DOCSLIB.ORG

Classic Sheet Metal Processing in New Dimensions – Punching, Nibbling, Forming

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Classic Sheet Metal Processing in New Dimensions – Punching, Nibbling, Forming PUNCHING Classic sheet metal processing in new dimensions – punching, nibbling, forming Since the fifties, as advances were made in sheet metal processing machines, the significance of the sheet metal as a material increased accordingly. Whereas punching machines were first used primarily for creating precision holes, they are used today for a multitude of manufacturing tasks in flexible processing. Their outstanding feature is that when used for punching, nibbling and forming, they can process quickly while retaining high precision. he term punching describes a slit- information were used. The floppy disk ting process, in which a punching finally superseded the punched tape as Tmachine or press separates a sheet a data carrier. Moreover, tool changing of metal by striking it. Initially, eccentric and loading and unloading of the work- presses were employed for punching piece were automated. holes. Sheet contours were processed by The development of the electrohy- stamping machines. By equipping these draulic ram drive finally allowed a work- with nibbling tools, the nibbling ma- piece to be processed while taking the chine was born. required punching power, stroke speed, Nibbling refers to separating a mate- and stroke position into account. Pro- rial bit by bit along any formed cutting cesses such as forming and tapping line by punching several individual, over- rounded off the processing possibilities lapping holes. of a complete metal sheet on a punching Whereas an operator once moved machine. the workpiece by hand, partial automa- The rapid development of punching tion was later made possible thanks to technology forms the foundation for to- the development of a machine with a day’s high-tech machines with their coordinate guide and a template. A sty- wide range of possibilities and high pro- lus connected to the coordinate guide of cessing speeds while maintaining the the nibble machine traced the contour utmost precision and a favorable of the template. This in turn moved the cost/performance ratio. Today we can- workpiece under the machine head to not imagine sheet metal processing produce the component. without them. A major step towards combining Punching in terms of making holes or punching and nibbling technology was cutting out pieces is done by a process taken with the introduction of a combi- known as shearing. Shearing is the result nation punching and nibbling punch of placing a sheet between an upper tool machine. Adding a clutch to the nibbling (punch) and a lower tool (die). The upper punch enabled the machine to carry out tool plunges into the shearing the sheet individual strokes. Thus, it became pos- producing a punching slug which is sible to punch and nibble on the same pushed through the lower tool. machine. Punching encompasses the manufac- The end of the sixties brought the in- ture of an outer profile and apertures. troduction of NC technology to machine When punching holes, the hole in the tool manufacturing and a precise conti- workpiece is identical to the geometric nuous control system with NC axes. In- shape of the punch. stead of templates, punched tapes con- Aside from punching openings, a taining the necessary processing punching machine can also be used for 42 PUNCHING 43 PUNCHING other work processes. The most impor- tant of these are nibbling and creating formed areas. Nibbling describes the step-by step process of creating any kind of contour in sheet metal. Forming is a manufacturing process in which a workpiece is shaped. Extru- sions, beads, and louvers are examples of forming areas which, for instance, are required in the manufacture of electrical cabinets. How a punching machine works Before processing, the operator places the sheet into the clamps of the coordi- nate guide. A tool – punch, stripper, and die – are placed into the tool adapter. The sheet is positioned under the pun- ching head by the program control: this is accomplished by quickly moving the coordinate guide and the machine table. The punch of the tool punches through the sheet, producing a hole with the same shape as the contour of the punch. The punch punches in rapid succession – up to 1000 strokes per minute – the programmed contours into the sheet. All the processing functions and posi- tioning of the sheet metal are CNC con- trolled. The CNC control coordinates the drives to ensure that the individual moti- ons and the exact assignment of the co- ordinate guide (tool positioning) and ram (punching stroke) are synchronized. Several identical workpieces are often manufactured from a single metal sheet. In contrast to the classic procedure, by which a workpiece was initially cut to size and then processed, the sequence today has been reversed, particularly for large- scale manufacturing. The punching tool, once it has been loaded into the tool ad- apter, processes all identical elements of each part on the single metal sheet. The next tool is implemented and the process repeated. Only after the sheet has been completely processed does the machine cut out the individual workpieces with a punching tool. The individual parts are then removed from the work area via a part chute. Work processes: punching, nibbling, forming 44 PUNCHING Machine concepts CC-Rahmen frame ramStößelsteuerung control toolWerkzeug (punch(Stempel and und die) Matrize) ramStößel hydraulicHydraulikaggregat unit machineMaschinentisch table transverseQuerschiene rail der of the coordinateKoordinatenführung guide metalBlechtafel sheet partTeilerutsche chutes toolWerkzeugrotation rotation workpieceWerkstück The schematic diagram displays chipsSpäne and und slugs Stanzbutzen the most important parts of a punching machine. unching machines used in flexible Ram drive whose rotational energy is transferred to sheet metal processing have a the punch by means of a quick-enga- Ppunching power of approx. 25 tons The up and down motion of the ram is ging clutch. and, for the most part, employ produced either electrohydraulically Oil under pressure moves the hydrau- standardized tools. Punching machines with a hydraulic cylinder or electrome- lic cylinder or punching head. A hydrau- of this type are particularly suited for chanically with an excentric drive. lic pump creates the required pressure small and medium sized lots. This is due In an excentric drive the excentric (up to approx. 3380 PS) which is then to their short setup times, quick tool connection of the ram (connecting rod) directed into the cylinder. The result of changing times, easy to use tool and to the rotating shaft causes the ram stro- this transfer of force is the generation of program administration, and finally ke. A flywheel is located on the shaft, a punching stroke. automation components for removing and sorting pieces. Machine frame The machine frame of a punching ma- chine absorbs the forces required for punching. It is either shaped as a C open at the front or as a closed O. The C fra- me allows you to easily access the work area and also to process oversize sheets by simply turning them. A machine frame has the shape of a C or an O. 45 PUNCHING Hydraulic punching head Principle A hydraulic punching head works in a of the hydraulic punching head way that has been optimized for power and energy. The required punching control power level is selected automatically de- CNC pending on the required punching po- wer. Thin sheet metal only requires low oil pressure which results in less pun- ram control hydraulic valve linear amplifier ching power. This in turn reduces the stepping punching machine’s energy require- motor ments. tank The hydraulic ram has its own NC-con- pinion trolled axis which regulates the start and rack reversal points of the stroke movement of the ram according to the metal thickness. Unnecessary stroke lengths pump are thus eliminated, increasing the num- ber of strokes and ensuring a perfect penetrating depth for the punch into the die. This leads to a significant increase of upper ram the tool life. By regulating the ram speed precise- lower ram ly, a hydraulic punching head can reduce noise up to 80%. The pressure increase in the punching head is measured and evaluated when the punch strikes the workpiece. A temporary reduction of ram the ram speed can lead to a more quiet punching of the workpiece. Tool adapter In a punching machine we distinguish die between a tool adapter in which a com- plete tool set is hydraulically tightened Schematic illustration of the hydraulic punching head so that it cannot move and a turret which serves a a tool storage and guide. With hydraulically tightened tools the 1. Setting the ram position ram as the upper tool adapter holds the The control regulates the distance between the ram and the surface of the sheet punch with the stripper. The lower tool metal. A stepping motor regulates this distance. In this initial position prior to the punching stroke the lower ram surface is under hydraulic pressure. adapter holds the die. The upper and lower tool adapters have the same cen- 2. Executing the punching stroke terpoint. The long, hydraulic ram guide The punching stroke is initiated by an additional signal from the control. The hy- provides highly precise tool coordination draulic valve of the linear amplifier is opened and conducts a flow of oil onto the and allows extreme eccentric loads on upper ram surface upon which the ram is pressed downwards. When the ram makes contact with the sheet, the hydraulic pressure on the upper ram surface the tools (for example during nibbling automatically increases until the punch is executed. If a high degree of punching and notching). power is required, the hydraulic pressure on the lower ram surface is also cut off. Tool rotation: The tool adapter can also 3. Return ram stroke be implemented as a rotational axis allo- After the punch, the ram reaches its lowest position.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Magazine Lip Forming Tools
    MAGAZINE LIP FORMING TOOLS Brownells Lip Forming Anvil and Yoke help the gunsmith alter original equipment-style, .45 caliber, 1911 Auto magazines to properly feed ammuni- tion with semi-wadcutter bullets. Issue-style feed lips are designed for round nose, 230 grain, jacketed bul- lets which have a long ogive and ride up the barrel’s feed ramp easily. Rounds loaded with shorter, lighter, blunt nosed or semi-wadcutter bullets can ei- ther run into the feed ramp as the slide carries them forward or “stand up” too soon and cause a smokestack jam. Changing the lip contour with these tools causes the magazine to release the rear of the cartridge sooner so the extractor can pick it up and help direct it up the ramp and into the chamber. Most aftermarket magazines like those made by Metalform, Wilson, Mc- Cormick, Pachmayr and others, already have a similar feed lip shape. The Lip Forming Anvil and Yoke can often be used to restore the lips on these magazines if they get damaged. READ & FOLLOW THESE m WARNING m Never attempt to disassemble or reassemble a firearm unless you are INSTRUCTIONS absolutely certain that it is empty and unloaded. Visually inspect the chamber, the magazine and firing mechanism to be absolutely certain that no ammunition remains in the firearm. Disassembly and reas- BROWNELLS GUNSMITHS DATA RING BINDER GUNSMITHS BROWNELLS DATA sembly should follow the manufacturer’s instructions. If such instruc- tions are not immediately available, contact the manufacturer to see if they are available. If they are not available at all, then you should 200 S.
    [Show full text]
  • Hand-Forging and Wrought-Iron Ornamental Work
    This is a digital copy of a book that was preserved for generations on library shelves before it was carefully scanned by Google as part of a project to make the world’s books discoverable online. It has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject to copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books are our gateways to the past, representing a wealth of history, culture and knowledge that’s often difficult to discover. Marks, notations and other marginalia present in the original volume will appear in this file - a reminder of this book’s long journey from the publisher to a library and finally to you. Usage guidelines Google is proud to partner with libraries to digitize public domain materials and make them widely accessible. Public domain books belong to the public and we are merely their custodians. Nevertheless, this work is expensive, so in order to keep providing this resource, we have taken steps to prevent abuse by commercial parties, including placing technical restrictions on automated querying. We also ask that you: + Make non-commercial use of the files We designed Google Book Search for use by individuals, and we request that you use these files for personal, non-commercial purposes. + Refrain from automated querying Do not send automated queries of any sort to Google’s system: If you are conducting research on machine translation, optical character recognition or other areas where access to a large amount of text is helpful, please contact us.
    [Show full text]
  • Punching Tools ​
    TruServices Punching Tools Order easily – with the correct specifica- tions for the right tool. Have you thought of everything? Machine type Machine number Tool type Dimensions or drawings in a conventional CAD format (e.g. DXF) Sheet thickness Material Quantity Desired delivery date Important ordering specifications ! Please observe the "Important ordering specifications" on each product page as well. Order your punching tools securely and conveniently 24 hours a day, 7 days a week in our E-Shop at: www.trumpf.com/mytrumpf Alternatively, practical inquiry and order forms are available to you in the chapter "Order forms". TRUMPF Werkzeugmaschinen GmbH + Co. KG International Sales Punching Tools Hermann-Dreher-Strasse 20 70839 Gerlingen Germany E-mail: [email protected] Homepage: www.trumpf.com Content Order easily – with the correct specifica- General information tions for the right tool. TRUMPF System All-round Service Industry 4.0 MyTRUMPF 4 Have you thought of everything? Machine type Punching Machine number Classic System MultiTool Tool type Cluster tools MultiUse Dimensions or drawings in a conventional CAD format (e.g. DXF) 12 Sheet thickness Material Cutting Quantity Slitting tool Film slitting tool Desired delivery date MultiShear 44 Important ordering specifications ! Please observe the "Important ordering specifications" on each product page as well. Forming Countersink tool Thread forming tool Extrusion tool Cup tool 58 Marking Order your punching tools securely and conveniently 24 hours a day, 7 days a week in our E-Shop at: Center punch tool Marking tool Engraving tool Embossing tool www.trumpf.com/mytrumpf 100 Alternatively, practical inquiry and order forms are available to you in the chapter "Order forms".
    [Show full text]
  • S2P Conference
    The 9th International Conference on Semi-Solid Processing of Alloys and Composites —S2P Busan, Korea, Conference September 11-13, 2006 Qingyue Pan, Research Associate Professor Metal Processing Institute, WPI Worcester, Massachusetts Busan, a bustling city of approximately 3.7 million resi- Pusan National University, in conjunction with the Korea dents, is located on the Southeastern tip of the Korean Institute of Industrial Technology, and the Korea Society peninsula. It is the second largest city in Korea. Th e natu- for Technology of Plasticity hosted the 9th S2P confer- ral environment of Busan is a perfect example of harmony ence. About 180 scientists and engineers coming from 23 between mountains, rivers and sea. Its geography includes countries attended the conference to present and discuss all a coastline with superb beaches and scenic cliff s, moun- aspects on semi-solid processing of alloys and composites. tains which provide excellent hiking and extraordinary Eight distinct sessions contained 113 oral presentations views, and hot springs scattered throughout the city. and 61 posters. Th e eight sessions included: 1) alloy design, Th e 9th International Conference on Semi-Solid Pro- 2) industrial applications, 3) microstructure & properties, cessing of Alloys and Composites was held Sept. 11-13, 4) novel processes, 5) rheocasting, 6) rheological behavior, 2006 at Paradise Hotel, Busan. Th e fi ve-star hotel off ered a modeling and simulation, 7) semi-solid processing of high spectacular view of Haeundae Beach – Korea’s most popular melting point materials, and 8) semi-solid processing of resort, which was the setting for the 9th S2P conference.
    [Show full text]
  • Boilermaking Manual. INSTITUTION British Columbia Dept
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 246 301 CE 039 364 TITLE Boilermaking Manual. INSTITUTION British Columbia Dept. of Education, Victoria. REPORT NO ISBN-0-7718-8254-8. PUB DATE [82] NOTE 381p.; Developed in cooperation with the 1pprenticeship Training Programs Branch, Ministry of Labour. Photographs may not reproduce well. AVAILABLE FROMPublication Services Branch, Ministry of Education, 878 Viewfield Road, Victoria, BC V9A 4V1 ($10.00). PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Use - Materials (For Learner) (OW EARS PRICE MFOI Plus Postage. PC Not Available from EARS. DESCRIPTORS Apprenticeships; Blue Collar Occupations; Blueprints; *Construction (Process); Construction Materials; Drafting; Foreign Countries; Hand Tools; Industrial Personnel; *Industrial Training; Inplant Programs; Machine Tools; Mathematical Applications; *Mechanical Skills; Metal Industry; Metals; Metal Working; *On the Job Training; Postsecondary Education; Power Technology; Quality Control; Safety; *Sheet Metal Work; Skilled Occupations; Skilled Workers; Trade and Industrial Education; Trainees; Welding IDENTIFIERS *Boilermakers; *Boilers; British Columbia ABSTRACT This manual is intended (I) to provide an information resource to supplement the formal training program for boilermaker apprentices; (2) to assist the journeyworker to build on present knowledge to increase expertise and qualify for formal accreditation in the boilermaking trade; and (3) to serve as an on-the-job reference with sound, up-to-date guidelines for all aspects of the trade. The manual is organized into 13 chapters that cover the following topics: safety; boilermaker tools; mathematics; material, blueprint reading and sketching; layout; boilershop fabrication; rigging and erection; welding; quality control and inspection; boilers; dust collection systems; tanks and stacks; and hydro-electric power development. Each chapter contains an introduction and information about the topic, illustrated with charts, line drawings, and photographs.
    [Show full text]
  • Monte Carlo Stock
    Gun Stocks STOCK DESIGN AND STOCK STYLE Types of Gun Stocks A gunsmith requires a basic understanding of stock function prior to becoming a stock maker. A rifle stock, in function, is nothing more than a segment of wood, fiberglass, plastic, or other material shaped to support the rifle’s barrel and action. It also functions to conform to the shooter’s body so the shooter can control the firearm. That’s the mechanical side of it. However, arms lovers the world over consider a stock much more than a mechanical device. They think of a gun stock as a work of art and function (Figure 1). As a prospec- tive gunsmith, we hope this is your position. FIGURE 1—Notice the attractive oak-leaf pattern on this Bishop-III stock. (Photo courtesy of Reinhart Fajen, Inc.) Stocks can be built in a multitude of styles with a stock shape to fit everyone. Even factory rifles come in a wide variety of stock styles. Factory stocks, incidentally, have come a long way and can be considered quite good today, although cer- tainly not in the realm of a custom-made stock. Figure 2 shows a gun stock labeled with its proper nomenclature. 1 FIGURE 2—Become familiar with the names of the parts of a gun stock. Early Stock Design Turning the pages of gun history to an earlier time reveals that the first stocks well known to American shooters had a great deal to do with contemporary stock designs. However, such muzzleloader stocks left a lot to be desired.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of Guidelines for Warm Forging of Steel Parts
    Development of Guidelines for Warm Forging of Steel Parts THESIS Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Niranjan Rajagopal, B.Tech Graduate Program in Industrial and Systems Engineering The Ohio State University 2014 Master's Examination Committee: Dr.Taylan Altan, Advisor Dr.Jerald Brevick Copyright by Niranjan Rajagopal 2014 ABSTRACT Warm forging of steel is an alternative to the conventional hot forging technology and cold forging technology. It offers several advantages like no flash, reduced decarburization, no scale, better surface finish, tight tolerances and reduced energy when compared to hot forging and better formability, lower forming pressures and higher deformation ratios when compared to cold forging. A system approach to warm forging has been considered. Various aspects of warm forging process such as billet, tooling, billet/die interface, deformation zone/forging mechanics, presses for warm forging, warm forged products, economics of warm forging and environment & ecology have been presented in detail. A case study of forging of a hollow shaft has been discussed. A comparison of forging loads and energy required to forge the hollow shaft using cold, warm and hot forging process has been presented. ii DEDICATION This document is dedicated to my family. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to my advisor, Prof. Taylan Altan for accepting me in his research group, Engineering Research Center for Net Shape Manufacturing (ERC/NSM) and allowing me to do thesis under his supervision. The support of Dr. Jerald Brevick along with other professors at The Ohio State University was also very important in my academic and professional development.
    [Show full text]
  • Design of Forming Processes: Bulk Forming
    1 Design of Forming Processes: Bulk Forming Chester J. Van Tyne Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, U.S.A. I. BULK DEFORMATION atures relative to the melting point of the metal. Hot working occurs at temperatures above tJllerecrystalliza- Bulk defonnation is a metal-fonning process where the tion temperature of the metal. There is a third temper- defonnation is three-dimensional in nature. The pri- ature range, warm working, which is being critically mary use of the tenn bulk deformation is to distinguish it examined due to energy savings and is, in some cases, from sheet-fonning processes. In sheet-forming opera- used by industries. tions, the defonnation stressesare usually in the plane of the sheet metal, whereas in bulk defonnation, the 1. Cold Working Temperatures defonnation stresses possess components in all three Cold working usually refers to metal deformation that is coordinate directions. Bulk defonnation includes metal carried out at room temperature. Th,~ phenomenon working processes such as forging, extrusion, rolling, associated with cold work occurs wht:n the metal is and drawing. deformed at temperatures that are about 30% or less of its melting temperature on an absolute temperature scale. During cold work, the metal ,~xperiences an II. CLASSIFICATION OF DEFORMATION increased number of dislocations and elltanglement of PROCESSES these dislocations, causing strain hardening. With strain hardening, the strength of the metal increases with The classification of deformation processescan be done deformation. To recrystallize the metal, ;i thermal treat- in one of several ways. The more common classification ment, called an anneal, is often needed. During anneal- schemes are based on temperature, flow behavior, and ing, the strength of the metal can be drastically reduced stressstate.
    [Show full text]
  • Improvement of Punch and Die Life and Part Quality in Blanking of Miniature Parts
    Improvement of Punch and Die Life and Part Quality in Blanking of Miniature Parts DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Soumya Subramonian Graduate Program in Mechanical Engineering The Ohio State University 2013 Dissertation Committee: Dr.Taylan Altan, Advisor Dr.Blaine Lilly, Advisor Dr.Gary L.Kinzel Dr.Jerald Brevick Abstract Blanking or piercing is one of the most commonly used sheet metal manufacturing processes in the industry. Having a good understanding of the fundamentals and science behind this high deformation shearing process can help to improve the tool life and blanked edge quality in various ways. Finite Element Modeling of the blanking process along with experimental testing is used in this study to study the influence of various process parameters on punch and die life and blanked edge quality. In high volume blanking and blanking of high strength materials, improving the tool life can save not only tool material but also change over time which can take up to a few hours for every change over. The interaction between punch, stripper plate and sheet material is first studied experimentally since a fundamental understanding of the behavior of these components at different blanking speeds is very essential to design robust tooling for high speeds. A methodology is developed using the experimentally obtained blanking load and FEM of blanking to obtain flow stress data of the sheet material at high strains and strain rates. This flow stress data is used to investigate the effects of various process parameters on tool stress and blanked edge quality.
    [Show full text]
  • Hammering; Pressing Metal; Riveting; Forge Furnaces
    B21J CPC COOPERATIVE PATENT CLASSIFICATION B PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING (NOTES omitted) SHAPING B21 MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL (NOTES omitted) B21J FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES (rolling of metal B21B; making particular products by forging or pressing B21K; cladding or plating B23K; finishing surfaces by hammering B23P 9/04; compacting surfaces by blasting with particulate material B24C 1/10; general features of presses, presses for consolidating scrap B30B; furnaces in general F27) WARNING In this subclass non-limiting references (in the sense of paragraph 39 of the Guide to the IPC) may still be displayed in the scheme. 1/00 Preparing metal stock {or similar ancillary 5/068 . {Shaving, skiving or scarifying for forming lifted operations prior, during or post forging, e.g. portions, e.g. slices or barbs, on the surface of the heating or cooling (pretreatment for rolling material} B21B 1/02, B21B 15/0035)} 5/08 . Upsetting 1/003 . {Selecting material} 5/10 . Piercing billets (in combination with extrusion 1/006 . {Amorphous metal} B21C 23/00) 1/02 . Preliminary treatment of metal stock without 5/12 . Forming profiles on internal or external surfaces particular shaping, e.g. salvaging segregated zones, (making screw-thread by forging, pressing, or forging or pressing in the rough (modifying the hammering B21K) physical properties by deformation C21D 7/00, C22F 1/00) 7/00 Hammers; Forging machines with hammers or die jaws acting by impact (hand hammers B25D; 1/025 . {affecting grain orientation} electrical features in section H) 1/04 . Shaping in the rough solely by forging or pressing 7/02 .
    [Show full text]
  • HPDC Alloys for Structural Casts in Vehicle Construction RHEINFELDEN ALLOYS
    Primary aluminum HPDC Alloys for Structural Casts in Vehicle Construction RHEINFELDEN ALLOYS Table of contents RHEINFELDEN ALLOYS – Ductile HPDC Aluminum Alloys for Automotive Structural Applications General 2 RHEINFELDEN ALLOYS GmbH & Co. KG 3 Customer support and R & D 4 – 5 Aluminum casting alloys Alloys 6 – 11 Silafont ®-38 (Sf-38) – AlSi9MnMgZn 12 – 13 Castasil ®-37 (Ci-37) – AlSi9MnMoZr 14 – 17 Castasil ®-21 (Ci-21) – AlSi9SrE 18 – 19 Magsimal ®-59 ( Ma-59) – AlMg5Si2Mn 20 – 25 Magsimal ®-plus (Ma-plus) – AlMg6Si2MnZr 26 – 35 Castaduct ®-42 (Cc-42) – AlMg4Fe2 Technical information 36 – 37 Profile of the alloys for the die-casters 38 – 44 Technical Informations / Processing datasheets 45 – 52 Technical informations 52 Disclaimer and imprint 1 RHEINFELDEN ALLOYS GmbH & Co. KG “Progress by tradition” Products of RHEINFELDEN ALLOYS can be found wherever ALUMINIUM RHEINFELDEN Group: This history of aluminum steel designs or iron casts can be replaced by light aluminum in Germany started at Rheinfelden. In 1898 Europe’s first casts. RHEINFELDEN ALLOYS is a powerful partner, especially river power station brought about the establishment of the first to the automotive and mechanical engineering sectors in provid- aluminum smelter in Germany, at Rheinfelden, Baden. ing alloys designed to the process and cast part based on the The company has always operated in three business segments customer’s particular needs. We also offer papers like this hand- and in October 2008 restructuring turned ALUMINIUM book about favorable alloys for designers of structural die-casts. RHEINFELDEN GmbH into a holding company and independent www.rheinfelden-alloys.eu · Tel. +49 7623 93 490 GmbH & Co. KGs.
    [Show full text]
  • Design, Construction, and First Tests of a Demonstration Spark Chamber
    Design, Construction, and First Tests of a Demonstration Spark Chamber Lisa Lin,∗ Robin Peter,y Sophia Vlahakis,z and Tara Vogelx The University of Chicago, Illinois, 60637 (Dated: September 21, 2018) Once used extensively in particle physics research, the cosmic ray spark chamber is a tracking particle detector now favored for education and demonstration. We have constructed and are nearing installation of a chamber for educational and demonstration purposes, selecting a shelf-type design to prioritize aesthetic appeal and minimal maintenance. An incoming particle triggers a fast high- voltage pulse to metal plates within the chamber that allows sparking along the particle's ionized path. The shelf-style design and careful scintillator placement limits spurious edge sparking. The coincidence circuit comprised of scintillation counters and NIM units successfully delivers a logic pulse within 60 ns, and its 1.3-V pulse is amplified ten-fold in a total delay time of 500 ns from detection to spark gap pulse, triggering an 8-kV pulse in the chamber. The prototype chamber is tested independently with helium and argon gases. A plan is presented to predict lifetime based on the muon efficiency of the prototype chamber. Initial stages of an interactive soft-shut off are presented for safety and consideration of the chamber demonstration's surrounding academic environment. I. INTRODUCTION nents for a similar purpose; we have used their proce- dure as an initial guide [1]. This document tracks our Spark chambers have been used in the past as tracking major considerations, revisions, and additions to their particle detectors, and are most widely used today for work, and presents that information for the perusal and educational purposes [1].
    [Show full text]