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Universidad Católica De Santa María UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE SAN AGUSTÍN DE AREQUIPA ESCUELA DE POSGRADO UNIDAD DE POSGRADO DE LA FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA DE PROCESOS “EVALUACIÓN DE LOS NIVELES DE FORESTACIÓN EN LAS PRINCIPALES VÍAS DE CIRCULACIÓN EN LA CIUDAD DE AREQUIPA 2015” Tesis presentado por Bachiller: CRUZ LAURA EDWARD SANTOS Para optar al Grado Académico de Maestro en Ciencias: con mención en Seguridad y Medio Ambiente. ASESOR: Dr. Edwin Bocardo Delgado AREQUIPA-PERÚ 2015 AGRADECIMIENTOS Dedico esta tesis A DIOS, A LA VIRGEN MARÍA, JG, quienes guían mis pasos en mi vida personal y profesional. A mi Familia; A mis amigos, Maestros y esta prestigiosa casa de estudios, que sin su ayuda y apoyo no hubiera podido lograr mis objetivos. Página 2 de 78 CONTENIDO RESUMEN ...................................................................................................................... 4 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... 5 INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................................................... 6 OBJETIVOS ................................................................................................................... 8 CAPITULO I GENERALIDADES ....................................................................................................... 9 1.1. Planteamiento del Problema ......................................................................... 9 1.2. Justificación ...................................................................................................... 9 1.3. Hipótesis ......................................................................................................... 11 1.4. Características de la Investigación ............................................................. 11 CAPITULO II MARCO TEORICO ...................................................................................................... 13 2.1. Las especies arbóreas ................................................................................. 13 2.2. La Fotosíntesis .............................................................................................. 13 2.3. Los Árboles en el ámbito urbano ................................................................ 16 2.4. El Parque automotor de Arequipa .............................................................. 22 2.5. Los estomas ................................................................................................... 24 2.6. Impacto de la Contaminación del Aire en la Salud y la Vida de las Personas ......................................................................................................... 26 2.7. Delimitación de la Cuenca Atmosférica de Arequipa .............................. 29 2.8. Transporte en Arequipa................................................................................ 30 2.9. Inventario de Emisiones en Arequipa ........................................................ 32 CAPITULO III METODOLOGÍA .......................................................................................................... 35 3.1. Establecimiento de las Unidades de Estudio ........................................... 35 3.2. Identificación de Especies Arbóreas en las unidades de Estudio ......... 36 3.3. Número de Individuos Arbóreos ................................................................. 52 3.4. Determinación de la Cobertura de Especies Arbóreas en las unidades de Estudio ....................................................................................................... 52 CAPITULO IV RESULTADOS Y DISCUSION ................................................................................ 55 4.1. Establecimiento de las Unidades de Estudio ........................................... 55 4.2. Especies Arbóreas Identificadas en Unidades de Estudio ..................... 56 4.3. Número de Individuos Arbóreos ................................................................. 57 4.4. Número de Individuos Arbóreos por Especie ........................................... 60 4.5. Cobertura Total y Relativa de las Especies Arbóreas ............................. 63 4.6. Plan de Reforestación .................................................................................. 72 CONCLUSIONES ........................................................................................................ 74 RECOMENDACIONES ............................................................................................... 75 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ........................................................................................................... 76 Página 3 de 78 RESUMEN Se plantea Determinar los Niveles de Forestación en las Principales Vías de Circulación en la ciudad de Arequipa; En las unidades de estudio fijadas para el presente trabajo se han establecido a la Av. Ejército, Av. La Marina, Av. Jorge Chávez - Goyeneche, Av. Independencia, Av. Venezuela y Av. Mariscal Castilla; se han determinado 18 especies arbóreas dentro de las cuales 14 corresponden a especies introducidas y cuatro corresponden a especies oriundas. El número total de especímenes arbóreo, registrados en las unidades de estudio corresponden a 1459, estando el mayor porcentaje en la avenida Venezuela con un 27. 2% mientras que el menor porcentaje se encuentra en la avenida La Marina, con un 10. 3%; sin embargo se establece que la avenida Independencia, presenta la menor cantidad de individuos por cada 100 m correspondiendo a 7.43, mientras que la avenida la marina presenta y 16.87 individuos por cada 100 m. La avenida que presenta la mayor cantidad de especies de árboles corresponde a la avenida Venezuela con 10 especies y la avenida La Marina, sólo presenta siete especies; por otro lado la especie más numerosa corresponde al fresno con un 56% y la menos numerosa al álamo como un 0.07 %. La cobertura arbórea mayor se observa en la avenida Ejército con un 20.99%, mientras que la más baja se observa en la avenida Mariscal Castilla con un 4.81%, por otra parte la especie que muestra mayor cobertura arbórea por individuo es la Gravillea. Palabras clave: Forestación, especies arbóreas, cobertura arbórea, especies oriundas, especies introducidas, Gravillea. Página 4 de 78 ABSTRACT It is planned to determine the levels of Forestry in the main roads in the city of Arequipa; In the study units set for this work have been established Av Army Av La Marina, Av Jorge Chavez Goyeneche, Av Independencia, Venezuela Av and Av Mariscal Castilla; They have been determined within 18 tree species of which 14 species are introduced and four correspond to native species. The total number of arboreal specimens recorded in the studio units correspond to 1459, being the highest in the avenue Venezuela with 27. 2% while the lowest percentage is in La Marina Avenue with a 10. 3%; however it states that Independence Avenue, has the lowest number of individuals per 100 m corresponding to 7.43, while the marine avenue presents and 16.87 individuals per 100 m. The avenue has the highest number of species of trees corresponds to the Venezuela avenue with 10 species and the La Marina Avenue, only has seven species; on the other hand the most numerous species corresponds to 56% ash and less numerous poplar as 0.07%. Most tree cover shown in Army Avenue with 20.99%, while the lowest was observed in Mariscal Castilla Avenue with 4.81%, moreover the species showing greater tree cover per individual is the Gravillea. Keywords: Afforestation, arboreal species, tree cover, native species, introduced species, Gravillea. Página 5 de 78 INTRODUCCIÓN La provincia de Arequipa tiene en la actualidad una población aproximada de 864 250 habitantes, concentrando alrededor del 95% de su población en el área metropolitana. En sus inicios, Arequipa tenía como principal actividad económico productiva a la agricultura junto con la ganadería; conforme han pasado los años y bajo el marco del desarrollo globalizado, en la actualidad no es la agricultura ni la ganadería las actividades económicas sobre los que basa su economía, sino que es la minería la que emerge como la principal actividad económica de la localidad. Como es propio de cada ciudad en desarrollo, el diseño de ésta fue cambiando, desde el tipo rural a colonial y ahora a metrópoli; lo que ha conllevado a la construcción e implementación de diferentes tipos de vías de comunicación, entre las que destacan aquellas de mayor circulación como es el caso de algunas avenidas del centro de la ciudad. Siendo considerada como la segunda ciudad en importancia a nivel nacional, es que Arequipa ha presentado un crecimiento en diferentes ámbitos, como es el económico, de infraestructura, de población, de parque automotor, entre otros. Frente a este último aspecto mencionado es que ha surgido la necesidad de realizar diseños de vías de circulación que estén de acuerdo con las exigencias del aspecto vehicular y que tengan concordancia con el diseño urbano. Es conocida la frase “los árboles son los pulmones de la ciudad” y es por ello de la importancia de tener especies arbóreas no sólo en la debida cantidad sino en las mejores condiciones a fin de que puedan cumplir su principal función, que es la de purificar el aire. Hoy en día la población arequipeña tiene un mayor poder adquisitivo dentro de las proporciones de cada estrato social, es por ello que en los estratos de mayor solvencia económica el uso de un vehículo para movilizarse se ha vuelto no en una comodidad sino en una Página 6 de 78 necesidad, y para
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