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Why Are Gender Reforms Adopted in Singapore? Party Pragmatism and Electoral Incentives* Netina Tan
Why Are Gender Reforms Adopted in Singapore? Party Pragmatism and Electoral Incentives* Netina Tan Abstract In Singapore, the percentage of elected female politicians rose from 3.8 percent in 1984 to 22.5 percent after the 2015 general election. After years of exclusion, why were gender reforms adopted and how did they lead to more women in political office? Unlike South Korea and Taiwan, this paper shows that in Singapore party pragmatism rather than international diffusion of gender equality norms, feminist lobbying, or rival party pressures drove gender reforms. It is argued that the ruling People’s Action Party’s (PAP) strategic and electoral calculations to maintain hegemonic rule drove its policy u-turn to nominate an average of about 17.6 percent female candidates in the last three elections. Similar to the PAP’s bid to capture women voters in the 1959 elections, it had to alter its patriarchal, conservative image to appeal to the younger, progressive electorate in the 2000s. Additionally, Singapore’s electoral system that includes multi-member constituencies based on plurality party bloc vote rule also makes it easier to include women and diversify the party slate. But despite the strategic and electoral incentives, a gender gap remains. Drawing from a range of public opinion data, this paper explains why traditional gender stereotypes, biased social norms, and unequal family responsibilities may hold women back from full political participation. Keywords: gender reforms, party pragmatism, plurality party bloc vote, multi-member constituencies, ethnic quotas, PAP, Singapore DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5509/2016892369 ____________________ Netina Tan is an assistant professor of political science at McMaster University. -
Women in the Philippine Workforce
CONTENTS 5 Preface 7 Authors MAIN TOPICS 9 Work-Life Balance: The Philippine Experience in Male and Female Roles and Leadership Regina M. Hechanova 25 Rural Women’s Participation in Politics in Village-level Elections in China Liu Lige 37 Status of Women in Singapore and Trends in Southeast Asia Braema Mathiaparanam 51 Gender and Islam in Indonesia (Challenges and Solution) Zaitunah Subhan 57 Civil Society Movement on Sexuality in Thailand: A Challenge to State Institutions Varaporn Chamsanit DOCUMENTS 67 Joint Statement of the ASEAN High-Level Meeting on Good Practices in CEDAW Reporting and Follow-up 3 WEB LINKS 69 Informative websites on Europe and Southeast Asia ABSTRACTS 73 4 PREFACE conomic progress and political care giver. Similarly, conservative Eliberalisation have contributed religious interpretations undermine greatly to tackling the challenges of reform of outdated concepts of the role poverty and inequality in Asia. Creating and status of women in Asian societies. equal opportunities and ensuring equal The articles presented in this edition treatment for women is a key concern for of Panorama are testimony to the civil society groups and grassroots leaders multitude of challenges faced by women across the region. Undoubtedly, in most across Asia in the struggle to create parts of Asia, women today enjoy greater gender equality. They range from freedoms than their mothers did before addressing a shift in traditional gender them including improved access to roles derived from advancing healthcare, enhanced career opportunities, modernisation and globalisation to the and increased participation in political need to identify ways and means to decision-making. Nonetheless, key support women in their rightful quest challenges persistently remain. -
Changing Constructions of the Family in Singapore
University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Arts - Papers (Archive) Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences & Humanities October 1998 The ‘Graduate Woman’ Phenomenon: Changing Constructions of the Family in Singapore Lenore T. Lyons-Lee University of Wollongong, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/artspapers Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons, and the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Lyons-Lee, Lenore T., The ‘Graduate Woman’ Phenomenon: Changing Constructions of the Family in Singapore 1998. https://ro.uow.edu.au/artspapers/96 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] The ‘Graduate Woman” Phenomenon: Changing Constructions of the Family in Singapore Lenore Lyons -Lee Introduction In recent years the Singapore state, as part of its broader population planning policy, has focused attention on encouraging graduate men a nd women to marry and have children at a younger age. These policies have been promoted through a series of well -publicised advertising campaigns in the television and print media. Tertiary educated women have been constructed as ‘problematic’ within thi s discourse of state -directed social change because they are marrying later, having fewer children, and on occassion foregoing marriage altogether. This paper examines the ways such women understand the current marrige debate, and the reasons they give fo r their life choices. I will argue that contrary to popular media and state views, such women have not rejected marriage but rather traditional constructions of gender roles within the family. -
GENDER RETIREMENT SAVINGS GAP of LOW-INCOME PROFESSIONALS Key Ndings
GENDER RETIREMENT SAVINGS GAP OF LOW-INCOME PROFESSIONALS Key ndings The “Traditional Working Mum” has the largest gender retirement savings gap of 44% The gender retirement savings gap is wider in Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand than in Hong Kong and Singapore The average retirement savings gap between low-income working men 32% and women in studied Asian markets Main reasons for the gender Looking beyond retirement savings gap the present Women have Women working as shorter working para-professionals are paid periods due to lower than men. In some family-related countries, the difference is career breaks and early Risk of retirements >25% automation Technology advancements such as automation are posing risks of Women are more risk-averse and have lower financial displacement for low-skilled literacy than men in general women workers Main actions from different stakeholders EMPLOYERS GOVERNMENT INDIVIDUALS Accelerate gender diversity Enhance support for informal caregivers Bridge the financial literacy gap efforts by building a structured and encourage shared caregiving through education and practice diversity and inclusion strategy among couples by recognising women’s and take charge of financial that is aligned to the business unpaid contribution to their families in matters upon commencing imperative the pension system employment Copyright © 2018 Oliver Wyman 1 PREFACE While the issue of gender wage inequality is To measure the size of the gender retirement gradually being recognised by business and society savings gap, we created different archetypes based in general, the significant impact of the gender on typical profiles of low-income working women in retirement savings gap, a long-term consequence the region. -
A State of Ambivalence: Feminism and a Singaporean Women's
University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Arts - Papers (Archive) Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences & Humanities March 2000 A State of Ambivalence: Feminism and a Singaporean Women’s Organisation Lenore T. Lyons University of Wollongong, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/artspapers Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons, and the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Lyons, Lenore T., A State of Ambivalence: Feminism and a Singaporean Women’s Organisation 2000. https://ro.uow.edu.au/artspapers/94 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] A State of Ambivalence: Feminism in a Singaporean Women’s Organisation 1 Lenore Lyons There has been some interest in recent years in identifying the features or characteristics of an ‘Asian’ or ‘Third-World’ feminism (Moraga and Anzaldua 1983; Jayawardena 1986; Grewal et al. 1988; Mohanty 1991; Basu 1995; Alexander and Mohanty 1997). Part of this concern has focused on a costs-benefits analysis of Asian women ‘coming out’ as feminists in overtly hostile political climates. For many women embracing the identity ‘feminist’ continues to be a difficult process. Caught within multiple and shifting discourses that serve to inscribe place, allegiance and behaviour, being a feminist is not only an expression of individual political belief, but is often perceived as a rejection of dominant group identity. Within their own communities, women have often been forced to make a choice between their race, class or ethnic group, and their gender (see hooks 1981; Enloe 1989; Accad 1991). -
Female Emancipation in a Colonial Context: the Chinese Community in Singapore 1900-1942 Qualification: Phd
Access to Electronic Thesis Author: Wei-an Yang Thesis title: Female Emancipation in a Colonial Context: the Chinese Community in Singapore 1900-1942 Qualification: PhD This electronic thesis is protected by the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. No reproduction is permitted without consent of the author. It is also protected by the Creative Commons Licence allowing Attributions-Non-commercial-No derivatives. If this electronic thesis has been edited by the author it will be indicated as such on the title page and in the text. Female Emancipation in a Colonial Context: the Chinese Community in Singapore 1900-1942 By Wei-an Yang A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History June 2014 Abstract The advent of female Chinese immigrants was an important factor in shaping the Chinese community from an immigrant society into a stabilized community in Singapore at the beginning of the 20th century. Using a combination of Chinese language press and Colonial Office records, my study explores those primary sources to assess the voices of Chinese women, and examine how Chinese women were constituted as a group in the Chinese community during the colonial era. Chinese newspapers were an effective tool for disseminating information concerning nationalism in China as well as stirring up a consciousness of national identity within the Chinese community. Those activities carried out by the Kuomintang pushed forward the development of Chinese female education, and offered them opportunities to participate in the National Salvation Movement in the 1930s. On the other hand, three archetypes of Chinese woman - prostitutes, mui- tsais (domestic servants) and educated women - are introduced so as to examine their role in the formation of the Singapore Chinese community. -
Reinscribing Patriarchy: the Sexual Politics of Neo-Confucianism in Contemporary Singapore
JASO 28/3 (1997): 249-73 REINSCRmING PATRIARCHY: THE SEXUAL POLITICS OF NEO-CONFUCIANISM IN CONTEMPORARY SINGAPORE JOHN CLAMMER Introduction ALL Chinese societies, whether on the mainland of Asia, in Taiwan, Hong Kong or elsewhere in world-wide diaspora, have had to struggle with their past, to recall it, to edit it, and, where necessary, to invent it. The intensity of this historical remembering, in contrast to the societal amnesia of much of the West and of contemporary Japan, comes from three sources: the need to remember because individual and cultural identity lies primarily in continuity (best expressed anthropologically in the concern with descent and the role of ancestors); because present political legitimacy derives from the patterns and fractures of the past; and because of the constant pressure to assimilate, express, and reinterpret the fuzzy body of practices, sentiments, and ideologies known collectively as 'Confucian ism'. Much of the history of the Chinese-speaking world in the last half-century can be seen in these terms: in the struggle against, and subsequent reincorporation, even redeification, of Confucius in the People's RepUblic; in the struggles for legit imacy, autonomy, and democracy in Taiwan; and in the identity politics of South east Asian Chinese, most of them ethnic and linguistic minorities in societies still their own, but in which to varying degrees they are still considered ~)Utsiders. The society in Asia which is in many ways the clearest exemplar of these preoccupations is Singapore-the one state in Southeast Asia with a substantial Chinese majority, the one in which identity-anxiety seems to be most keenly felt, 250 John Clammer but also the one that committed itself at its origin as an independent state in 1965 to a model of perpetual multiracialism, a model from which it is now in some significant ways retreating. -
Foreign Participants (PDF)
Name: Datin Paduka Hajah Adina Othman Position: Deputy Minister, Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports Country of Origin: Brunei Biography: ADINA OTHMAN is the Deputy Minister of Culture, Youth and Sports since May 2010. She graduated from University of Kent, and University College, London in 1977 and 1980 respectively. Her working experiences encompass the fields of culture, youth and sports and community development. She is also a former Commissioner for ASEAN Commission on the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Women and Children. She is a leading proponent on the rights of women and children and other vulnerable groups and delivered various papers in areas covering Community Development and Women issues. It is an undeniable fact that in order to achieve real and lasting progress, women must be placed at the forefront of the socio-economic agenda. Empowering women is key towards a more sustainable and better quality of life for all. Our presence here today and our achievement to date is living testament of that fact. It is therefore a privilege and an honour for me to be among the contributors of such progress at the World Assembly for Women in Tokyo 2014. This Assembly allows us to reaffirm our commitment to the continued participation of women and press towards a more equitable society for us all. I wish to congratulate Japan for organizing such a prestigious event and pray that the successful convening of WAW! Tokyo 2014 would spur women’s power from strength to strength for the benefit of all – men, women and children and towards enhancing greater peace and understanding in the world. -
Gendered Inequalities in Asia
A fresh multidisciplinary perspective on gender inequalities Gendered Global processes with flows in money, commodities RYDSTRØM and people have made it increasingly varied and blurred in what it means to be a female or male in Asia today. Inequalities By focusing on unequal access to political and religious power, occupation and health facilities, as well as different options when it comes to family life and sexuality, the recognition of women and men is in Asia explored in this volume as manifestations of ideas about femininity and masculinity. Readers will find ASIA IN INEQUALITIES GENDERED insightful contributions that consider how gender relations in Asia – and indeed the very meaning Configuring, Contesting and of gender itself – are affected by neo-liberalism, globalization and economic growth; security in all of Recognizing Women and Men its meanings; multiculturalism, race and class; family life, power and intergenerational support; religious discourses and activism; and by male norms in Edited by Helle Rydstrøm politics. Helle Rydstrøm is an associate professor at the Department of Gender Studies, Lund University, Sweden, with research focusing on gender issues in Vietnam. Her Embodying Morality: Growing Up in Rural Northern Vietnam (University of Hawai‘i Press) was shortlisted for the prestigious Harry J. Benda Prize. Together with Lisa Drummond, she edited Gender Practices in Contemporary Vietnam, also published by NIAS Press. Gendering Asia a series on gender intersections www.niaspress.dk Rydstrom-cover.indd 1 16/11/2009 14:57 GENDERED INEQUALITIES IN ASIA Prelims_Rydstr.indd 1 16/11/09 12:05:51 GENDERING ASIA A Series on Gender Intersections Gendering Asia addresses the ways in which power and constructions of gender, sex, sexuality and the body intersect with one another and pervade contemporary Asian societies. -
Gender and Labour Migration A
While IOM endeavours to ensure the accuracy and completeness of the content of this paper, the views, findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors and field researchers and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the IOM and their Member States. IOM does not accept any liability for any loss which may arise from the reliance on information contained in this paper. IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. International Organization for Migration 17 route des Morillons 1211 Geneva 19 Switzerland Tel: +41.22.717 91 11 Fax: +41.22.798 61 50 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.iom.int ISBN 978-92-9068-453-4 © 2009 International Organization for Migration (IOM) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. 21_09 Gender Labour Migration in Asia Gender and Labour Migration in Asia Contents Foreword .................................................................................................. 7 Introduction -
Advancing Women's Equality in Asia Pacific
THE POWER OF PARITY: ADVANCING WOMEN’S EQUALITY IN ASIA PACIFIC APRIL 2018 Since its founding in 1990, the McKinsey Global Institute (MGI) has sought to develop a deeper understanding of the evolving global economy. As the business and economics research arm of McKinsey & Company, MGI aims to provide leaders in the commercial, public, and social sectors with the facts and insights on which to base management and policy decisions. MGI research combines the disciplines of economics and management, employing the analytical tools of economics with the insights of business leaders. Our “micro-to-macro” methodology examines microeconomic industry trends to better understand the broad macroeconomic forces affecting business strategy and public policy. MGI’s in-depth reports have covered more than 20 countries and 30 industries. Current research focuses on six themes: productivity and growth, natural resources, labour markets, the evolution of global financial markets, the economic impact of technology and innovation, and urbanisation. Recent reports have assessed the digital economy, the impact of AI and automation on employment, income inequality, the productivity puzzle, the economic benefits of tackling gender inequality, a new era of global competition, Chinese innovation, and digital and financial globalisation. MGI is led by three McKinsey & Company senior partners: Jacques Bughin, Jonathan Woetzel, and James Manyika, who also serves as the chairman of MGI. Michael Chui, Susan Lund, Anu Madgavkar, Jan Mischke, Sree Ramaswamy, and Jaana Remes are MGI partners, and Mekala Krishnan and Jeongmin Seong are MGI senior fellows. Project teams are led by the MGI partners and a group of senior fellows, and include consultants from McKinsey offices around the world. -
Gender Equality in Global Value Chains and the Role of Aid for Trade in Promoting Gender Equality and Women’S Employment in Developing Countries Johanna K
Gender equality in global value chains and the role of Aid for Trade in promoting gender equality and women’s employment in developing countries Johanna K. Silvander MINISTRY FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF FINLAND This report has been commissioned by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. The opinions and conclusions appearing in the report are personal to the author and do not necessarily represent the position of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs. The report is an English version of the original publication in Finnish. Original publication: ISBN 978-952-93-3383-7 ©Johanna K. Silvander 2013 English version: ISBN 978-952-68252-1-2 Silvander Group of Excellence (SGoE) HELSINKI The graphic image of this report has been created by Graphic404 – a small enterprise based in Lusaka, Zambia. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents iii For the reader iv Abbreviations vi Summary vii 1.0 The impacts of international trade on gender equality and the employment of women in developing countries 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The global economy of value chains 1 1.3 Gendered global value chains 3 2.0 Global value chains and gender equality in the textiles and clothing industry 12 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 Structure of global value chains in the textiles and clothing industry 12 2.3 Gender equality in textile and clothing sector value chains 16 2.4 Key proposals arising from the analysis 22 3.0 Global value chains and gender equality in the fruit and vegetable industry 24 3.1 Introduction 24 3.2 Structure of global value chains in the fruit and vegetable industry