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Vermessung Einer Zeitenschwelle Surveying A 3.–6. NOVEMBER 2018 ÖSTERREICHISCHE AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN FESTSAAL DR. IGNAZ SEIPEL-PLATZ 2 WWW.OEAW.AC.AT 1010 WIEN VERMESSUNG EINER ZEITENSCHWELLE DIE BEDEUTUNG DES JAHRES 1918 IN EUROPÄISCHER UND GLOBALER PERSPEKTIVE SURVEYING A TIME THRESHOLD THE MEANING OF 1918 IN EUROPEAN AND GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE Programm_Entwurf.indd 2 25.10.2018 09:56:30 INTERNATIONALE KONFERENZ AUS ANLASS DES 100JÄHRIGEN GEDENKENS AN DAS JAHR 1918 UND SEINE WEITREICHENDEN FOLGEN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE TO COMMEMORATE THE CENTENARY OF 1918 AND ITS FAR-REACHING CONSEQUENCES Programm_Entwurf.indd 3 25.10.2018 09:56:30 VERMESSUNG EINER ZEITENSCHWELLE DIE BEDEUTUNG DES JAHRES 1918 IN EUROPÄISCHER UND GLOBALER PERSPEKTIVE Das Ende des Ersten Weltkriegs im November 1918 brachte neben der Bewältigung der Kriegsfolgen auch die Notwendigkeit mit sich, das Trümmerfeld Europa poli- tisch, wirtschaftlich und sozial neu zu ordnen. Der Eintritt der Vereinigten Staaten in den Krieg im April 1917 erwies sich – globalgeschichtlich gesehen – bereits als An- fang vom Ende der bisherigen europäischen Vormachtstellung. Mit den Russischen Revolutionen im Jahr 1917 zeigten sich zudem immer deutlicher die innenpoliti- schen Folgen der „Urkatastrophe“: sozialpolitisch bedingte Umsturzbewegungen, welche die bisherige traditionelle Ordnung in Frage stellten und die bald auch in anderen europäischen Ländern ein Ende des Krieges forderten. Große Imperien (Russland, Österreich-Ungarn, Osmanisches Reich) brachen zu- sammen, auf die Monarchien folgten in Deutschland und Russland sowie in den Nachfolgestaaten Österreich-Ungarns neue Republiken und Monarchien, deren in- nenpolitische Stabilität durch mangelnde Demokratieerfahrung, revolutionäre Be- wegungen und eine Vielzahl neuer Minderheitenfragen überall gefährdet war. Aus dem Osmanischen Reich gingen neben der Türkei unter Völkerbund- bzw. briti- schem Mandat stehende Territorialstaaten hervor. Zu den wichtigsten europäischen Mächten im Zuge der auf das Kriegsende folgenden Friedensverhandlungen in Pa- ris avancierten Frankreich und Großbritannien, während die Vereinigten Staaten mit ihrem Präsidenten Wilson, trotz ihrer Rolle als stärkster Kreditgeber, die be- reits während des Ersten Weltkrieges geschlossenen Absprachen der europäischen Siegermächte kaum durchbrechen konnten. Italien gelang es zwar, seinen Status an der Nord- und Nordostgrenze zu erweitern, es war aber im Rat der Drei ab Ende April 1919 nicht mehr vertreten. Den unterlegenen Mittelmächten wurde wie dem im März 1918 von den Mittelmächten besiegten Russland kein Mitspracherecht bei den Verhandlungen eingeräumt. Eine der wichtigsten weltpolitischen Entschei- dungen lag in der Schaffung des Völkerbunds im Jahr 1920 als Schiedsgericht und Garant kollektiver Sicherheit, auch wenn er diese Aufgabe, wie sich bald zeigen würde, nur unzureichend wahrnehmen konnte. Aus Anlass des 100jährigen Gedenkens an das Jahr 1918 und seine weitreichenden Folgen bis in die Gegenwart hinein veranstaltet die Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften einen internationalen Kongress, in welchem sowohl die Stimmen aus den Ländern der ehemaligen Siegermächte, als auch aus denen der Besiegten und ihrer Nachfolgestaaten sowie die der (wenigen) neutralen Staaten (u.a. Schweiz) zu Wort kommen sollen. 1 Programm_Entwurf.indd 1 25.10.2018 09:56:30 Die Konferenz ist auf vier Tage (3. bis 6. November 2018) anberaumt. Sie wird mit einer überblicksmäßig angelegten Keynote am Nachmittag des 3. November begin- nen – auf die in Kooperation mit dem Theater in der Josefstadt eine szenische Le- sung von Auszügen aus dem Drama von Franz Theodor Csokor „3. November 1918“ folgt. In fünf Sektionen werden Vortragende aus europäischen und außereuropäi- schen Staaten zu den Ereignissen und Problemen des Krisenjahres 1918 und ihren Folgen sprechen. Dabei werden nicht nur politische, sondern auch wirtschaftliche, soziale, kulturelle und mentale oder psychologische Aspekte der Krise und ihrer Bewältigung behandelt werden. 2 Programm_Entwurf.indd 2 25.10.2018 09:56:30 SURVEYING A TIME TRESHOLD THE MEANING OF 1918 IN EUROPEAN AND GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE The end of the First World War in November 1918 not only meant dealing with the con- sequences of the war, but also brought with it the need for a political, economic, and social re-organisation of the debris of Europe. From an international historical perspective, the American entry into the war in April 1917 proved to be the start of the end of European sup- remacy. Furthermore, the Russian Revolution in 1917 demonstrated with increasing clarity the internal political consequences of the “primal catastrophe”: socio-political-based opposi- tion movements which questioned the existing traditional order and soon led to calls to end the war in other European countries. Great empires (Russia, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire) collapsed; the monarchies in Germany and Russia and in the successor states of the Austro-Hungarian Empire gave way to new republics and monarchies, the internal political stability of which was threatened by a lack of experience in democracy, revolutionary movements, and a wide range of issues relating to minorities. The Ottoman Empire spawned not only Turkey, but also territorial states under a mandate of the League of Nations or of Britain. In the course of the peace talks in Paris after the end of the war, France and Great Britain emerged as the most powerful European nations, whilst, despite its position as the major creditor, the United States under President Wilson was unable to make much headway against the agreements which had al- ready been reached by the victorious European powers in the course of the First World War. As for Italy, while it succeeded in extending its influence on its northern and north-eastern borders, from the end of April 1919 it was excluded from the Big Three. The defeated Central Powers along with Russia, which had been defeated by the Central Powers in March 1918, were not involved in the negotiations. One of the most significant decisions in terms of inter- national politics was the founding of the League of Nations as a court of arbitration and the guarantor of collective security in 1920, even if, as would soon be proved, it was not able to perform this role adequately. To commemorate the centenary of 1918 and its far-reaching consequences, which still affect us today, the Austrian Academy of Sciences holds an international conference where voices from the victorious and from the defeated and successor states, as well as from the (few) neu- tral states (including Switzerland) will be heard. The conference will be held over four days (3rd - 6th November 2018). It will open on 3rd November with a keynote speech designed to provide an overview, followed by a dramatic reading - in collaboration with the Theater in der Josefstadt - of extracts from the play “3rd November 1918” by Franz Theodor Csokor. In five sections, speakers from European and non-European countries will talk about the events and problems of the year of crisis 1918 and their consequences. They will address not only political aspects but also economic, social, cultural, and mental or psychological aspects of the crisis and how they were dealt with. 3 Programm_Entwurf.indd 3 25.10.2018 09:56:30 PROGRAMM/PROGRAMME SAMSTAG, 3. NOVEMBER 2018/SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 3, 2018 17:00 Begrüßung/Welcome Anton Zeilinger | Präsident der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Grußbotschaft/Video Message Alexander Van der Bellen | Bundespräsident Eröffnung/Opening Brigitte Mazohl | Innsbruck Keynote John Horne | Dublin When did the Great War End? 18:30 Kulturprogramm/Cultural Programme Einführung/Introduction Ernst Bruckmüller | Wien Szenische Lesung/Play Reading Franz Theodor Csokor: „3. November 1918“ 19:30 Empfang/Reception 4 Programm_Entwurf.indd 4 25.10.2018 09:56:30 SONNTAG, 4. NOVEMBER 2018/SUNDAY, NOVEMBER 4, 2018 SEKTION I: ANATOMIE EINES EPOCHENJAHRES 1918 an den Kriegsschauplätzen, 1918 im Hinterland SECTION I: ANATOMY OF AN EPOCH YEAR 1918 at the Sites of War, 1918 in the Hinterland Vorsitz/Chair: Manfried Rauchensteiner | Wien 09:00–09:45 Heeresleitungen – Kriegsziele 1918/High Commands and War Aims 1918 R: Michael S. Neiberg | Carlisle, Pennsylvania High Commands and War Aims Co-R: Christian Ortner | Wien The Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918: Military and Politics Diskussion/Discussion 09:45–10:30 Totaler Krieg – Erschöpfung/Total War – Exhaustion R: Hew Strachan | St Andrews From Limited War to Total War Co-R: Agnes Pogány | Budapest The Economic Legacy of 1918 Diskussion/Discussion 10:30–11:00 KAFFEEPAUSE/COFFEE BREAK Vorsitz/Chair: Włodzimierz Borodziej | Warschau 11:00–11:45 Lebenswelten und Erfahrungen/Life Circumstances and Experiences R: Pierre Purseigle | Warwick Restoration or reconstruction? European societies in the immediate aftermath of the First World War Co-R: Anatol Schmied-Kowarzik | Wien The Collapse of an Empire: Austria-Hungary in 1918 Diskussion/Discussion 5 Programm_Entwurf.indd 5 25.10.2018 09:56:30 11:45–12:30 Besatzungsregime im Vergleich/Occupation Regime in Comparison R: Peter Lieb | Potsdam Besatzung in Osteuropa im Vergleich – 1914-1919 Co-R: Christoph Hertner | Bern Besatzung ad hoc – Ukraine 1918 Diskussion/Discussion 12:30–14:00 MITTAGSPAUSE/LUNCH BREAK SEKTION II: ZERFALL UND WANDEL Revolutionen, Zerfall von Imperien, Umbrüche SECTION II: COLLAPSE AND CHANGE Revolutions, Disintegration of Empires, Upheavals Vorsitz/Chair: Peter Holquist | Philadelphia 14:00–14:45 Mittelmächte/Central Powers R: Holger Afflerbach
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