pp. 927-944
t a t: The Middle East was remolded when the Ottoman Empire was divided through the Sykes Picot Agreement, prepared by Great Britain and France on 19 May, 1916. While the Arabs had expected to gain absolute freedom from the empire, history unfortunately has shown that this was merely a tale well suited to the Arabian Nights. That agreement erased one region, replacing it with another; and the Middle East has primarily been ruled since then under totalitarian regimes, at least until the so-called Arab Spring. The Arab Spring uprisings shook most of the region’s totalitarian regimes to their foundations, with very few left untouched. A total of 18 countries were eventually affected: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Israel and the Palestinian Territories, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Yemen. While some, like Bahrain, Egypt, Syria, Libya, Tunisia and Yemen were heavily shaken; some are emerged with little damage, like the UAE and Iran. Nevertheless, surely the Arab Spring is the second biggest event in the Arabian geography since the Sykes Picot agreement. In contrast to Sykes Picot, the Arab Spring was started by the people not by foreign intervention. As mentioned before, Sykes Picot was a backwards step for Arab independence; similarly, neither the current anti-democratic events against Mohamed Morsi and the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, nor Syria’s current civil war situation are very promising for the future of the Arab Spring. This paper explains developments in Turkey’s perceptions of the region and Arabic states since the foundation of the Turkish Republic. To do this, it reviews key events from the Atatürk Era to the Arab Spring. After outlining the historical background of relations between Turkey and the Arabian Middle East, the article discusses the Arab Spring in relation to the heavily affected states. Finally, through this review, Turkey’s humanitarian diplomacy towards Syria will be examined.
o : Turkish Foreign Policy, Humanitarian Diplomacy, Arab Spring, Syrian Civil War
Makale Geliş Tarihi: 07.06.2017/ Makale Kabul Tarihi: 06.12.2017 1 Yrd. Doç. Dr., Ahi Evran Üniversitesi, İİBF, e-posta: [email protected] Erman AKILLI
Türkiye’nin Arap Ortadoğusu Politikası e Suriye İç Savaşı replacing it with another; and the Middle East has primarily been ruled since then under totalitarian regimes, at least until the so-called “Arab Spring”. Atıf/©: Akıllı, Erman (2017). Türkiye’nin Arap Ortadoğusu Politikasi ve Suriye İç Savaşı, Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Yıl 10, Sayı 2, Aralık 2017, ss.927-944 The “Arab Spring” uprisings shook most of the region’s totalitarian regimes to
Özet: Ortadoğu, 19 Mayıs 1916’da Büyük Britanya ve Fransa tarafından hazırlanan their foundations, with very few left untouched. Even they are Arab or not, a Sykes Picot Anlaşması ile bölünen Osmanlı İmparatorluğu üzerinden yeniden total of 18 countries were eventually affected in the Middle-East region: şekillenmiştir. Araplar, imparatorluktan sonra mutlak özgürlüğü beklerken, tarih ne yazık ki bu beklentinin yalnızca Bin Bir Gece Masalları’nda yer almış bir öykü Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Israel and the Palestinian Territories, Jordan, olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu anlaşma bir bölgeyi silmiş; bunu diğer bir başkasının Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, yerine koymuş ve bu süreçten itibaren Ortadoğu, Arap Baharı olarak adlandırılan 4 döneme kadar totaliter rejimlerce yönetilmiştir. Arap Baharı ayaklanmaları Turkey, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Yemen. While some, like bölgedeki çoğu totaliter rejimi ve kurumları derinden sarsmıştır. Zira toplamda 18 Bahrain, Egypt, Syria, Libya, Tunisia and Yemen were heavily shaken; some ülke bu ayaklanmalardan etkilenmiştir; Cezayir, Bahreyn, Mısır, İran, İsrail ve Filistin Bölgeleri, Ürdün, Kuveyt, Lübnan, Libya, Fas, Umman, Katar, Suudi are emerged with little damage, like the UAE and Iran. Nevertheless, surely Arabistan, Suriye, Tunus, Türkiye, Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri ve Yemen. Bahreyn, the “Arab Spring” is the second biggest event in the Arabian geography since Mısır, Suriye, Libya, Tunus ve Yemen gibi ülkeler bu ayaklanmalardan ağır bir şekilde etkilenirken, Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri ve İran gibi ülkeler daha az hasar ile the Sykes Picot agreement. In contrast to Sykes Picot, the “Arab Spring” was bu süreci atlatmışlardır. Yine de Arap Baharı kitlesel dönüşüm anlamında, Sykes started by the people not by foreign intervention. As mentioned before, Sykes Picot’dan sonra Arap coğrafyasında meydana gelen en büyük ikinci olaydır. Sykes Picot’un aksine Arap Baharı dış müdahalede bulunulmadan halk tabanlı Picot was a backwards step for Arab independence; similarly, neither the başlatılmıştır. Daha önceden de belirtildiği gibi Sykes Picot, Arap bağımsızlığının current anti-democratic events 5 against Mohamed Morsi and the Muslim aksine atılan bir adımdır; benzer şekilde, Arap Baharı’nın hali hazır sonuçları göz önüne alındığında; hem Mısır’da Muhammed Mursi ve Müslüman Kardeşler’e Brotherhood in Egypt, nor Syria’s current civil war situation are very karşı yapılan anti demokratik hareketler, hem de Suriye’deki mevcut iç savaş promising for the future of the “Arab Spring”. Arap Baharı’nın geleceği için olumlu gelişmeler olarak durmamaktadır. Bu makale, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devleti’nin kurulmasından itibaren bölge ve Arap Since the foundation of modern at 1923, Turkey’s relations with the region devletleri ile oluşturduğu algıyı ve gelişmeleri açıklamaktadır. Bu noktada, Atatürk 6 döneminden Arap Baharı dönemine kadar meydana gelen önemli gelişmeler (especially with Arabian states) has been shaped according to the West . In incelenecektir. Arap Ortadoğu’su ve Türkiye arasındaki ilişkilerin tarihsel arka other words, if we consider Turkish Foreign Policy for Arabian Middle East as planı verildikten sonra makalede, Arap Baharı’ndan ağır bir şekilde etkilenen devletlere değinilerek, Türkiye’nin Suriye’ye yönelik insani diplomasisi a pair of scales; when relations with West goes strong, relations with Arabian açıklanacaktır. Middle East lost weight and when relations with West goes weak, relations with Arabian Middle East gained weight. This two-typed relationship status na ta i : Türk Dış Politikası, İnsani Diplomasi, Arap Baharı, Suriye İç Savaşı became a tradition for Turkish Foreign Policy until the late of 1990s, and had a dramatical change with the electoral victory of AK Party/AKP (Justice and I INTR DU TI N A TALE R M T E ARABIAN NI TS Development Party) at 2002. After the AK Party rule, Turkey’s relations with region –especially with Arabian states– has been positively changed until the The Middle East was remolded when the Ottoman Empire was divided “Arab Spring”. This paper focuses on Turkey’s open door policy towards Syria through the Sykes Picot Agreement,2 prepared by Great Britain and France in the context of Turkish Foreign Policy tradition. For doing that, key events on 19 May, 1916. While the Arabs had expected to gain absolute freedom from the Atatürk Era to the “Arab Spring” will be reviewed. After outlining the from the empire, history unfortunately has shown that this was merely a tale historical background of relations between Turkey and the Arabian Middle well suited to the Arabian Nights. 3 That agreement erased one region, East, the article discusses the “Arab Spring” in relation to the heavily affected
4 The National, “The “Arab Spring” Country by Country”, accessed 5 January 2017, http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/the-arab-spring-country-by-country#page3 2 For details please check: http://archive.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS094.pdf, 5 The Guardian, “How Mohamed Morsi, Egypt’s first elected president, ended up on death row”, 8-9, accessed 5 January 2017. accessed 5 January 2017, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/01/mohamed-morsi- 3 The Arabian Nights: Tales from A Thousand And One Nights, Richard Francis Burton (Translator), execution-death-sentence-egypt A.S. Byatt, (New York: Modern Library, 2004). 6 In this paper, West used for US-NATO and European Union axis.
928 | Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi - Yıl 10, Sayı 2, Aralık 2017 Turkey’s Arabian Middle East Policy And Syrian Civil War
Türkiye’nin Arap Ortadoğusu Politikası e Suriye İç Savaşı replacing it with another; and the Middle East has primarily been ruled since then under totalitarian regimes, at least until the so-called “Arab Spring”. Atıf/©: Akıllı, Erman (2017). Türkiye’nin Arap Ortadoğusu Politikasi ve Suriye İç Savaşı, Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Yıl 10, Sayı 2, Aralık 2017, ss.927-944 The “Arab Spring” uprisings shook most of the region’s totalitarian regimes to
Özet: Ortadoğu, 19 Mayıs 1916’da Büyük Britanya ve Fransa tarafından hazırlanan their foundations, with very few left untouched. Even they are Arab or not, a Sykes Picot Anlaşması ile bölünen Osmanlı İmparatorluğu üzerinden yeniden total of 18 countries were eventually affected in the Middle-East region: şekillenmiştir. Araplar, imparatorluktan sonra mutlak özgürlüğü beklerken, tarih ne yazık ki bu beklentinin yalnızca Bin Bir Gece Masalları’nda yer almış bir öykü Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Israel and the Palestinian Territories, Jordan, olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu anlaşma bir bölgeyi silmiş; bunu diğer bir başkasının Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, yerine koymuş ve bu süreçten itibaren Ortadoğu, Arap Baharı olarak adlandırılan 4 döneme kadar totaliter rejimlerce yönetilmiştir. Arap Baharı ayaklanmaları Turkey, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Yemen. While some, like bölgedeki çoğu totaliter rejimi ve kurumları derinden sarsmıştır. Zira toplamda 18 Bahrain, Egypt, Syria, Libya, Tunisia and Yemen were heavily shaken; some ülke bu ayaklanmalardan etkilenmiştir; Cezayir, Bahreyn, Mısır, İran, İsrail ve Filistin Bölgeleri, Ürdün, Kuveyt, Lübnan, Libya, Fas, Umman, Katar, Suudi are emerged with little damage, like the UAE and Iran. Nevertheless, surely Arabistan, Suriye, Tunus, Türkiye, Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri ve Yemen. Bahreyn, the “Arab Spring” is the second biggest event in the Arabian geography since Mısır, Suriye, Libya, Tunus ve Yemen gibi ülkeler bu ayaklanmalardan ağır bir şekilde etkilenirken, Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri ve İran gibi ülkeler daha az hasar ile the Sykes Picot agreement. In contrast to Sykes Picot, the “Arab Spring” was bu süreci atlatmışlardır. Yine de Arap Baharı kitlesel dönüşüm anlamında, Sykes started by the people not by foreign intervention. As mentioned before, Sykes Picot’dan sonra Arap coğrafyasında meydana gelen en büyük ikinci olaydır. Sykes Picot’un aksine Arap Baharı dış müdahalede bulunulmadan halk tabanlı Picot was a backwards step for Arab independence; similarly, neither the başlatılmıştır. Daha önceden de belirtildiği gibi Sykes Picot, Arap bağımsızlığının current anti-democratic events 5 against Mohamed Morsi and the Muslim aksine atılan bir adımdır; benzer şekilde, Arap Baharı’nın hali hazır sonuçları göz önüne alındığında; hem Mısır’da Muhammed Mursi ve Müslüman Kardeşler’e Brotherhood in Egypt, nor Syria’s current civil war situation are very karşı yapılan anti demokratik hareketler, hem de Suriye’deki mevcut iç savaş promising for the future of the “Arab Spring”. Arap Baharı’nın geleceği için olumlu gelişmeler olarak durmamaktadır. Bu makale, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devleti’nin kurulmasından itibaren bölge ve Arap Since the foundation of modern at 1923, Turkey’s relations with the region devletleri ile oluşturduğu algıyı ve gelişmeleri açıklamaktadır. Bu noktada, Atatürk 6 döneminden Arap Baharı dönemine kadar meydana gelen önemli gelişmeler (especially with Arabian states) has been shaped according to the West . In incelenecektir. Arap Ortadoğu’su ve Türkiye arasındaki ilişkilerin tarihsel arka other words, if we consider Turkish Foreign Policy for Arabian Middle East as planı verildikten sonra makalede, Arap Baharı’ndan ağır bir şekilde etkilenen devletlere değinilerek, Türkiye’nin Suriye’ye yönelik insani diplomasisi a pair of scales; when relations with West goes strong, relations with Arabian açıklanacaktır. Middle East lost weight and when relations with West goes weak, relations with Arabian Middle East gained weight. This two-typed relationship status na ta i : Türk Dış Politikası, İnsani Diplomasi, Arap Baharı, Suriye İç Savaşı became a tradition for Turkish Foreign Policy until the late of 1990s, and had a dramatical change with the electoral victory of AK Party/AKP (Justice and I INTR DU TI N A TALE R M T E ARABIAN NI TS Development Party) at 2002. After the AK Party rule, Turkey’s relations with region –especially with Arabian states– has been positively changed until the The Middle East was remolded when the Ottoman Empire was divided “Arab Spring”. This paper focuses on Turkey’s open door policy towards Syria through the Sykes Picot Agreement,2 prepared by Great Britain and France in the context of Turkish Foreign Policy tradition. For doing that, key events on 19 May, 1916. While the Arabs had expected to gain absolute freedom from the Atatürk Era to the “Arab Spring” will be reviewed. After outlining the from the empire, history unfortunately has shown that this was merely a tale historical background of relations between Turkey and the Arabian Middle well suited to the Arabian Nights. 3 That agreement erased one region, East, the article discusses the “Arab Spring” in relation to the heavily affected
4 The National, “The “Arab Spring” Country by Country”, accessed 5 January 2017, http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/the-arab-spring-country-by-country#page3 2 For details please check: http://archive.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS094.pdf, 5 The Guardian, “How Mohamed Morsi, Egypt’s first elected president, ended up on death row”, 8-9, accessed 5 January 2017. accessed 5 January 2017, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/01/mohamed-morsi- 3 The Arabian Nights: Tales from A Thousand And One Nights, Richard Francis Burton (Translator), execution-death-sentence-egypt A.S. Byatt, (New York: Modern Library, 2004). 6 In this paper, West used for US-NATO and European Union axis.
Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi - Yıl 10, Sayı 2, Aralık 2017 | 929 Erman AKILLI
states. inally, through this review, Turkey’s humanitarian diplomacy to force France to wage war on two fronts, aiming to make it to come to an towards Syria will be e amined. y doing so, it’s argued that Turkey’s foreign agreement on ilicia in line with Turkish interests policy approach for Arabian Middle East had been defined as a foreign policy to trouble Great Britain on the Ira i border12 tradition which based on single a is that was oriented to the est after the The goal of these policies was to create buffer zones along Turkey’s south AK Party, this tradition has been positively changed and as it can be seen in eastern borders and finalize Turkey’s south eastern borders according to the the Syria instance, that change stands still. ational Pact, based only on Turkish Arab cooperation. In addition, Mustafa II ARABIAN MIDDLE EAST IN TURKIS REI N LI Y TRADITI N Kemal Atatürk contacted Syrian, Ira i and Egyptian Arabs to encourage them to organize against Great Britain and France thus, the “Syria-Palestine A Atatürk Era (1919 Kuvay-i Osmaniyye Heyeti (Ottoman Delegation Forces)” was established.13 Just before the orld ar , Arabs rebelled against the ttoman 1. Mosul Issue Empire in order to gain their independence and form their own states. However, this dream, encouraged by ritish and rench support, ended with Mosul, which had already caused trouble between Turkey and Great Britain the disaster of the Sykes Picot agreement in 191 . After 191 , Arabs learned in the 1920’s and while negotiating the Treaty of ausanne, again attention the bitter truth that served the imperial states uite well but not the Arabs.7 during WWI because of its rich natural resources. Mosul was mandated by Arabs were left disappointed upon understanding the real goals of Great France in 191 in the Sykes Picot Agreement and by Great Britain in 1920 in ritain and rance after they shared the territories in uestion in the Sykes the San emo Agreement. During the ausanne onference, Turkey argued Picot Agreement then, with the “ alfour eclaration”, Great ritain that Mosul was a ma ority Turkish people so it should be given to Turkey.1 promised Palestine to the Jews as a homeland. n light of these developments, Because Great Britain opposed Turkey’s position, and they could not solve Arabs sided with Turks against the common enemy rance and Great ritain. the problem among themselves, the issue was brought to the eague of Given that Turks had been fighting “İstiklâl Harbi the Turkish ar of ations. At this platform, Turkey suggested to hold a plebiscite but Great iberation”9 against the same enemies as Arabs, Arabs felt close to them. n Britain ob ected to this. In 192 , the eague of ations, which was under the this regard, Turkey’s foreign policy towards the Arab Middle East can be control of Great Britain, attached Mosul to Ira in 192 . Turkey accepted this summari ed as follows 10 decision by later signing the treaty.1
according to Misak-ı Millî National Pact, 11 to ensure the support of the 2. Hatay Issue peoples of Arab countries located along Turkey’s south eastern border Turkey’s and Syria’s borders was defined in Ankara Agreement, signed by Turkey and France in 1921. atay was to remain within Syria but under a special regime. This protected the rights and interests of ethnic Turks while 7 Edward Peter Fitzgerald, “France’s Middle Eastern Ambitions, the Sykes Picot Negotiations, and the il ields of Mosul, 1915 1918”, The Journal of Modern History, ol. , No. , hicago their official language would be Turkish. These agreements were confirmed in niversity of hicago Press, 199 , 97 9 . For details, please check: “Balfour Decleration”, accessed 12 January 2017, the Treaty of ausanne in 1923. owever, France’s recognition of Syria and http www.foundingdocs.gov.au resources transcripts cth11 doc 192 .pdf Lebanon’s independence in 1936 affected Hatay’s legal status. Following 9 The “Turkish War of Independence” started with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’s deployment to Samsun at 19 May 1919 and ended in victory for the Turks, with the foundation of the epublic of Turkey in these developments, Turkey wanted France to recognize Hatay’s 1923. In this war, the people of Anatolia fought and defeated imperial states’ armies, including the Çanakkale Zaferi/Gallipoli Victory, which saved Anatolia from invasion. 10 Ömer Kürkçüoğlu, “An Analysis of Atatürk’s Foreign Policy: 1919–1938”, Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, ol. 20, Ankara 19 2 , 1 1 5. 12 Türel Yılmaz; “Doğu Ülkeleri İle İlişkiler”, Haydar Çakmak (ed.) Türk Dış Politikası: 1919-2008, 11 Mısak ı Millî/the National Pact, declared all the territory under Ottoman administration during (Ankara: Barış Platin Yayınları, 2008), 128. the signing of the Mudros ceasefire aggrement, signed on 30 ctober 191 at the end of , to be 13 Yaşar Demir – Kenan Şen, “Doğuş Dönemi Itibariyle Türk Arap Milliyetçiliği: Işbirliğinden an indivisible whole. Today, the Mısak ı Millî’s boundaries (except for Mosul and adding Hatay) are Çatışmaya”, Akademik Ortadoğu, Vol. , o. 2, Ankara: 2011 , 119. within the Republic of Turkey’s boundaries. For more information about Mısak i Millî, see Umut 1 Ali Balcı, Türkiye Dış Politikası: İlkeler, Aktörler, Uygulamalar, (İstanbul: Etkileşim Yayınevi, er, Identity and Turkish Foreign Policy: The Kemalist Influence in Cyprus and the Caucasus, New 2013 , 38. ork . . Tauris, 2011 , . 1 Kürkçüoğlu, “An Analysis of Atatürk’s Foreign Policy: 1919 – 1938”, 182.
930 | Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi - Yıl 10, Sayı 2, Aralık 2017 Turkey’s Arabian Middle East Policy And Syrian Civil War states. inally, through this review, Turkey’s humanitarian diplomacy to force France to wage war on two fronts, aiming to make it to come to an towards Syria will be e amined. y doing so, it’s argued that Turkey’s foreign agreement on ilicia in line with Turkish interests policy approach for Arabian Middle East had been defined as a foreign policy to trouble Great Britain on the Ira i border12 tradition which based on single a is that was oriented to the est after the The goal of these policies was to create buffer zones along Turkey’s south AK Party, this tradition has been positively changed and as it can be seen in eastern borders and finalize Turkey’s south eastern borders according to the the Syria instance, that change stands still. ational Pact, based only on Turkish Arab cooperation. In addition, Mustafa II ARABIAN MIDDLE EAST IN TURKIS REI N LI Y TRADITI N Kemal Atatürk contacted Syrian, Ira i and Egyptian Arabs to encourage them to organize against Great Britain and France thus, the “Syria-Palestine A Atatürk Era (1919 Kuvay-i Osmaniyye Heyeti (Ottoman Delegation Forces)” was established.13 Just before the orld ar , Arabs rebelled against the ttoman 1. Mosul Issue Empire in order to gain their independence and form their own states. However, this dream, encouraged by ritish and rench support, ended with Mosul, which had already caused trouble between Turkey and Great Britain the disaster of the Sykes Picot agreement in 191 . After 191 , Arabs learned in the 1920’s and while negotiating the Treaty of ausanne, again attention the bitter truth that served the imperial states uite well but not the Arabs.7 during WWI because of its rich natural resources. Mosul was mandated by Arabs were left disappointed upon understanding the real goals of Great France in 191 in the Sykes Picot Agreement and by Great Britain in 1920 in ritain and rance after they shared the territories in uestion in the Sykes the San emo Agreement. During the ausanne onference, Turkey argued Picot Agreement then, with the “ alfour eclaration”, Great ritain that Mosul was a ma ority Turkish people so it should be given to Turkey.1 promised Palestine to the Jews as a homeland. n light of these developments, Because Great Britain opposed Turkey’s position, and they could not solve Arabs sided with Turks against the common enemy rance and Great ritain. the problem among themselves, the issue was brought to the eague of Given that Turks had been fighting “İstiklâl Harbi the Turkish ar of ations. At this platform, Turkey suggested to hold a plebiscite but Great iberation”9 against the same enemies as Arabs, Arabs felt close to them. n Britain ob ected to this. In 192 , the eague of ations, which was under the this regard, Turkey’s foreign policy towards the Arab Middle East can be control of Great Britain, attached Mosul to Ira in 192 . Turkey accepted this summari ed as follows 10 decision by later signing the treaty.1
according to Misak-ı Millî National Pact, 11 to ensure the support of the 2. Hatay Issue peoples of Arab countries located along Turkey’s south eastern border Turkey’s and Syria’s borders was defined in Ankara Agreement, signed by Turkey and France in 1921. atay was to remain within Syria but under a special regime. This protected the rights and interests of ethnic Turks while 7 Edward Peter Fitzgerald, “France’s Middle Eastern Ambitions, the Sykes Picot Negotiations, and the il ields of Mosul, 1915 1918”, The Journal of Modern History, ol. , No. , hicago their official language would be Turkish. These agreements were confirmed in niversity of hicago Press, 199 , 97 9 . For details, please check: “Balfour Decleration”, accessed 12 January 2017, the Treaty of ausanne in 1923. owever, France’s recognition of Syria and http www.foundingdocs.gov.au resources transcripts cth11 doc 192 .pdf Lebanon’s independence in 1936 affected Hatay’s legal status. Following 9 The “Turkish War of Independence” started with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’s deployment to Samsun at 19 May 1919 and ended in victory for the Turks, with the foundation of the epublic of Turkey in these developments, Turkey wanted France to recognize Hatay’s 1923. In this war, the people of Anatolia fought and defeated imperial states’ armies, including the Çanakkale Zaferi/Gallipoli Victory, which saved Anatolia from invasion. 10 Ömer Kürkçüoğlu, “An Analysis of Atatürk’s Foreign Policy: 1919–1938”, Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, ol. 20, Ankara 19 2 , 1 1 5. 12 Türel Yılmaz; “Doğu Ülkeleri İle İlişkiler”, Haydar Çakmak (ed.) Türk Dış Politikası: 1919-2008, 11 Mısak ı Millî/the National Pact, declared all the territory under Ottoman administration during (Ankara: Barış Platin Yayınları, 2008), 128. the signing of the Mudros ceasefire aggrement, signed on 30 ctober 191 at the end of , to be 13 Yaşar Demir – Kenan Şen, “Doğuş Dönemi Itibariyle Türk Arap Milliyetçiliği: Işbirliğinden an indivisible whole. Today, the Mısak ı Millî’s boundaries (except for Mosul and adding Hatay) are Çatışmaya”, Akademik Ortadoğu, Vol. , o. 2, Ankara: 2011 , 119. within the Republic of Turkey’s boundaries. For more information about Mısak i Millî, see Umut 1 Ali Balcı, Türkiye Dış Politikası: İlkeler, Aktörler, Uygulamalar, (İstanbul: Etkileşim Yayınevi, er, Identity and Turkish Foreign Policy: The Kemalist Influence in Cyprus and the Caucasus, New 2013 , 38. ork . . Tauris, 2011 , . 1 Kürkçüoğlu, “An Analysis of Atatürk’s Foreign Policy: 1919 – 1938”, 182.
Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi - Yıl 10, Sayı 2, Aralık 2017 | 931 Erman AKILLI independence but as a andate state, rance did not accept because the the e pense of pro le s in relations ith ra states This policy as ased re uest threatened to the territorial integrity of Syria 16 The disagree ent as on US influence and So iet threat From the West’s perspective, Turkey as brought to League of ations, hich en isioned an autono ous structure seen as a frontier state hereas the ra iddle ast point of ie Turkey ith its o n constitution and independence in do estic affairs but dependent as seen as the USA’s regional policeman on Syria for foreign affairs t the beginning of 1939, rance recogni ed Throu hout the old ar Turkish forei n policy in the ra iddle ast Hatay’s independence as a result of approaching ar in and Turkey’s efforts could not e free itself fro ein part of a estern a is althou h so eti es Hatay oined Turkey on 23 une 1939, in return for hich Turkey pro ised situations arose that contradicted this or instance the yprus pro le that to respect Syrian territorial integrity 1 e er ed in and the su se uent letter fro US resident ohnson a out art Era (19 19 a ar Era (19 – 1991 the issue increased tension et een Turkey and the US The Turkish military’s yprus eace peration startin on uly initially did not t could be said that Turkey had good relations ith the rab iddle ast face serious criticis fro the US Ho e er the second operation e innin during the single party era as also kno n that est balanced ith est and on u ust led to serious repercussions fro the est ith the US acti e ob ecti ity principle as assi ilated by foreign policy or e a ple, i posin an ar s e ar o on Turkey et een and n contrast alongside rab countries, Turkey etoed the United Nation’s General ra iddle ast states such as ran f hanistan and i ya supported sse bly proposal on “the Statute of istributions of alestine” 1 Turkey politically financially and ilitarily durin the operation uring the old ar 19 0–1991 , the follo ing issues shaped Turkey’s These de elop ents ade Turkey re erse its pre ious reluctance to take a relations ith the rab iddle ast 19 closer interest in the r ani ation of sla ic ooperation urin the ulfill ent of the goal of integration ith urope ra – sraeli ar of Turkey supported the ra States for etting econo ic support fro the est, especially the S e a ple for iddin US use of İncirlik ir ase to help srael fter the ar Turkey ar ued that UN rticle should e applied to ake srael return eco ing a e ber of T captured territories n addition Turkey’s Israel ambassador was recalled, rotecting national interests in issues regarding reece and yprus ith relationships continuin on a ini al asis final e a ple of Turkey distancin itself fro a estern ased forei n policy durin the old ar as ountering the So iet threat Turkey’s support for ypt in the Sue anal conflict The e ocrat arty, hich ca e to po er on 1 ay 19 0, ade integration t ith the est the foundation of its foreign policy, particularly gi en Stalin’s designs on ortheast natolia and the osporus y sending troops to orea n this period na ed the ‘ne order’ y the US Turkey’s forei n policy in order to ha e a better chance of beco ing a T nation, Turkey sho ed focused on the follo in issues ho deter ined it as to achie e this goal n the eanti e, Turkey officially nte ration ith the U recogni ed srael, hich created tension bet een Turkey and the rab states erall, Turkey tried to aintain a good relationship ith the est e en at
16 Balcı, Türkiye Dış Politikası: İlkeler, Aktörler, Uygulamalar, 1 Balcı, Türkiye Dış Politikası: İlkeler, Aktörler, Uygulamalar, Erman Akıllı, Türkiye’de Devlet Kimliği ve Dış Politika, (Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi, 2013), 50 1 Çağrı Erhan, Ömer Kürkçüoğlu, “Ortadoğu ile İlişkiler,” Türk Dış Politikası, Kurtuluş Savaşından Melek Fırat, Ömer Kürkçüoğlu, “Ortadoğu ile İlişkiler”, 786. Bugüne Olgular, Belgeler, Yorumlar, ed. Baskın Oran, Vol. I, 14th Edition, (Istanbul: İletişim Avi Shlaim, “Israel between East and West, 1948 56”, Yayınları, 2009), 637. ol No No 19 Melek Fırat, Ömer Kürkçüoğlu, “Ortadoğu ile İlişkiler,” Türk Dış Politikası, Kurtuluş Savaşından Çağrı Erhan, Ömer Kürkçüoğlu, “Ortadoğu ile İlişkiler”, Bugüne Olgular, Belgeler, Yorumlar, ed. Baskın Oran, Vol. I, 14th Edition, (Istanbul: İletişim Hasan Ünal; “2000 2008: Dönemin Dış Politika Değerlendirmesi”, Haydar Çakmak (ed.) Türk Dış Yayınları, 2009), 96 Politikası: 1919 , (Ankara: Barış Platin Yayınları, 2008), 1042
932 | Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi - Yıl 10, Sayı 2, Aralık 2017 Turkey’s Arabian Middle East Policy And Syrian Civil War independence but as a andate state, rance did not accept because the the e pense of pro le s in relations ith ra states This policy as ased re uest threatened to the territorial integrity of Syria 16 The disagree ent as on US influence and So iet threat From the West’s perspective, Turkey as brought to League of ations, hich en isioned an autono ous structure seen as a frontier state hereas the ra iddle ast point of ie Turkey ith its o n constitution and independence in do estic affairs but dependent as seen as the USA’s regional policeman on Syria for foreign affairs t the beginning of 1939, rance recogni ed Throu hout the old ar Turkish forei n policy in the ra iddle ast Hatay’s independence as a result of approaching ar in and Turkey’s efforts could not e free itself fro ein part of a estern a is althou h so eti es Hatay oined Turkey on 23 une 1939, in return for hich Turkey pro ised situations arose that contradicted this or instance the yprus pro le that to respect Syrian territorial integrity 1 e er ed in and the su se uent letter fro US resident ohnson a out art Era (19 19 a ar Era (19 – 1991 the issue increased tension et een Turkey and the US The Turkish military’s yprus eace peration startin on uly initially did not t could be said that Turkey had good relations ith the rab iddle ast face serious criticis fro the US Ho e er the second operation e innin during the single party era as also kno n that est balanced ith est and on u ust led to serious repercussions fro the est ith the US acti e ob ecti ity principle as assi ilated by foreign policy or e a ple, i posin an ar s e ar o on Turkey et een and n contrast alongside rab countries, Turkey etoed the United Nation’s General ra iddle ast states such as ran f hanistan and i ya supported sse bly proposal on “the Statute of istributions of alestine” 1 Turkey politically financially and ilitarily durin the operation uring the old ar 19 0–1991 , the follo ing issues shaped Turkey’s These de elop ents ade Turkey re erse its pre ious reluctance to take a relations ith the rab iddle ast 19 closer interest in the r ani ation of sla ic ooperation urin the ulfill ent of the goal of integration ith urope ra – sraeli ar of Turkey supported the ra States for etting econo ic support fro the est, especially the S e a ple for iddin US use of İncirlik ir ase to help srael fter the ar Turkey ar ued that UN rticle should e applied to ake srael return eco ing a e ber of T captured territories n addition Turkey’s Israel ambassador was recalled, rotecting national interests in issues regarding reece and yprus ith relationships continuin on a ini al asis final e a ple of Turkey distancin itself fro a estern ased forei n policy durin the old ar as ountering the So iet threat Turkey’s support for ypt in the Sue anal conflict The e ocrat arty, hich ca e to po er on 1 ay 19 0, ade integration t ith the est the foundation of its foreign policy, particularly gi en Stalin’s designs on ortheast natolia and the osporus y sending troops to orea n this period na ed the ‘ne order’ y the US Turkey’s forei n policy in order to ha e a better chance of beco ing a T nation, Turkey sho ed focused on the follo in issues ho deter ined it as to achie e this goal n the eanti e, Turkey officially nte ration ith the U recogni ed srael, hich created tension bet een Turkey and the rab states erall, Turkey tried to aintain a good relationship ith the est e en at
16 Balcı, Türkiye Dış Politikası: İlkeler, Aktörler, Uygulamalar, 1 Balcı, Türkiye Dış Politikası: İlkeler, Aktörler, Uygulamalar, Erman Akıllı, Türkiye’de Devlet Kimliği ve Dış Politika, (Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi, 2013), 50 1 Çağrı Erhan, Ömer Kürkçüoğlu, “Ortadoğu ile İlişkiler,” Türk Dış Politikası, Kurtuluş Savaşından Melek Fırat, Ömer Kürkçüoğlu, “Ortadoğu ile İlişkiler”, 786. Bugüne Olgular, Belgeler, Yorumlar, ed. Baskın Oran, Vol. I, 14th Edition, (Istanbul: İletişim Avi Shlaim, “Israel between East and West, 1948 56”, Yayınları, 2009), 637. ol No No 19 Melek Fırat, Ömer Kürkçüoğlu, “Ortadoğu ile İlişkiler,” Türk Dış Politikası, Kurtuluş Savaşından Çağrı Erhan, Ömer Kürkçüoğlu, “Ortadoğu ile İlişkiler”, Bugüne Olgular, Belgeler, Yorumlar, ed. Baskın Oran, Vol. I, 14th Edition, (Istanbul: İletişim Hasan Ünal; “2000 2008: Dönemin Dış Politika Değerlendirmesi”, Haydar Çakmak (ed.) Türk Dış Yayınları, 2009), 96 Politikası: 1919 , (Ankara: Barış Platin Yayınları, 2008), 1042
Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi - Yıl 10, Sayı 2, Aralık 2017 | 933 Erman AKILLI
aintaining and improving the alliance or strategic partnership geo strategic an geo political comple ity These comple ities create with the USA uncertainty an isor er in the international e uilibrium Naturally, Turkey was also affecte by this new fragility Strengthening relationships with ussia and entral Asia nother ynamic affecting Turkish foreign policy in the i le East after inaccurately interpreting developments in the iddle ast, avoiding is the eepening of relations with the E after Turkey became an official positions which may harm Turkish interests and contributing to regional can i ate in , which increase the impression of Turkey as a self peace processes confi ent an stable country in its relations that is able to an keen on taking Solving the problem the initiative In this positive atmosphere after the K Party came to power in
When Saddam Hussein’s administration crushed the uprising in orthern , Turkey evelope an effective multi a is, proactive an ero problem Ira in arch , there was a significant flow of urdish refugees into policy for foreign relations, inclu ing in the i le East These political Turkey and Iran Then, the First ulf War and increasingly bloody evelopments also improved Arab states’ image of Turkey as a respectable actions forced Turkey to rethink its position and its relations in the region Islamic country In particular, Turkey was now free of its Col ar image Syrian support for the and gypt’s negative reaction to Israeli as the S ’s regional policeman s a result, relations between Turkey an Turkish convergence created tensions that damaged foreign relations the rab i le East improve onse uently, the balance of Turkey’s foreign policy started to shift towards Relationships with Syria, which was ha been threatene by the ana the West again while relationships with the east weakened Treaty, improve after Bashar ssa took power in Syria in , with
– increasing tra e an evelopments in bor er commerce Relations with Iran also improve , with agreements for Turkey to buy natural gas, along with The attacks on the World Trade enter in September , affected the mutual investments an increasing tra e In a ition, they eci e to evelop whole world, leading to a shift in military and political systems and radical their cultural an e ucational relationship By the en of , tra e between change in security perceptions, with the iddle ast being particularly Turkey an Iran was worth billion S , making Iran Turkey’s 8th biggest affected Turkey’s foreign policy in the region was also changed in style in line tra e partner nother sign of this eepening relationship is that Turkey with its general foreign policy in the early s and after This change imports of its oil an of its natural gas from Iran, while Turkey, was determined by several key factors Iran an Bra il have signe a uranium tra e treaty Before the secon ulf hanging regional and global circumstances ar an the S intervention in Ira , Turkey ha signe a billion S tra e agreement with Sa am Hussein’s government. In short, there are various evelopments in Turkey’s relationship with the U clear in ications uring this perio that Turkey was acting as an autonomous hanges in Turkey’s strategic perceptions actor in the i le East As it can be seen, Turkey’s relations with Arabian i le East that has been fol e into a null single a is tra ition has been The A arty government’s new foreign policy approach multi a is, broken with the para igm shift in the Turkish oreign Policy with K Party proactive, ero problem policies
The new regional and global circumstances included the global systemic crisis Yasin Aktay; “Arap Baharında Seçim Rüzgarları ve Türkiye Algısı”, Stratejik Düşünce Enstitüsü following the end of the old War and the resulting increased geo economic, , accesse anuary , http www s e org tr tr kose ya ilari arap baharin a secim ru garlari ve turkiye algisi asp Fatma Sarıaslan, “2000’li Yillarda Türkiye İran Ekonomik İlişkileri”, Akademik Ortadoğu, Nur Bilge Criss, “The nature of PKK terrorism in Turkey”, , ol , nkara , ol , No , o , ondon outledge, , Bayram Sinkaya, Intro uction to i le East Politics ea ing actors, ctors an ynamics, Efraim Inbar, “Regional Implications of the Israeli Turkish Strategic Partnership”, nkara , RS , , ol , o , ondon Frank ass, , Erman Akıllı – Federico Donelli, “Reinvention of Turkish Foreign Policy in Latin America: The Balcı, Türkiye Dış Politikası: İlkeler, Aktörler, Uygulamalar, Cuba Case”, , ol , No , nkara SET , ,
934 | Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi - Yıl 10, Sayı 2, Aralık 2017 Turkey’s Arabian Middle East Policy And Syrian Civil War
aintaining and improving the alliance or strategic partnership geo strategic an geo political comple ity These comple ities create with the USA uncertainty an isor er in the international e uilibrium Naturally, Turkey was also affecte by this new fragility Strengthening relationships with ussia and entral Asia nother ynamic affecting Turkish foreign policy in the i le East after inaccurately interpreting developments in the iddle ast, avoiding is the eepening of relations with the E after Turkey became an official positions which may harm Turkish interests and contributing to regional can i ate in , which increase the impression of Turkey as a self peace processes confi ent an stable country in its relations that is able to an keen on taking Solving the problem the initiative In this positive atmosphere after the K Party came to power in
When Saddam Hussein’s administration crushed the uprising in orthern , Turkey evelope an effective multi a is, proactive an ero problem Ira in arch , there was a significant flow of urdish refugees into policy for foreign relations, inclu ing in the i le East These political Turkey and Iran Then, the First ulf War and increasingly bloody evelopments also improved Arab states’ image of Turkey as a respectable actions forced Turkey to rethink its position and its relations in the region Islamic country In particular, Turkey was now free of its Col ar image Syrian support for the and gypt’s negative reaction to Israeli as the S ’s regional policeman s a result, relations between Turkey an Turkish convergence created tensions that damaged foreign relations the rab i le East improve onse uently, the balance of Turkey’s foreign policy started to shift towards Relationships with Syria, which was ha been threatene by the ana the West again while relationships with the east weakened Treaty, improve after Bashar ssa took power in Syria in , with
– increasing tra e an evelopments in bor er commerce Relations with Iran also improve , with agreements for Turkey to buy natural gas, along with The attacks on the World Trade enter in September , affected the mutual investments an increasing tra e In a ition, they eci e to evelop whole world, leading to a shift in military and political systems and radical their cultural an e ucational relationship By the en of , tra e between change in security perceptions, with the iddle ast being particularly Turkey an Iran was worth billion S , making Iran Turkey’s 8th biggest affected Turkey’s foreign policy in the region was also changed in style in line tra e partner nother sign of this eepening relationship is that Turkey with its general foreign policy in the early s and after This change imports of its oil an of its natural gas from Iran, while Turkey, was determined by several key factors Iran an Bra il have signe a uranium tra e treaty Before the secon ulf hanging regional and global circumstances ar an the S intervention in Ira , Turkey ha signe a billion S tra e agreement with Sa am Hussein’s government. In short, there are various evelopments in Turkey’s relationship with the U clear in ications uring this perio that Turkey was acting as an autonomous hanges in Turkey’s strategic perceptions actor in the i le East As it can be seen, Turkey’s relations with Arabian i le East that has been fol e into a null single a is tra ition has been The A arty government’s new foreign policy approach multi a is, broken with the para igm shift in the Turkish oreign Policy with K Party proactive, ero problem policies
The new regional and global circumstances included the global systemic crisis Yasin Aktay; “Arap Baharında Seçim Rüzgarları ve Türkiye Algısı”, Stratejik Düşünce Enstitüsü following the end of the old War and the resulting increased geo economic, , accesse anuary , http www s e org tr tr kose ya ilari arap baharin a secim ru garlari ve turkiye algisi asp Fatma Sarıaslan, “2000’li Yillarda Türkiye İran Ekonomik İlişkileri”, Akademik Ortadoğu, Nur Bilge Criss, “The nature of PKK terrorism in Turkey”, , ol , nkara , ol , No , o , ondon outledge, , Bayram Sinkaya, Intro uction to i le East Politics ea ing actors, ctors an ynamics, Efraim Inbar, “Regional Implications of the Israeli Turkish Strategic Partnership”, nkara , RS , , ol , o , ondon Frank ass, , Erman Akıllı – Federico Donelli, “Reinvention of Turkish Foreign Policy in Latin America: The Balcı, Türkiye Dış Politikası: İlkeler, Aktörler, Uygulamalar, Cuba Case”, , ol , No , nkara SET , ,
Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi - Yıl 10, Sayı 2, Aralık 2017 | 935 Erman AKILLI
II. A BRIEF HISTORY OF A CIVILIAN UPRISING: THE “ARAB SPRING” away by popular revolts, in an unprecedented show of people power. owever, after 2011, in addition to international military interventions the The “Arab Spring” was a uni ue event for the Arab world in that, for the first grassroots scenario began to change. The unfortunate outcome was that time, its people had the chance and the will to form their own future. It was international rivalry caused civil wars in most of the Arab states, with Syria, a rare opportunity for Arabs to topple the totalitarian regimes that had ruled in particular, still suffering from five years of civil war. for decades and finally establish a permanent grassroots democracy. Thus, this process represented a transition from totalitarianism to pluralist IV. TURKEY’S OPEN DOOR POLICY TOWARDS SYRIA democracy state controlled by the public itself. The “Arab Spring” cannot be Starting with Tunisia, the “Arab Spring” had a domino effect, reaching Syria simply defined in terms of one hopeless man’s self immolation rather it was on 1 arch 2011, when protesters wrote anti regime slogans on walls in an outcry of people who felt humiliated, and had suffered ine uality and lost Dara. When Syrian police immediately arrested them, their families protested their dignity under the rule of tyrannies. A single suicidal act could not have and demanded the release of their sons. After they were harshly treated by engulfed almost the whole continent. Nonetheless, it’s clear to emphasize on the police, the protests spread, igniting the “Arab Spring” in Syria. 7 other factor’s effects that empowered the ignition of the downfall for tyrannies pposition parties organized and carried out their first action on arch 17 of Arabian states. 2011, the ‘The Day of Rage’, which spread protests across the country. or instance, Nurullah Ardıç argues that three main “immediate factors” eanwhile, in Dara, demonstrators was attac ed by the security forces with contributed to the “Arab Spring”, including the search for social and economic three being illed. ustice, demands for social and political liberties, and a desire for dignity and aving been spar ed by these protests, Syria’s civil war continues, causing respect based on frustration with the region’s oppressive regimes. As hundreds of thousands of civilian deaths, and forcing millions of people, uhittin Ataman similarly observes, the street protests focused on three mostly from Syria’s provinces bordering Turkey, to leave their homes and values: “bread, freedom, dignity”. became refugees. New arrivals are e pected throughout 201 . alf of the Ardıç also notes the distinctive role of information and communication refugees from the Syria are children. 0 Than s to Turkey’s hospitality, based technologies I Ts , which was another urban characteristic of the “Arab on the Tur ey’s humanitarian foreign policy, Tur ey is currently hosting over Spring” large scale protests and demonstrations were mostly organi ed than two million Syrian refugees, and this number is gradually increasing. through the use of previously unavailable ICT’s, including social media “Open Door Policy” particularly acebook and Twitter , cell phones and satellite T channels particularly Al a eera . Turkey’s ‘open door’ policy towards Syrian refugees can be summarized in the words of Rumi’s poem: “Come, come, whoever you are…” 1 As in the poem, or many, the biggest achievement of the “Arab Spring” was to demonstrate that Arab dictators can be removed through a grassroots popular revolt rather Primoz anfreda, “Arab Spring” Impact on the iddle ast: ow Did the prisings of 2011 than a military coup or foreign intervention, as used to be the norm. y the Change the Region?”, , accessed 0 January 2017, http: middleeast.about.com od humanrightsdemocracy tp Arab Spring Impact n The iddle end of , governments in Tunisia, gypt, ibya and emen had been swept ast.htm 7 Anthony Shadid, “In Syria, Reports of Arrests Proliferate”, New York Times, accessed 30 january 201 , http: www.nytimes.com 2011 0 0 world middleeast 0 syria.html r 2 “After the Arab Spring”, Al Jazeera World, accessed 1 February 2017, “Syrian protesters plan ‘day of rage’”, , accessed 0 January 2017, http www.al a eera.com programmes al a eeraworld arab spring http: www.independent.co.u news world middle east syrian protesters plan day of rage 8 .html . 220111 .html urullah Ardıç, “Understanding the ‘Arab pring’: Justice, Dignity, Religion and International “Middle East unrest: Three killed at protest in Syria”, , accessed 0 January 2017, Politics”, , ol. , Issue , Istanbul IA , , . http: www.bbc.com news world middle east 127 17 Muhittin Ataman, “Prof. Dr. Ataman: Arap baharında kitleler, adalet, ekmek ve özgürlük istedi”, 0 United Nations Refugee Agency, “2015 UNHCR country operations profile – Turkey”, accessed 30 , accessed . . , https www.cihan.com.tr tr prof dr ataman arap baharinda January 2017, http: www.unhcr.org pages e e0fa7f.html kitleler adalet ekmek ve o gurluk istedi 8 .htm 1 “Come, come, whoever you are. Wanderer, worshiper, lover of leaving. It doesn’t matter. Ours is Ardıç, “Understanding the “Arab Spring”: Justice, Dignity, Religion and International Politics”, not a caravan of despair. Come, even if you have bro en your vows a thousand times. Come, yet . again, come, come.” This famous poem of (Mawlānā Jalāl ad Dīn Muhammad Rūmī) Rumi also sheds
936 | Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi - Yıl 10, Sayı 2, Aralık 2017 Turkey’s Arabian Middle East Policy And Syrian Civil War
II. A BRIEF HISTORY OF A CIVILIAN UPRISING: THE “ARAB SPRING” away by popular revolts, in an unprecedented show of people power. owever, after 2011, in addition to international military interventions the The “Arab Spring” was a uni ue event for the Arab world in that, for the first grassroots scenario began to change. The unfortunate outcome was that time, its people had the chance and the will to form their own future. It was international rivalry caused civil wars in most of the Arab states, with Syria, a rare opportunity for Arabs to topple the totalitarian regimes that had ruled in particular, still suffering from five years of civil war. for decades and finally establish a permanent grassroots democracy. Thus, this process represented a transition from totalitarianism to pluralist IV. TURKEY’S OPEN DOOR POLICY TOWARDS SYRIA democracy state controlled by the public itself. The “Arab Spring” cannot be Starting with Tunisia, the “Arab Spring” had a domino effect, reaching Syria simply defined in terms of one hopeless man’s self immolation rather it was on 1 arch 2011, when protesters wrote anti regime slogans on walls in an outcry of people who felt humiliated, and had suffered ine uality and lost Dara. When Syrian police immediately arrested them, their families protested their dignity under the rule of tyrannies. A single suicidal act could not have and demanded the release of their sons. After they were harshly treated by engulfed almost the whole continent. Nonetheless, it’s clear to emphasize on the police, the protests spread, igniting the “Arab Spring” in Syria. 7 other factor’s effects that empowered the ignition of the downfall for tyrannies pposition parties organized and carried out their first action on arch 17 of Arabian states. 2011, the ‘The Day of Rage’, which spread protests across the country. or instance, Nurullah Ardıç argues that three main “immediate factors” eanwhile, in Dara, demonstrators was attac ed by the security forces with contributed to the “Arab Spring”, including the search for social and economic three being illed. ustice, demands for social and political liberties, and a desire for dignity and aving been spar ed by these protests, Syria’s civil war continues, causing respect based on frustration with the region’s oppressive regimes. As hundreds of thousands of civilian deaths, and forcing millions of people, uhittin Ataman similarly observes, the street protests focused on three mostly from Syria’s provinces bordering Turkey, to leave their homes and values: “bread, freedom, dignity”. became refugees. New arrivals are e pected throughout 201 . alf of the Ardıç also notes the distinctive role of information and communication refugees from the Syria are children. 0 Than s to Turkey’s hospitality, based technologies I Ts , which was another urban characteristic of the “Arab on the Tur ey’s humanitarian foreign policy, Tur ey is currently hosting over Spring” large scale protests and demonstrations were mostly organi ed than two million Syrian refugees, and this number is gradually increasing. through the use of previously unavailable ICT’s, including social media “Open Door Policy” particularly acebook and Twitter , cell phones and satellite T channels particularly Al a eera . Turkey’s ‘open door’ policy towards Syrian refugees can be summarized in the words of Rumi’s poem: “Come, come, whoever you are…” 1 As in the poem, or many, the biggest achievement of the “Arab Spring” was to demonstrate that Arab dictators can be removed through a grassroots popular revolt rather Primoz anfreda, “Arab Spring” Impact on the iddle ast: ow Did the prisings of 2011 than a military coup or foreign intervention, as used to be the norm. y the Change the Region?”, , accessed 0 January 2017, http: middleeast.about.com od humanrightsdemocracy tp Arab Spring Impact n The iddle end of , governments in Tunisia, gypt, ibya and emen had been swept ast.htm 7 Anthony Shadid, “In Syria, Reports of Arrests Proliferate”, New York Times, accessed 30 january 201 , http: www.nytimes.com 2011 0 0 world middleeast 0 syria.html r 2 “After the Arab Spring”, Al Jazeera World, accessed 1 February 2017, “Syrian protesters plan ‘day of rage’”, , accessed 0 January 2017, http www.al a eera.com programmes al a eeraworld arab spring http: www.independent.co.u news world middle east syrian protesters plan day of rage 8 .html . 220111 .html urullah Ardıç, “Understanding the ‘Arab pring’: Justice, Dignity, Religion and International “Middle East unrest: Three killed at protest in Syria”, , accessed 0 January 2017, Politics”, , ol. , Issue , Istanbul IA , , . http: www.bbc.com news world middle east 127 17 Muhittin Ataman, “Prof. Dr. Ataman: Arap baharında kitleler, adalet, ekmek ve özgürlük istedi”, 0 United Nations Refugee Agency, “2015 UNHCR country operations profile – Turkey”, accessed 30 , accessed . . , https www.cihan.com.tr tr prof dr ataman arap baharinda January 2017, http: www.unhcr.org pages e e0fa7f.html kitleler adalet ekmek ve o gurluk istedi 8 .htm 1 “Come, come, whoever you are. Wanderer, worshiper, lover of leaving. It doesn’t matter. Ours is Ardıç, “Understanding the “Arab Spring”: Justice, Dignity, Religion and International Politics”, not a caravan of despair. Come, even if you have bro en your vows a thousand times. Come, yet . again, come, come.” This famous poem of (Mawlānā Jalāl ad Dīn Muhammad Rūmī) Rumi also sheds
Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi - Yıl 10, Sayı 2, Aralık 2017 | 937 Erman AKILLI when Syrians began arriving at the Turkish Syrian border in spring 2011, all This e tension of temporary protection to yrian refugees y the Turkish were allowed to enter Turkey. 2 Since then, Turkey has maintained an go ernment is a new and welcome de elopment econd, the open door consistently high standard emergency response, implementing a temporary policy ensures respect for the principle of non refoulement, one of the main protection regime that ensures non refoulement in 22 camps, where an pillars of international refugee law and an indispensa le aspect of protection estimated 21 ,000 people are staying. Turkey is currently constructing two nder rticle of Turkey’s ‘Temporary Protection Regulation’, non additional camps. 3 refoulement is defined as follows
Turkey’s open door policy rests on three pillars: temporary protection, non “(1) No one within the scope of this Regulation shall be returned to a place refoulement and humanitarian diplomacy. irst, in October 2011, Turkey where he or she may be sub ected to torture inhuman or degrading e tended temporary protection to Syrian refugees, defined in Article 1 of aw punishment or treatment or where his her life or freedom would be No. 5 as follows: 5 threatened on account of his her race religion nationality membership of a particular social group or political opinion. ( ) he irectorate eneral “Temporary protection may be provided for foreigners who have been may ta e administrative actions regarding foreigners who cannot be forced to leave their co ntry cannot ret rn to the co ntry that they have removed from our country pursuant to the paragraph (1) even though they left and have arrived at or crossed the borders of T r ey in a mass infl are to be removed from our country pursuant to relevant legislation.” sit ation see ing immediate and temporary protection The actions to be carried o t for the reception of s ch foreigners into T r ey their stay in on refoulement re uires the registration of refugees, a procedure which is T r ey and rights and obligations their e it from T r ey meas res to be critical to upholding this principle registration process for the refugees in ta en to prevent mass infl es cooperation and coordination among camps has een put into place and the go ernment is also working on national and international instit tions and organi ations determination completing the registration of refugees li ing outside camps, irrespecti e of of the d ties and mandate of the central and provincial instit tions and whether they entered the country legally or illegally The open door policy also organi ations shall be stip lated in a irective to be iss ed by the o ncil allows yrians with passports to enter Turkey freely while treating those of inisters Identify methods and meas res to be employed in case of a yrians who may ha e entered Turkey without papers in a similar fashion mass Infl is among the d ties of igration Policies oard which was ince the eginning of the crisis, close to , refugees are reported to established by Law on Foreigners and International Protection” ha e returned to yria all on a oluntary asis
Third, the go ernment has committed itself to pro iding the est possi le li ing conditions and humanitarian assistance for the refugees Together with the Turkish ed rescent , the Turkish isaster mergency light on Turkey’s understanding of humanitarianism, which also reflects on Turkish cultural diplomacy. or a detailed study on Turkish foreign aids and humanitarian diplomacy, see Erman anagement residency has een acti ely in ol ed in setting up and A I I ed. , Türkiye’de ve Dünyada Dış Yardımlar, (Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık, 2016). running the refugee camps also o ersees the pro ision of education 2 Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Interior, Directorate eneral of Migration Management, Temporary Protection in Turkey, accessed 1 ebruary 201 , and health ser ices, and super ises day to day management of the camps http: www.goc.gov.tr icerik temporary protection in turkey 1 10 icerik 3 United Nations Refugee Agency, “2015 UNHCR country operations profile – Turkey”, accessed 30 n other words, Turkish humanitarian diplomacy carried out y those anuary 201 , http: www.unhcr.org pages e e0fa f.html institutions in the orders of Turkey esides go ernmental institutions, Kemal Kirişçi, “Syrian Refugees in Turkey: The Limits of an Open Door Policy”, roo ings, accessed 31 anuary 201 , http: www.brookings.edu blogs up front posts 2013 0 2 syrian s such as the umanitarian elief oundation are also in ol ed refugees in turkey kirisci 5 Republic of Turkey Ministry of Interior Directorate eneral of Migration Management, Temporary Protection in T r ey, accessed 1 ebruary 201 , http: www.goc.gov.tr icerik temporary protection in turkey 1 10 icerik Kirişçi, “Syrian Refugees in Turkey: The Limits of an Open Door Policy”. Temporary Protection Regulation Council of Ministers Decision No: 201 3 dated emporary rotection Regulation, accessed e ruary , 13 10 201 was published in the framework of Article 1 of aw No. 5 on oreigners and http www goc go tr files dokuman pdf International Protection IP . Please check: Temporary Protection eg lation, accessed 1 ebruary Kirişçi, “Syrian Refugees in Turkey: The Limits of an Open Door Policy”. 201 , http: www.goc.gov.tr files dokuman2 .pdf Kirişçi, “Syrian Refugees in Turkey: The Limits of an Open Door Policy”.
938 | Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi - Yıl 10, Sayı 2, Aralık 2017 Turkey’s Arabian Middle East Policy And Syrian Civil War when Syrians began arriving at the Turkish Syrian border in spring 2011, all This e tension of temporary protection to yrian refugees y the Turkish were allowed to enter Turkey. 2 Since then, Turkey has maintained an go ernment is a new and welcome de elopment econd, the open door consistently high standard emergency response, implementing a temporary policy ensures respect for the principle of non refoulement, one of the main protection regime that ensures non refoulement in 22 camps, where an pillars of international refugee law and an indispensa le aspect of protection estimated 21 ,000 people are staying. Turkey is currently constructing two nder rticle of Turkey’s ‘Temporary Protection Regulation’, non additional camps. 3 refoulement is defined as follows
Turkey’s open door policy rests on three pillars: temporary protection, non “(1) No one within the scope of this Regulation shall be returned to a place refoulement and humanitarian diplomacy. irst, in October 2011, Turkey where he or she may be sub ected to torture inhuman or degrading e tended temporary protection to Syrian refugees, defined in Article 1 of aw punishment or treatment or where his her life or freedom would be No. 5 as follows: 5 threatened on account of his her race religion nationality membership of a particular social group or political opinion. ( ) he irectorate eneral “Temporary protection may be provided for foreigners who have been may ta e administrative actions regarding foreigners who cannot be forced to leave their co ntry cannot ret rn to the co ntry that they have removed from our country pursuant to the paragraph (1) even though they left and have arrived at or crossed the borders of T r ey in a mass infl are to be removed from our country pursuant to relevant legislation.” sit ation see ing immediate and temporary protection The actions to be carried o t for the reception of s ch foreigners into T r ey their stay in on refoulement re uires the registration of refugees, a procedure which is T r ey and rights and obligations their e it from T r ey meas res to be critical to upholding this principle registration process for the refugees in ta en to prevent mass infl es cooperation and coordination among camps has een put into place and the go ernment is also working on national and international instit tions and organi ations determination completing the registration of refugees li ing outside camps, irrespecti e of of the d ties and mandate of the central and provincial instit tions and whether they entered the country legally or illegally The open door policy also organi ations shall be stip lated in a irective to be iss ed by the o ncil allows yrians with passports to enter Turkey freely while treating those of inisters Identify methods and meas res to be employed in case of a yrians who may ha e entered Turkey without papers in a similar fashion mass Infl is among the d ties of igration Policies oard which was ince the eginning of the crisis, close to , refugees are reported to established by Law on Foreigners and International Protection” ha e returned to yria all on a oluntary asis
Third, the go ernment has committed itself to pro iding the est possi le li ing conditions and humanitarian assistance for the refugees Together with the Turkish ed rescent , the Turkish isaster mergency light on Turkey’s understanding of humanitarianism, which also reflects on Turkish cultural diplomacy. or a detailed study on Turkish foreign aids and humanitarian diplomacy, see Erman anagement residency has een acti ely in ol ed in setting up and A I I ed. , Türkiye’de ve Dünyada Dış Yardımlar, (Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık, 2016). running the refugee camps also o ersees the pro ision of education 2 Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Interior, Directorate eneral of Migration Management, Temporary Protection in Turkey, accessed 1 ebruary 201 , and health ser ices, and super ises day to day management of the camps http: www.goc.gov.tr icerik temporary protection in turkey 1 10 icerik 3 United Nations Refugee Agency, “2015 UNHCR country operations profile – Turkey”, accessed 30 n other words, Turkish humanitarian diplomacy carried out y those anuary 201 , http: www.unhcr.org pages e e0fa f.html institutions in the orders of Turkey esides go ernmental institutions, Kemal Kirişçi, “Syrian Refugees in Turkey: The Limits of an Open Door Policy”, roo ings, accessed 31 anuary 201 , http: www.brookings.edu blogs up front posts 2013 0 2 syrian s such as the umanitarian elief oundation are also in ol ed refugees in turkey kirisci 5 Republic of Turkey Ministry of Interior Directorate eneral of Migration Management, Temporary Protection in T r ey, accessed 1 ebruary 201 , http: www.goc.gov.tr icerik temporary protection in turkey 1 10 icerik Kirişçi, “Syrian Refugees in Turkey: The Limits of an Open Door Policy”. Temporary Protection Regulation Council of Ministers Decision No: 201 3 dated emporary rotection Regulation, accessed e ruary , 13 10 201 was published in the framework of Article 1 of aw No. 5 on oreigners and http www goc go tr files dokuman pdf International Protection IP . Please check: Temporary Protection eg lation, accessed 1 ebruary Kirişçi, “Syrian Refugees in Turkey: The Limits of an Open Door Policy”. 201 , http: www.goc.gov.tr files dokuman2 .pdf Kirişçi, “Syrian Refugees in Turkey: The Limits of an Open Door Policy”.
Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi - Yıl 10, Sayı 2, Aralık 2017 | 939 Erman AKILLI
T roug its umanitarian iplomacy, implemente alongsi e its 310 310 umanitarian ai operations, t e aims to secure access to ci ilians in e e t
t e most e icient ay possi le y un ertaking t e roles o ar itration an O O me iation et een arring parties in crisis ones Turkey’s humanitarian mission as also ene itte rom international assistance or instance, since T 1, 33,5 0 1, 32, 30 1, ,7 0 1, , 30 t e eginning o t e yrian crisis, t e nite ations Re ugee gency R as orke closely it Turkey to pro i e economic an e pert support CONCLUSION: AN “ARAB SPRING” OR A HARSH WINTER? t roug t e pro ision o core relie items, iel monitoring an tec nical a ice T e ta le elo presents R planning igures or Turkey The “Arab Spring”, is a democrati ation process hich started in gypt and Tunisia before making its ay around the Arab geography The first step as UN CR T the death of a 2 year old street endor, ohammed oua i i,53 ho set
himself on fire on 17 December 2010 in protest against economic ine uality,
D corruption and political in ustice resident eynel Abidin bin Ali’s security O T T forces unsuccessfully tried to suppress the riots triggered by this death The T T
UN CR UN CR rioting and uphea al, like a domino effect, made its ay around the region, toppling longstanding authoritarian regimes The Arab state tradition, in t , , , , hich rulers remain in po er until they die, as destroyed by the po er of
, , , , the people
, , , , , , , , Turkey’s attitude to ards the “Arab Spring” supported democracy, R e elcoming these countries’ moves to ards democracy in parallel ith basic state principles and supporting the desire of the region’s people for more , , , , freedom, democracy and human rights ecause Turkey ad ocated that
t , , , , these impro ements should take place through the internal dynamics of these countries, it did not appro e of foreign inter ention, and continued e , , , , Turkey’s longstanding policy to ards Arab nations, namely not to meddle ith the internal affairs of other countries , , , , Therefore, hen the first a e of Syrian refugees arri ed in spring 2011, A , , , , Turkey admitted them Since then, Turkey has maintained an emergency
response of a consistently high standard and declared a temporary t te e protection regime, ensuring non refoulement and assistance in 22 camps, here an estimated 217,000 people are staying Turkey is currently S constructing t o additional camps Turkey’s open door policy rises on three pillars: ‘temporary protection’, ‘non refoulement’ and humanitarian diplomacy
umanitarian Relie oun ation, “Humanitarian Diplomacy in Syria”, accessed 1 February 2017, ttp i org tr en main pages suriye insani iplomasi United Nations Refugee Agency, “2015 UNHCR country operations profile – Turkey”, accessed 30 53 Hernando De Soto, “The Real Mohamed Bouazizi”, oreign olicy, accessed 17 anuary 2017, anuary , ttp un cr org pages e e a tml http foreignpolicy com articles 2011 12 1 the real mohamed boua i i
940 | Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi - Yıl 10, Sayı 2, Aralık 2017 Turkey’s Arabian Middle East Policy And Syrian Civil War
T roug its umanitarian iplomacy, implemente alongsi e its 310 310 umanitarian ai operations, t e aims to secure access to ci ilians in e e t
t e most e icient ay possi le y un ertaking t e roles o ar itration an O O me iation et een arring parties in crisis ones Turkey’s humanitarian mission as also ene itte rom international assistance or instance, since T 1, 33,5 0 1, 32, 30 1, ,7 0 1, , 30 t e eginning o t e yrian crisis, t e nite ations Re ugee gency R as orke closely it Turkey to pro i e economic an e pert support CONCLUSION: AN “ARAB SPRING” OR A HARSH WINTER? t roug t e pro ision o core relie items, iel monitoring an tec nical a ice T e ta le elo presents R planning igures or Turkey The “Arab Spring”, is a democrati ation process hich started in gypt and Tunisia before making its ay around the Arab geography The first step as UN CR T the death of a 2 year old street endor, ohammed oua i i,53 ho set
himself on fire on 17 December 2010 in protest against economic ine uality,
D corruption and political in ustice resident eynel Abidin bin Ali’s security O T T forces unsuccessfully tried to suppress the riots triggered by this death The T T
UN CR UN CR rioting and uphea al, like a domino effect, made its ay around the region, toppling longstanding authoritarian regimes The Arab state tradition, in t , , , , hich rulers remain in po er until they die, as destroyed by the po er of
, , , , the people
, , , , , , , , Turkey’s attitude to ards the “Arab Spring” supported democracy, R e elcoming these countries’ moves to ards democracy in parallel ith basic state principles and supporting the desire of the region’s people for more , , , , freedom, democracy and human rights ecause Turkey ad ocated that
t , , , , these impro ements should take place through the internal dynamics of these countries, it did not appro e of foreign inter ention, and continued e , , , , Turkey’s longstanding policy to ards Arab nations, namely not to meddle ith the internal affairs of other countries , , , , Therefore, hen the first a e of Syrian refugees arri ed in spring 2011, A , , , , Turkey admitted them Since then, Turkey has maintained an emergency
response of a consistently high standard and declared a temporary t te e protection regime, ensuring non refoulement and assistance in 22 camps, here an estimated 217,000 people are staying Turkey is currently S constructing t o additional camps Turkey’s open door policy rises on three pillars: ‘temporary protection’, ‘non refoulement’ and humanitarian diplomacy
umanitarian Relie oun ation, “Humanitarian Diplomacy in Syria”, accessed 1 February 2017, ttp i org tr en main pages suriye insani iplomasi United Nations Refugee Agency, “2015 UNHCR country operations profile – Turkey”, accessed 30 53 Hernando De Soto, “The Real Mohamed Bouazizi”, oreign olicy, accessed 17 anuary 2017, anuary , ttp un cr org pages e e a tml http foreignpolicy com articles 2011 12 1 the real mohamed boua i i
Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi - Yıl 10, Sayı 2, Aralık 2017 | 941 Erman AKILLI
As it can be seen through historical background, relations that started from ER AN Akıllı – Federico onelli, “Reinvention of Turkish Foreign Policy in Latin America: The Cuba Case”, Insight Turkey, ol 18, No 2, Ankara: SETA, 2016 , 1923 to late 1990s, Turkey’s perception to ards to Arabian States had been 161 181 molded in a single a is foreign policy understanding, hich shaped due the ER AN Akıllı (ed.), Türkiye’de ve Dünyada Dış Yardımlar, Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık, 2016). relations of Turkey and est This kind of tradition in the foreign policy kept ER AN Akıllı, ürkiye’de Devlet Kimliği ve Dış Politika, 2nd Edition, Ankara: Nobel Turkey’s dialogue null ith the Arabian states But the paradigm shift in the Akademik Yayıncılık, 2016). FAT A Sarıaslan, “2000’li Yillarda Türkiye İran Ekonomik İlişkileri”, ademi foreign policy thanks to A arty, this null kind of dialogue to ards to Ortadoğu, Ankara: 2012 , ol 7, No 2, 65 91 Arabian States changed into a multi dimensional relation that blooms trade HASAN Ünal; “2000 2008: Dönemin Dış Politika Değerlendirmesi”, Haydar Çakmak ed Türk Dış Politikası: 1919 2008, (Ankara: Barış Platin Yayınları, 2008), partnerships and strong bilateral cooperations onetheless, hile 1042 1043 strengthening relations ith Arabian Middle ast having remained close to HERNAN De Soto, “The Real Mohamed Bouazizi”, oreign olicy, accessed 17 January 2017, the est since the s, based on AT membership and uropean nion http: www foreignpolicy com articles 2011 12 16 the real mohamed boua negotiations, Turkey has no become a regional po er capable of zizi H ANITARIAN RE IEF F N ATI N, “Humanitarian Diplomacy in Syria”, accessed autonomous decisions and actions Because of its geopolitical location, 1 February 2017, http: www ihh org tr en main pages suriye insani Turkey is unable to operate a single a is foreign policy nstead, it must diplomasi 314 INTERNATI NA B N AR ST : Syrian Jordan Boundaries, advance regional relations and maintain its status as a model country and http: archi e law fsu edu library collection imitsinSeas IBS094 pdf, beacon for humanitarianism in the region Therefore, even the tradition E A Kirişçi, “Syrian Refugees in Turkey: The Limits of an Open Door Policy”, roo ings, accessed 31 January 2017, http: www brookings edu blogs up change in Turkish foreign policy to ards to Arabian States has been declined front posts 2013 06 27 syrian refugees in turkey kirisci due to aftermaths of the “Arab Spring”, still Turkey’s helping hand reaches E E FIRAT Ömer Kürkçüoğlu, “Ortadoğu ile İlişkiler,” Türk Dış Politikası, Kurtuluş Savaşından Bugüne Olgular, Belgeler, Yorumlar, ed. Baskın Oran, Vol. I, 14th hom are in need Edition, (Istanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2009), 784 796 HITTIN Ataman, “Prof. Dr. Ataman: Arap baharında kitleler, adalet, ekmek ve BIBLIOGRAPH özgürlük istedi”, ihan, accessed 30 January 2017, https: www cihan com tr tr prof dr ataman arap baharinda kitleler adalet “AFTER THE ARAB SPRING”, l a eera orld, accessed ebruary , ekmek e ozgurluk istedi 658403 htm http: al azeera com programmes al azeera orld arab N R Bilge Criss, “The nature of PKK terrorism in Turkey”, tudies in onflict spring html errorism, ol 18, No 1, ondon: Routledge, 1995 , 17 37 “BA R D ARAT ”, accessed 12 January 2017, N R AH Ardıç, “Understanding the ‘Arab Spring’: Justice, Dignity, Religion and http: foundingdocs gov au resources transcripts cth doc pdf International Politics”, fro urasian tudies, ol 1, Issue 1, Istanbul: SIA , “M DD AST R ST: Three killed at protest in Syria”, News, accessed 2012 , 8 52 anuary , http: bbc com ne s orld middle east ÖMER Kürkçüoğlu, “An Analysis of Atatürk's Foreign Policy: 1919 – 1938”, ur ish “S R A R T ST RS A ‘day of rage’”, ndependent accessed anuary , earboo of nternational Relations, ol 20, Ankara: 1982 , 133 187 http: independent co uk ne s orld middle east syrian protesters PRI ANFRE A, “Arab Spring” Impact on the Middle East: How Did the Uprisings plan day of rage html of 2011 Change the Region?”, bout News, accessed 30 January 2017, A TH Shadid, “In Syria, Reports of Arrests Proliferate”, New or imes, http: middleeast about com od humanrightsdemocracy tp Arab Spring accessed anuary , Impact n The iddle East htm http: nytimes com orld middleeast syria html r REP B I F T R E INISTR F INTERI R IRE T RATE GENERA F A Shlaim, “Israel between East and West, 1948 56”, nternational ournal of iddle IGRATI N ANAGE ENT, emporary rotection in ur ey, accessed 1 ast tudies, ol , o ov , , February 2017, http: www goc go tr icerik6 temporary protection in BA RAM Sinkaya, ntroduction to iddle ast olitics eading actors ctors and turkey 917 1064 4768 icerik ynamics, Ankara: , RSAM , REP B I F T R ISH STATE emporary rotection Regulation, accessed 1 February ÇAĞRI rhan Ömer Kürkçüoğlu, “Ortadoğu ile İlişkiler,” Türk Dış Politikası, Kurtuluş 2017, http: www goc go tr files dokuman28 pdf Savaşından Bugüne Olgular, Belgeler, Yorumlar, ed. Baskın Oran, Vol. I, 14th R N N ales from housand nd ne Nights, Richard Francis Burton Edition, (Istanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2009), 635 Translator , A S Byatt, New ork: odern ibrary, 2004 D ARD Peter Fitzgerald, “ rance s Middle astern Ambitions, the Sykes icot THE G AR IAN, “How Mohamed Morsi, Egypt’s first elected president, ended up on egotiations, and the il ields of Mosul, 1918”, he ournal of odern death row”, accessed 5 January 2017, istory, ol , o , hicago: niversity of hicago ress, , http: www theguardian com world 2015 un 01 mohamed morsi RA M Inbar, “Regional Implications of the Israeli Turkish Strategic Partnership”, e ecution death sentence egypt Turkish Studies, ol , o , ondon: rank ass, ,
942 | Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi - Yıl 10, Sayı 2, Aralık 2017 Turkey’s Arabian Middle East Policy And Syrian Civil War
As it can be seen through historical background, relations that started from ER AN Akıllı – Federico onelli, “Reinvention of Turkish Foreign Policy in Latin America: The Cuba Case”, Insight Turkey, ol 18, No 2, Ankara: SETA, 2016 , 1923 to late 1990s, Turkey’s perception to ards to Arabian States had been 161 181 molded in a single a is foreign policy understanding, hich shaped due the ER AN Akıllı (ed.), Türkiye’de ve Dünyada Dış Yardımlar, Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık, 2016). relations of Turkey and est This kind of tradition in the foreign policy kept ER AN Akıllı, ürkiye’de Devlet Kimliği ve Dış Politika, 2nd Edition, Ankara: Nobel Turkey’s dialogue null ith the Arabian states But the paradigm shift in the Akademik Yayıncılık, 2016). FAT A Sarıaslan, “2000’li Yillarda Türkiye İran Ekonomik İlişkileri”, ademi foreign policy thanks to A arty, this null kind of dialogue to ards to Ortadoğu, Ankara: 2012 , ol 7, No 2, 65 91 Arabian States changed into a multi dimensional relation that blooms trade HASAN Ünal; “2000 2008: Dönemin Dış Politika Değerlendirmesi”, Haydar Çakmak ed Türk Dış Politikası: 1919 2008, (Ankara: Barış Platin Yayınları, 2008), partnerships and strong bilateral cooperations onetheless, hile 1042 1043 strengthening relations ith Arabian Middle ast having remained close to HERNAN De Soto, “The Real Mohamed Bouazizi”, oreign olicy, accessed 17 January 2017, the est since the s, based on AT membership and uropean nion http: www foreignpolicy com articles 2011 12 16 the real mohamed boua negotiations, Turkey has no become a regional po er capable of zizi H ANITARIAN RE IEF F N ATI N, “Humanitarian Diplomacy in Syria”, accessed autonomous decisions and actions Because of its geopolitical location, 1 February 2017, http: www ihh org tr en main pages suriye insani Turkey is unable to operate a single a is foreign policy nstead, it must diplomasi 314 INTERNATI NA B N AR ST : Syrian Jordan Boundaries, advance regional relations and maintain its status as a model country and http: archi e law fsu edu library collection imitsinSeas IBS094 pdf, beacon for humanitarianism in the region Therefore, even the tradition E A Kirişçi, “Syrian Refugees in Turkey: The Limits of an Open Door Policy”, roo ings, accessed 31 January 2017, http: www brookings edu blogs up change in Turkish foreign policy to ards to Arabian States has been declined front posts 2013 06 27 syrian refugees in turkey kirisci due to aftermaths of the “Arab Spring”, still Turkey’s helping hand reaches E E FIRAT Ömer Kürkçüoğlu, “Ortadoğu ile İlişkiler,” Türk Dış Politikası, Kurtuluş Savaşından Bugüne Olgular, Belgeler, Yorumlar, ed. 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