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Academia Arena 2015;7(4) http://www.sciencepub.net/academia Correlation analysis for various morphological traits of Chenopodium album, Amaranthus viridis, Anagallis arvensis and Asphodelus tenuifolius Yusra Babar1, Qurban Ali2, Saira Mahmood1, Ali Ahmad3, Arfan Ali2, Tahir Rahman Samiullah2, Saira Azam2, Amna Saeed4, Qurat-ul-Ain Sajid4, Akbar Anjum1, Idrees Ahmad Nasir2 and Tayyab Husnain2 1. Department of Horticulture, Bhauddin Zikarya University Multan 2. Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan 3. Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan 4. Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Bhauddin Zikarya University Multan Emails: [email protected], [email protected] Cell No: +92(0)321-9621929 Abstract: The weeds are undesirable plant grown in the crop fields. The removal of weeds from crop field is much important to minimize yield loss of crop plants. A study was conducted to access the relationship among weed plant traits during March 2015 at Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan. It was found that higher plant population of Anagallis arvensis, Asphodelus tenuifolius and Chenopodium album was recorded for most of studied locations. Asphodelus tenuifolius showed higher total plant and inflorescence moisture percentage. It was found that total plant moisture percentage and total inflorescence moisture percentage was strongly and significantly correlated with each other. It was suggested from correlation of plant population and total plant and inflorescence moisture percentage that the weed plants used much of the input sources of crop plants. The competition of crop plant with weeds increased due to higher weed population and adversely effects water and nutrient requirements. It was suggested that the herbicide resistant varieties should be developed of use herbicide before sowing of crop plants. [Yusra B, Qurban A, Saira M, Ali A, Arfan A, Samiullah TR, Saira A, Qurat-ul-Ain S, Saeed A, Syed BH, Rao AQ, Idrees AN and Tayyab H. Correlation analysis for various morphological traits of Chenopodium album, Amaranthus viridis, Anagallis arvensis and Asphodelus tenuifolius. Academ Arena 2015;7(4):74-79]. (ISSN 1553- 992X). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 8 Keywords: Chenopodium album, Amaranthus viridis, Anagallis arvensis, Asphodelus tenuifolius 1. Introduction plant. Its leaves are alternate and can be different in Weeds are the plants out of place where it is not appearance. Chenopodium album first leaves arise grown. It is also called pest plant. Common weeds near from the bottom of the plant, are pointed and are very fast growing and resilient that competes with approximately diamond-shaped, 3-7 cm tall and 3- cultivated crop. They are a source of pest and 6 cm wide. The leaves on the upper part of the diseases. Best way to control them is to prevent it flowering stems are full and lanceolate-rhomboid, 1- from being established as its removal is time 5 cm tall and 0.4-2 cm wide; they are waxy-coated, consuming. Weeds also give shelter to various insect unwettable and mealy in occurrence, with a whitish pests & disease pathogens and they may serve as coat on the underneath. Its flowering time is June to alternate hosts for spread of pest and disease (Qamar September (Brenan 1981; Burkill 1985 and Burkill et al., 2015; Harrem et al., 2015; Sadia et al., 2015; 2000). Mobeen et al., 2015; Qurat-ul-Ain et al., 2015; Saira 1.2. Amaranthus viridis (Jangli chulai) et al., 2015 and Saeed et al., 2015). Amaranthus viridis is very common garden 1.1. Chenopodium album (Bathu) weed. This weed found in footpaths, roadsides and Chenopodium album is a fast growing weedy riparian flora. It belongs to family Amaranthaceae. It annual plant. It belongs to family Chenopodiaceae.It commonly called, green amaranth, green pigweed, commonly called as lamb’s quarters, melde, goose slender amaranth. Amaranthus viridis probably of foot and fat-hen. It grows and utilize extensively in Asian origin, but now a cultivated weed in the Northen India as a food crop.Chinopodium album tropical and subtropical areas of the world. In tropical origin is Eastern Asia. Soil which rich in nitrogen this Africa it is also an extensive and familiar weed. An weed arises almost all over and mostly in wasteland. annual herbaceous plant with an upright or This weed have the tendency to raise straight at first, decumbent nature. It generally attains a height of 40- attain a height of 10-15 cm (hardly to 3m), but 100cm tall; but it attains a height of 1.5m.Its stem generally flat after flowering (because of density of delicate, branched, pointed, and hairless to thin the foliage and seeds) without supported by other pubescent in upper part consisting of many hairs. 74 Academia Arena 2015;7(4) http://www.sciencepub.net/academia Leaves of this weed are alternate, simple; stalk up to day; fruit, a 3-valved annular capsule, dehiscing at 10 cm tall; blade trigonal-elliptic to rhomboid- partitions into the cavity, beyond wrinkled, about 3 rectangular, 2–8 cm × 1.5–6 cm, base proximately mm long; seeds 3-angled, blackish, cautiously three-sided, notched tip with small apex, edges pebbled texture, abysmal aberrant dents on face and sometimes crawl, hairless to pubescent.Inflorescence back (Yadav et al. 1995; Sekhon et al. 1993; consisting of compiled cymes organized in delicate, Lazarides et al. 1997 and Malik and Singh 1994). mainly terminal spikes, recurrently paniculate, up to 12 cm long, in the bottom part of the stem usually in 2. Materials and Methods heavy axillary bundle, 7 mm in diameter. The present study was conducted at Centre of Amaranthus viridis flowers are unisexual. This weed Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the gives flowers year around. Its fruit capsules are Punjab Lahore, Pakistan during March 2015. The of rumpled, indehiscent (not open to release seed when Carthamus oxycantha, Cirsium arvense, Cleome mature), small in size and brown in color. Its fruit viscose and Convolvulus arvensis weeds was have smooth and silky seeds (Townsend 1988; collected from 4 different locations viz. Centre of Costea et al., 2001). Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the 1.3. Anagallis arvensis (Billi Boti) Punjab Lahore, Institute of Agricultural Sciences Anagallis arvensis also called as red chickweed, (IAGS), University of the Punjab Lahore, Hanjerwal poor man's weather-glass, shepherd's clock, red colony near Centre of Excellence in Molecular pimpernel. It is a low-growing annual plant. It grows Biology, University of the Punjab Lahore and Road on the roadside, dry sandy edges and in waste place. side area of Ferozepur Road Kasur. The data was The species native to Europe, Western and North recorded for fresh plant weight, fresh inflorescence Africa. Anagallis arvensis belongs to family weight, dry plant weight, dry inflorescence weight by Primulaceae. This weed Scarlet pimpernel has weak using an electronic balance (OHAUS-GT4000, straggle stems maturing to about 50 cm (20in.) tall, USA), total plant moisture percentage [(fresh plant which carry bright green oblong sessile leaves in weight – dry plant weight)/fresh plant weight*100], different pairs. It has creeping, square stem. The total inflorescence moisture percentage [(fresh small orange, red or blue flowers are build in the leaf inflorescence weight - dry inflorescence weight)/ axils from spring to autumn. The petal edges are fresh inflorescence weight*100] and number of considerably scalloped and have small glandular plants per square meter area. The data was hairs. Blue-flowered plants are common in some statistically analyzed by using analysis of variance areas, such as the Mediterranean region. When the technique (Steel et al., 1997). sun shines only then scarlet pimpernel flowers are open. Anagallis arvensis flower bloom in May as far 3. Results and discussions as late into August (Manns and Anderberg 2007). It was revealed from table 1 that significant 1.4. Asphodelus tenuifolius (Onionweed) differences were reported for all studied traits. A. tenuifolius is an arrect annual, Significant interactions were also recorded for monocotyledonous herb; basis bare in adolescent weeds×locations. It was found that average dry plant plants and aphotic amber at maturity, apparently has weight for all locations was 6.3838±0.5632g while the actualization of the taproot arrangement of fresh plant weight was found as 36.954±3.9022g. dicotyledons, a harder and compacted array of tape There was a significant difference between fresh and roots, which may sometimes aberration to accord a dry weed plant weight. As total plant moisture rope-like appearance; leaves numerous, all basal, percentage 82.193±2.0011% was also higher that hollow, slender, gradually acicular to a point, 10 to revealed the facts about water contents in the weed 40 cm long, the abject sheathing, bland to carefully plant body. The higher plant moisture percentage hairy; appearing to as a 'bunch' from the soil, scapes indicated that the weed plants absorbed much higher several, simple, dispersed angled aberration in high moisture from soil that caused competition of crop region, stout, 3 mm in diameter, up to 60 cm long; plants with weeds for water absorption and nutrients flowers campanulate, white with blush or purple availability. The dry inflorescence weight was stripe, in lax racemes; bracteate, pedicellate, shorten 2.6125±0.0126g which showed higher difference for axis may be jointed; petals 1.5 cm continued in six fresh inflorescence weight (10.359±0.7872g). The perianth segments; stamens six; simple, superior, 3- inflorescence moisture percentage (72.972±3.0922%) carpelled, 3-loculed ovary; beginning advanced which was low as compared with plant moisture advancement in the bloom over a aeon of weeks, percentage showed that the weeds plant store much commonly flowers do not accessible until backward of the water contents in their plant body to survive in afternoon and unless altitude are addled and air- harsh, hot and dry conditions.
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  • Chemotaxonomic Significance of Anthraquinones in the Roots of Asphodeloideae (Asphodelaceae)

    Chemotaxonomic Significance of Anthraquinones in the Roots of Asphodeloideae (Asphodelaceae)

    Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 277-281. 1995 Pergamon Copyright8 1995 Elsevier Science Ltd Printed in Great Britain.All rights reserved 0305-1978/95 $9.50+0.00 Chemotaxonomic Significance of Anthraquinones in the Roots of Asphodeloideae (Asphodelaceae) BEN-ERIK VAN WYK,* ABIY YENESEWt and ERMIAS DAGNEt *Department of Botany, Rand Afrikaans University, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa; tDepartment of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Key Word Index-Asphodelus; Asphodeline; Bulbine; Buibinella; Kniphofia; Asphodeloideae; Aspho- delaceae; roots; anthraquinones; chemotaxonomy. Abstract-The distribution of seven anthraquinones in the roots of some 46 species belonging to the genera Asphodelus, Asphodeline, Bulbine, Bulbinella and Kniphofia was studied by TLC and HPLC. l,&Dihydroxy- anthraquinones based on a chlysophanol unit are the main constituents of the subterranean metabolism in the subfamily Asphodeloideae. The genera Bulbine, Bulbinella and Kniphofia elaborate knipholone-type compounds. These compounds appear to be characteristic constituents for the three genera Bulbine, Bulbinella and Kniphofia and support the idea that Kniphofia is not related to the Alooideae. Introduction The subfamily Asphodeloideae (Asphodelaceae) comprises nine genera with approximately 261 species (Smith and Van Wyk, 1991). There have been different views on the relationships amongst the various genera of the Asphodelaceae sensu Dahlgren et al. (1985). Both Hutchinson (1959) and Cronquist (1981) classified Kniphofia with the Alooideae genera and not with the Asphodeloideae, which includes among others Asphodelus, Asphodeline, Eremurus, Bulbinella and Bulbine. Chemotaxonomic investigations (Rheede Van Oudtshoorn, 1963, 1964) on Asphodeleae and Aloineae (Liliaceae) sensu Hutchinson (1959) have shown that the genera Bulbine, Asphodelus, Asphodeline and Eremurus are linked by the presence of l,&dihydroxyanthra- quinones.