Confucian Studies Summer Institute
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The Construction of Anti-Physical Culture by Chinese Dynasts Using Confucianism and the Civil Service Examination
PHYSICAL CULTURE AND SPORT. STUDIES AND RESEARCH DOI: 10.2478/v10141-011-0004-x Be a Sedentary Confucian Gentlemen: The Construction of Anti-Physical Culture by Chinese Dynasts Using Confucianism and the Civil Service Examination Junwei Yu National Taiwan College of Physical Education, Taiwan ABSTRACT Although there has been a growing body of research that explores Chinese masculinities within imperial China, the connection between masculinity and physical culture has been neglected. In this article, the author argues that Chinese emperors used Confucianism and the civil service examination ( keju ) to rule the country, and at the same time, created a social group of sedentary gentlemen whose studiousness and bookishness were worshiped by the public. In particular, the political institution of keju played a crucial role in disciplining the body. Behavior that did not conform to the Confucian standards which stressed civility and education were considered barbaric. As a result, a wen -version of masculinity was constructed. In other words, an anti- physical culture that strengthened the gross contempt towards those who chose to engage in physical labor. KEYWORDS China, confucianism, gentleman, physical culture, civil service examination Current Western ideals of how men should behave have dominated the standard setting discourse against which other forms of masculinity are measured and evaluated. Set against the ‘macho’ stereotype circulating in the West, images of Chinese men do not conform to this type of masculinity, and the same associations of manliness do not exist. Yet pre-modern Chinese have nonetheless sought to define the normative ideal of male behavior, as this article will demonstrate. Therefore, masculinity is never a monolithic concept. -
China's Higher Education Reform 1998-2003: a Summary
Asia Pacific Education Review Copyright 2004 by Education Research Institute 2004, Vol. 5, No. 1, 14-22. China’s Higher Education Reform 1998-2003: A Summary Li Lixu Shandong Normal University, P. R. China Profoundly important and unprecedented changes have taken place in China’s higher education since 1998, when Zhu Rongji Administration (1998-2003) decided to carry out a new round of educational reform. These changes include some breakthroughs in macro administrative system reform, growth in the total amount of educational expenditure, the enlargement of the recruitment scale of higher education, and positive changes in personnel, reward distribution and rear service reforms. The purpose of this paper is to offer a summary of these reforms. It discusses (1) the internal reasons for the reforms, (2) the main events and measures, (3) the main contents and achievements, (4) and the main problems of these reforms. Key Words: China, higher education, reform 1The system and model of Chinai’s higher education was In 1999, among all the employed of China, graduates of basically formed in the 1950’s and 1960’s in imitation of the two-year higher education and over only amounted to 3.8% of higher educational system and model of the former U.S.S.R. the total; that of senior middle school, 11.9%; that of junior in the 1950’s (Li, 2001). Thereafter, even up to the late middle school, 39.9%; that of primary school, 33.3%; and 1990’s, China’s higher education showed no tremendous those workers who were illiterate even amounted to 11.0% reforms or great changes in spite of some “minor operations.” (National Center for Education Development Research But, since 1998, when China faced the challenges of the [NCEDR], 2001, p. -
EDUCATION in CHINA a Snapshot This Work Is Published Under the Responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD
EDUCATION IN CHINA A Snapshot This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD member countries. This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Photo credits: Cover: © EQRoy / Shutterstock.com; © iStock.com/iPandastudio; © astudio / Shutterstock.com Inside: © iStock.com/iPandastudio; © li jianbing / Shutterstock.com; © tangxn / Shutterstock.com; © chuyuss / Shutterstock.com; © astudio / Shutterstock.com; © Frame China / Shutterstock.com © OECD 2016 You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgement of OECD as source and copyright owner is given. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to [email protected]. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at [email protected] or the Centre français d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at [email protected]. Education in China A SNAPSHOT Foreword In 2015, three economies in China participated in the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment, or PISA, for the first time: Beijing, a municipality, Jiangsu, a province on the eastern coast of the country, and Guangdong, a southern coastal province. -
UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Los Angeles the How and Why of Urban Preservation: Protecting Historic Neighborhoods in China a Disser
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles The How and Why of Urban Preservation: Protecting Historic Neighborhoods in China A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Urban Planning by Jonathan Stanhope Bell 2014 © Copyright by Jonathan Stanhope Bell 2014 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION The How and Why of Preservation: Protecting Historic Neighborhoods in China by Jonathan Stanhope Bell Doctor of Philosophy in Urban Planning University of California, Los Angeles, 2014 Professor Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris, Chair China’s urban landscape has changed rapidly since political and economic reforms were first adopted at the end of the 1970s. Redevelopment of historic city centers that characterized this change has been rampant and resulted in the loss of significant historic resources. Despite these losses, substantial historic neighborhoods survive and even thrive with some degree of integrity. This dissertation identifies the multiple social, political, and economic factors that contribute to the protection and preservation of these neighborhoods by examining neighborhoods in the cities of Beijing and Pingyao as case studies. One focus of the study is capturing the perspective of residential communities on the value of their neighborhoods and their capacity and willingness to become involved in preservation decision-making. The findings indicate the presence of a complex interplay of public and private interests overlaid by changing policy and economic limitations that are creating new opportunities for public involvement. Although the Pingyao case study represents a largely intact historic city that is also a World Heritage Site, the local ii focus on tourism has disenfranchised residents in order to focus on the perceived needs of tourists. -
How Shanghai Does It
How Shanghai Does ItHow DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT Human Development Liang, Kidwai, and Zhang Liang, How Shanghai Does It Insights and Lessons from the Highest-Ranking Education System in the World Xiaoyan Liang, Huma Kidwai, and Minxuan Zhang How Shanghai Does It DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT Human Development How Shanghai Does It Insights and Lessons from the Highest-Ranking Education System in the World Xiaoyan Liang, Huma Kidwai, and Minxuan Zhang © 2016 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved 1 2 3 4 19 18 17 16 This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpreta- tions, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo. -
Minority Language Issues in Chinese Higher Education: Policy Reforms and Practice Among the Korean and Mongol Ethnic Groups
Front. Educ. China 2016, 11(4): 455–482 DOI 10. 3868/s110-005-016-0037-0 RESEARCH ARTICLE Weiyan XIONG, W. James JACOB, Huiyuan YE Minority Language Issues in Chinese Higher Education: Policy Reforms and Practice among the Korean and Mongol Ethnic Groups Abstract The purpose of this study is to compare Korean and Mongol minorities in the People’s Republic of China in terms of their native language preservation and educational experiences at the higher education level, and to investigate differences and similarities between Korean and Mongol minorities’ language issues. Content area experts on Chinese minority education from China, South Korea, and the United States were interviewed for this study. Findings include suggestions for helping to formulate government educational policies regarding issues related to language in Chinese minority education at the higher education level. This information is helpful to better understand and educate others in school and home settings where Chinese ethnic minority students reside. The advancement of Chinese minority education knowledge related to higher education will significantly strengthen and empower individuals, families, and communities throughout the People’s Republic of China. Keywords ethnic minority education, Chinese higher education, Korean Chinese, Mongol Chinese, indigenous education Background The genocide of indigenous languages has become a global phenomenon under the intensifying trend of globalization (e.g., Fernandes, 2012; Landweer, 2012; * This paper is primarily based on the findings of the Ethnic Minority Trends in Chinese Higher Education Project, which is housed at the University of Pittsburgh Institute for International Studies in Education. Weiyan XIONG (),W. James JACOB, Huiyuan YE Institute for International Studies in Education, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA E-mail: [email protected] 456 Weiyan XIONG, W. -
A Dictionary of Chinese Characters: Accessed by Phonetics
A dictionary of Chinese characters ‘The whole thrust of the work is that it is more helpful to learners of Chinese characters to see them in terms of sound, than in visual terms. It is a radical, provocative and constructive idea.’ Dr Valerie Pellatt, University of Newcastle. By arranging frequently used characters under the phonetic element they have in common, rather than only under their radical, the Dictionary encourages the student to link characters according to their phonetic. The system of cross refer- encing then allows the student to find easily all the characters in the Dictionary which have the same phonetic element, thus helping to fix in the memory the link between a character and its sound and meaning. More controversially, the book aims to alleviate the confusion that similar looking characters can cause by printing them alongside each other. All characters are given in both their traditional and simplified forms. Appendix A clarifies the choice of characters listed while Appendix B provides a list of the radicals with detailed comments on usage. The Dictionary has a full pinyin and radical index. This innovative resource will be an excellent study-aid for students with a basic grasp of Chinese, whether they are studying with a teacher or learning on their own. Dr Stewart Paton was Head of the Department of Languages at Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, from 1976 to 1981. A dictionary of Chinese characters Accessed by phonetics Stewart Paton First published 2008 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008. -
Eastern Coastal Region, Family and Individual in Higher
HIGHER EDUCATION CHOICES AND DECISION-MAKING A Narrative Study of Lived Experiences of Chinese International Students and Their Parents Vivienne jing Zhang A thesis submitted to AUT University in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) April 2013 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS TTITLE PAGE ........................................................................................................................... i TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................... ii LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... ……. iviii ATTESTATION OF AUTHORSHIP ........................................................................................ x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................... ix ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. ixi CHAPTER 1 SETTING THE SCENE ...................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Some Observations on Recent Trends in Chinese International Students Choosing to Study Abroad.......................................................................................................................... 1 -
From Carp to Dragon the Shanghai List and the Neoliberal Pursuit of Modernization in Chinese Higher Education
From Carp to Dragon The Shanghai List and the Neoliberal Pursuit of Modernization in Chinese Higher Education Jeremy Cohen School of International Service: B.A. International Studies College of Arts and Sciences: B.S. Economics University Honors Advisor: Dr. James H. Mittelman School of International Service Spring 2012 2 FROM CARP TO DRAGON: THE SHANGHAI LIST AND THE NEOLIBERAL PURSUIT OF MODERNIZATION IN CHINESE HIGHER EDUCATION Do global university rankings reflect an assimilation of widely held transnational views about education or are these rankings the product of historically and culturally contingent national experience? This study examines how the emergence of the first global ranking—the Shanghai Jiao Tong University Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU)—reflects the intermingling of dominant global discourses about higher education with Chinese realities and asks what role ARWU has played in the restructuring of power and knowledge in Chinese higher education under conditions of globalization. A number of methods are employed—including the historical contextualization of ARWU, a critical review of its methodology, and interviews with Chinese students and scholars. The analysis demonstrates that ARWU is both a product and an instrument of neoliberalism in the Chinese context. Allied to a specific discourse of excellence and quality in higher education, it reproduces the national narrative of modernization that is the hallmark of Chinese neoliberalism. ARWU also builds legitimacy for policies that restructure higher education -
Kaiming Press and the Cultural Transformation of Republican China
PRINTING, READING, AND REVOLUTION: KAIMING PRESS AND THE CULTURAL TRANSFORMATION OF REPUBLICAN CHINA BY LING A. SHIAO B.A., HEFEI UNITED COLLEGE, 1988 M.A., PENNSYVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, 1993 M.A., BROWN UNIVERSITY, 1996 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AT BROWN UNIVERSITY PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND MAY 2009 UMI Number: 3370118 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI® UMI Microform 3370118 Copyright 2009 by ProQuest LLC All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 © Copyright 2009 by Ling A. Shiao This dissertation by Ling A. Shiao is accepted in its present form by the Department of History as satisfying the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Date W iO /L&O^ Jerome a I Grieder, Advisor Recommended to the Graduate Council Date ^)u**u/ef<2coy' Richard L. Davis, Reader DateOtA^UT^b Approved by the Graduate Council Date w& Sheila Bonde, Dean of the Graduate School in Ling A. -
China Education Hotels / Leisure / Initiation of Coverage
Deutsche Bank Markets Research Asia Industry Date China 4 January 2018 Consumer China Education Hotels / Leisure / Initiation of Coverage Gaming Tallan Zhou Karen Tang Research Analyst Research Analyst Bright future (+852 ) 2203 6464 (+852 ) 2203 6141 [email protected] [email protected] K12 after-school tutoring is a secular growth sector Top picks We analyze the supply/demand condition of China's K12 after-school tutoring New Oriental (EDU.N),USD101.57 Buy market and conclude the sector will likely see secular growth in the next five TAL Education (TAL.N),USD29.71 Buy years. We believe positive demographic growth, an increased number of Source: Deutsche Bank wealthy families, and greater education awareness are the demand drivers. However, China's supply of top universities is still insufficient and the Companies Featured admission rate remains low. This has led to surging needs for after-school tutoring services. We forecast the K12 tutoring market to see a 13-14% CAGR New Oriental (EDU.N),USD101.57 Buy in 2017-22E, assuming: 1) K12 students see a CAGR of 3%, 2) tutoring 2017A 2018E 2019E penetration rate climbs 2.5% p.a.; and 3) ASP rises (like-for-like basis) 5% p.a. P/E (x) 26.3 42.0 33.6 EV/EBITDA (x) 17.0 33.6 25.3 More demand for education in the long term Price/book (x) 6.7 7.8 6.4 China’s Gaokao (college entrance exam)-takers as a percentage of the newborn population increased to 65% in 2016 from only 25% in 2002, while TAL Education (TAL.N),USD29.71 Buy the birth rate remained unchanged at 0.11-0.12%. -
China's Quest for World-Class Universities
MARCHING TOWARD HARVARD: CHINA’S QUEST FOR WORLD-CLASS UNIVERSITIES A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of The School of Continuing Studies and of The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Masters of Arts in Liberal Studies By Linda S. Heaney, B.A. Georgetown University Washington, D.C. April 19, 2111 MARCHING TOWARD HARVARD: CHINA’S QUEST FOR WORLD-CLASS UNIVERSITIES Linda S. Heaney, B.A. MALS Mentor: Michael C. Wall, Ph.D. ABSTRACT China, with its long history of using education to serve the nation, has committed significant financial and human resources to building world-class universities in order to strengthen the nation’s development, steer the economy towards innovation, and gain the prestige that comes with highly ranked academic institutions. The key economic shift from “Made in China” to “Created by China” hinges on having world-class universities and prompts China’s latest intentional and pragmatic step in using higher education to serve its economic interests. This thesis analyzes China’s potential for reaching its goal of establishing world-class universities by 2020. It addresses the specific challenges presented by lack of autonomy and academic freedom, pressures on faculty, the systemic problems of plagiarism, favoritism, and corruption as well as the cultural contradictions caused by importing ideas and techniques from the West. The foundation of the paper is a narrative about the traditional intertwining role of government and academia in China’s history, the major educational transitions and reforms of the 20th century, and the essential ingredients of a world-class institution.