DOCSLIB.ORG

Video Inter-Frame Forgery Detection: a Survey

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Video Inter-Frame Forgery Detection: a Survey ISSN (Print) : 0974-6846 Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 9(44), DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i44/105142, November 2016 ISSN (Online) : 0974-5645 Video Inter-frame Forgery Detection: A Survey Staffy Kingra*, Naveen Aggarwal and Raahat Devender Singh UIET, Panjab University, Chandigarh - 160014, Punjab, India; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract Objectives: This paper summarizes all the proposed techniques involved in digital video inter-frame forgery detection for MPEG-1, 2, 4 and H.264/AVC encoded videos. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Double compression detection techniques structure.are classified Video here inter-frame on the basis forgery of footprints detection analyzed techniques during are detection. then analyzed The detection on the basis methods of type designed of forgery for they videos detect that anduse thefixed type GOP of structure codec used for forfirst video and encoding.any of the Findings:subsequent Digital compression videos often are different provide forensicfrom the evidence videos that in legal,use different medical GOPand surveillance applications but are more prone to inter-frame forgeries, which are not only easy to perform but are equally on the number of frames tampered and video codec used to encode the videos. Among these proposed techniques, double MPEGdifficult compression to detect as well.was bestThe analysisdetected of using the literature the technique ascertained which that utilizes majority Benford’s of the law proposed and was techniques proposed are by dependent Chen and gave sound results for all kinds of inter-frame onShi forgeryon MPEG-1 detection and MPEG-2 in MPEG-4 encoded encoded videos. videos On the and other thereby hand, such Wang techniques et al. have not been discussed in many survey papers.forgeries Moreover, on MPEG-2 digital encoded cameras videos especially by utilizing surveillance the measure cameras of optical which flow generate consistency. massive Since amount very fewof videos authors these focussed days have built-in MPEG-4 codec because it offers a better compression rate. Application/Improvements: Video forensics domain, therefore, is in dire need of a technique that will detect any kind of inter-frame forgery in MPEG-4 encoded videos. Keywords: Digital Forensics, Inter-frame Forgery, Video Forgery Detection, Video Forgery Detection Survey, Video Tampering Detection 1. Introduction forensics was conceived. Digital video forensics encom- passes tools and techniques which help clarify whether Video editing techniques were primarily meant for the contents of a given digital video are veritable or not. enhancement of the digital content. But the increase in Video forgeries can generally be classified as inter-frame availability and usage of inexpensive and easy-to-use con- or intra-frame. tent editing software has escalated the side effects and potential hazards of such editing techniques. Any indi- 1.1 Intra-frame Forgeries vidual can utilize these techniques to make unauthorized A digital video is essentially a sequence of still images modifications to the video content thereby harming its or frames and intra-frame forgery tends to tamper each integrity and authenticity. Although majority of the forg- frame individually. Intra-frame forgeries can be further eries are not visually identifiable, they meddle with the classified as: underlying characteristics of the digital content under • Pixel-level Forgeries: Pixel level is the most basic consideration and introduce certain abnormalities. These level at which visual contents can be modified abnormalities, when statistically analyzed, make it easy using copy-move, splicing and re-sampling tech- to observe the artifacts left by tampering. To ensure the niques1. authenticity of digital content, the domain of digital video *Author for correspondence Video Inter-frame Forgery Detection: A Survey • Object-level Forgeries: These forgeries entail review of the techniques designed to detect inter-frame cloning an object or region from one location to forgeries. Section 4 concludes the survey and provides another in a single frame and inserting or remov- future directions to determine new research problems in ing an object to/from a frame2–5. the field of video inter-frame forgery detection. • Frame-level Forgeries: These forgeries imply manipulating the whole frame. For instance, 2. A Brief Overview of Video upscale-crop forgery is a kind of frame-level forgery where a frame is enlarged and cropped to Forgery Detection Approaches remove the evidence of a crime occurring on the Video forgery detection procedures attempt to ascertain 6 frame extremities . whether the given digital content has undergone any unethical post-processing operations. Such operations 1.2 Inter-frame Forgeries leave some footprints in the reconstructed signal. Video These exploit temporal correlation between frames and forgery detection mechanisms analyze these footprints in rely upon the detection of characteristic footprints left by order to differentiate between original videos and tam- video processing operations. These are classified as: pered ones. There are two fundamental approaches to video forgery detection: • Frame Removal7. • Frame Insertion8. 2.1 Active Approach • Frame Replication9. The active approach embeds authentication data like watermarks or digital signatures in the video, either at the Over the years, numerous digital video forgery detec- time of recording or later with the help of some special- tion methods have been proposed. Some techniques ized software, so as to enable verification of the origin and detect forgeries based on sensor pattern noise10 while authenticity of its contents afterwards. The problem with some techniques detect intra-frame forgeries like object this approach is that pre-embedding of watermarks or sig- insertion or removal in a particular frame. Video inter- natures degrades the quality of the video. Moreover, not frame forgery detection has been an important problem all camera manufacturers support pre-embedding14–17. in the past decade. One can easily insert or remove a particular frame or set of frames to tamper the original video content. To illustrate, consider surveillance foot- 2.2 Passive Approach age of traffic on a street. From such a video sequence, it These techniques rely on the intrinsic characteristics of would be very easy to remove a passing vehicle by remov- the video content instead of data that provides authenti- ing a handful of frames. It would also be quite feasible cation. These arealso known as blind tamper detection to insert vehicle captured using different camera and/or techniques and generally work under the assumption that at different time periods. But detection of such kind of tampering introduces specific static and temporal arti- inter-frame forgery is a complicated task because in such facts in the video content which can be examined in order cases, human eye can’t easily comprehend the difference to detect fallacious videos. This is the most commonly between an original video and a forged one. Different utilized approach in video forensics domain due to its sig- survey papers11–13 are available in the domain of video nificant advantages over active approach. Categorization forensics; to the best of author’s knowledge, neither they of various proposed video forgery detection techniques is analyze all the available video inter-frame forgery detec- shown in Figure 1. tion technique nor do they address forgery detection in MPEG-4 videos. This paper presents an overview of vari- 3. Video Inter-frame Forgery ous video inter-frame forgery detection approaches that Detection have been designed so far. Section 2 presents an overview of active and passive approaches for video forgery detec- Digital videos take up a lot of space and therefore, to tion to provide a foundation for understanding the basics enable effective storage and transmission, these are of the video forgery detection domain. Video inter-frame usually stored in a compressed format. So, in order to per- forgery detection is addressed in Section 3 followed by form any type of tampering operation, individual frames 2 Vol 9 (44) | November 2016 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology Staffy Kingra, Naveen Aggarwal and Raahat Devender Singh are first extracted and edited with the intention to deceive the previous approaches. Wang and Farid first proposed the user. The reconstruction of the tampered video using a method19 to detect double MPEG compression in video the edited frames results in double compression because sequences by analyzing periodic pattern in the histo- some amount of compression is inevitable whenever gram of DCT coefficients of I-frames and motion error a video is saved. The earliest innovations in the field of of P-frames. They did not provide any quantitative analy- video inter-frame forgery detection were based on detec- sis of the performance of their approach but claimed that tion of traces of double compression in video sequences. their method worked well if number of frames deleted or These techniques are discussed in Section 3.1. However, inserted was a multiple of 3. Furthermore, the technique’s double compression occurs even if video is transmitted, performance dropped if an entire GOP or multiples of uploaded, downloaded or even viewed18. This means that GOP were deleted. Thorough analysis of this approach a video that shows signs of recompression may not neces- revealed that it also failed to detect forgery at macro- sarily have undergone any inter-frame forgery. So, merely block level where different quantization scales were detecting double compression to detect the presence of used during the first and second compression. The same forgery in video sequence is not considered to be an effec- authors proposed another technique to detect double tive approach for forgery detection. This induces the need quantization by extending their former work19 to macro- to detect the presence of inter-frame forgery artifacts with block level20. This technique detected doubly compressed the help of some other specialized methods that do not videos which were either manually compressed or were rely on recompression artifacts.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Kulkarni Uta 2502M 11649.Pdf
    IMPLEMENTATION OF A FAST INTER-PREDICTION MODE DECISION IN H.264/AVC VIDEO ENCODER by AMRUTA KIRAN KULKARNI Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Arlington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON May 2012 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to take this opportunity to offer my gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. K.R. Rao, who invested his precious time in me and has been a constant support throughout my thesis with his patience and profound knowledge. His motivation and enthusiasm helped me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis. His advising and mentoring have helped me complete my thesis. Besides my advisor, I would like to thank the rest of my thesis committee. I am also very grateful to Dr. Dongil Han for his continuous technical advice and financial support. I would like to acknowledge my research group partner, Santosh Kumar Muniyappa, for all the valuable discussions that we had together. It helped me in building confidence and motivated towards completing the thesis. Also, I thank all other lab mates and friends who helped me get through two years of graduate school. Finally, my sincere gratitude and love go to my family. They have been my role model and have always showed me right way. Last but not the least; I would like to thank my husband Amey Mahajan for his emotional and moral support. April 20, 2012 ii ABSTRACT IMPLEMENTATION OF A FAST INTER-PREDICTION MODE DECISION IN H.264/AVC VIDEO ENCODER Amruta Kulkarni, M.S The University of Texas at Arlington, 2011 Supervising Professor: K.R.
    [Show full text]
  • Multiple Reference Motion Compensation: a Tutorial Introduction and Survey Contents
    Foundations and TrendsR in Signal Processing Vol. 2, No. 4 (2008) 247–364 c 2009 A. Leontaris, P. C. Cosman and A. M. Tourapis DOI: 10.1561/2000000019 Multiple Reference Motion Compensation: A Tutorial Introduction and Survey By Athanasios Leontaris, Pamela C. Cosman and Alexis M. Tourapis Contents 1 Introduction 248 1.1 Motion-Compensated Prediction 249 1.2 Outline 254 2 Background, Mosaic, and Library Coding 256 2.1 Background Updating and Replenishment 257 2.2 Mosaics Generated Through Global Motion Models 261 2.3 Composite Memories 264 3 Multiple Reference Frame Motion Compensation 268 3.1 A Brief Historical Perspective 268 3.2 Advantages of Multiple Reference Frames 270 3.3 Multiple Reference Frame Prediction 271 3.4 Multiple Reference Frames in Standards 277 3.5 Interpolation for Motion Compensated Prediction 281 3.6 Weighted Prediction and Multiple References 284 3.7 Scalable and Multiple-View Coding 286 4 Multihypothesis Motion-Compensated Prediction 290 4.1 Bi-Directional Prediction and Generalized Bi-Prediction 291 4.2 Overlapped Block Motion Compensation 294 4.3 Hypothesis Selection Optimization 296 4.4 Multihypothesis Prediction in the Frequency Domain 298 4.5 Theoretical Insight 298 5 Fast Multiple-Frame Motion Estimation Algorithms 301 5.1 Multiresolution and Hierarchical Search 302 5.2 Fast Search using Mathematical Inequalities 303 5.3 Motion Information Re-Use and Motion Composition 304 5.4 Simplex and Constrained Minimization 306 5.5 Zonal and Center-biased Algorithms 307 5.6 Fractional-pixel Texture Shifts or Aliasing
    [Show full text]
  • CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE Optimized AV1 Inter
    CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE Optimized AV1 Inter Prediction using Binary classification techniques A graduate project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Software Engineering by Alex Kit Romero May 2020 The graduate project of Alex Kit Romero is approved: ____________________________________ ____________ Dr. Katya Mkrtchyan Date ____________________________________ ____________ Dr. Kyle Dewey Date ____________________________________ ____________ Dr. John J. Noga, Chair Date California State University, Northridge ii Dedication This project is dedicated to all of the Computer Science professors that I have come in contact with other the years who have inspired and encouraged me to pursue a career in computer science. The words and wisdom of these professors are what pushed me to try harder and accomplish more than I ever thought possible. I would like to give a big thanks to the open source community and my fellow cohort of computer science co-workers for always being there with answers to my numerous questions and inquiries. Without their guidance and expertise, I could not have been successful. Lastly, I would like to thank my friends and family who have supported and uplifted me throughout the years. Thank you for believing in me and always telling me to never give up. iii Table of Contents Signature Page ................................................................................................................................ ii Dedication .....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • H.264/MPEG-4 Advanced Video Coding Alexander Hermans
    Seminar Report H.264/MPEG-4 Advanced Video Coding Alexander Hermans Matriculation Number: 284141 RWTH September 11, 2012 Contents 1 Introduction 2 1.1 MPEG-4 AVC/H.264 Overview . .3 1.2 Structure of this paper . .3 2 Codec overview 3 2.1 Coding structure . .3 2.2 Encoder . .4 2.3 Decoder . .6 3 Main differences 7 3.1 Intra frame prediction . .7 3.2 Inter frame prediction . .9 3.3 Transform function . 11 3.4 Quantization . 12 3.5 Entropy encoding . 14 3.6 In-loop deblocking filter . 15 4 Profiles and levels 16 4.1 Profiles . 17 4.2 Levels . 18 5 Evaluation 18 6 Patents 20 7 Summary 20 1 1 Introduction Since digital images have been created, the need for compression has been clear. The amount of data needed to store an uncompressed image is large. But while it still might be feasible to store a full resolution uncompressed image, storing video sequences without compression is not. Assuming a normal frame-rate of about 25 frames per second, the amount of data needed to store one hour of high definition video is about 560GB1. Compressing each image on its own, would reduce this amount, but it would not make the video small enough to be stored on today's typical storage mediums. To overcome this problem, video compression algorithms have exploited the temporal redundancies in the video frames. By using previously encoded, or decoded, frames to predict values for the next frame, the data can be compressed with such a rate that storage becomes feasible.
    [Show full text]
  • RULING CODECS of VIDEO COMPRESSION and ITS FUTURE 1Dr.Manju.V.C, 2Apsara and 3Annapoorna
    International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM) Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: [email protected] Volume 8, Issue 7, July 2019 ISSN 2319 - 4847 RULING CODECS OF VIDEO COMPRESSION AND ITS FUTURE 1Dr.Manju.v.C, 2Apsara and 3Annapoorna 1Professor,KSIT 2Under-Gradute, Telecommunication Engineering, KSIT 3Under-Gradute, Telecommunication Engineering, KSIT Abstract Development of economical video codecs for low bitrate video transmission with higher compression potency has been a vigorous space of analysis over past years and varied techniques are projected to fulfill this need. Video Compression is a term accustomed outline a technique for reducing the information accustomed cipher digital video content. This reduction in knowledge interprets to edges like smaller storage needs and lower transmission information measure needs, for a clip of video content. In this paper, we survey different video codec standards and also discuss about the challenges in VP9 codec Keywords: Codecs, HEVC, VP9, AV1 1. INTRODUCTION Storing video requires a lot of storage space. To make this task manageable, video compression technology was developed to compress video, also known as a codec. Video coding techniques provide economic solutions to represent video data in a more compact and stout way so that the storage and transmission of video will be completed in less value in less cost in terms of bandwidth, size and power consumption. This technology (video compression) reduces redundancies in spatial and temporal directions. Spatial reduction physically reduces the size of the video data by selectively discarding up to a fourth or more of unneeded parts of the original data in a frame [1].
    [Show full text]
  • A Video Stabilization Method Based on Inter-Frame Image Matching Score
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Global Journal of Computer Science and Technology (GJCST) Global Journal of Computer Science and Technology: F Graphics & vision Volume 1 7 Issue 1 Version 1.0 Year 201 7 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA) Online ISSN: 0975-4172 & Print ISSN: 0975-4350 A Video Stabilization Method based on Inter- Frame Image Matching Score By Qinghe Zheng Shandong University Abstract- Video stabilization is an important video enhancement technology which aims at removing annoying shaky motion from videos. In this paper, we propose an robust and efficient video stabilization algorithm based on inter-frame image matching score. Firstly, image matching is performed by a method combining Maximally Stable Extremal Regions (MSERs) detection algorithm and Features from Accelerated Segment Test (FAST) corner detection algorithm, which can get the matching score and the motion parameters of the frame image. Then, the matching score is filtered to filter out the high frequency component and keep the low frequency component. And the motion compensation is performed on the current frame image according to the ratio of the matching score before and after the filtering to retain the global motion and remove the local jitter. Various classical corner detection operators and region matching operators are compared in experiments. Keywords: video stabilization, video warping, motion estimation, motion compensation, partial compensation. GJCST-F Classification: F.2.2, I.3.3, I.4.0 AVideoStabilizationMethodbasedonInterFrameImageMatchingScore Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of: © 2017.Qinghe Zheng.
    [Show full text]
  • Video Compression
    Week 14 Video Compression Ref: Fundamentals of Multimedia Last lecture review • Prediction from the previous frame is called forward prediction • Prediction from the next frame is called forward prediction • P-frames: Predicted from previous p-frame or I-frame • B-frame: bi-directionally predicted from the I or P frames • B-frames are never used for prediction. 2 What is video? A sequence of images displayed at a high frequency to give illusion of motion! 3 Observation 1: Everything we observed for images! • Color redundancy • Spatial redundancy • Spectral redundancy 4 Transform Coding T Q RLE E T: Transform Q: Quantizer RLE: Run Length Encoding E: Entropy coder 5 Observation 2: Content of consecutive frames is mostly similar! Temporal redundancy! 6 Predictive Coding Q RLE E Q-1 P Q: Quantizer Q-1: Inverse quantizer P: Predictor 7 Hybrid Coding T Q RLE E Q-1 T-1 P 8 Hybrid Coding T Q RLE E Q-1 T-1 P ME 9 Video Coding Standards • H.261 • H.263 • MPEG 1/2/4 • H.264 10 H.261 • The standard was designed for videophone, video conferencing. • The video codec supports bit-rates of p x 64 kbps, where p ranges from 1 to 30 (Hence also known as p * 64). • Require that the delay of the video encoder be less than 150 msec so that the video can be used for real-time bidirectional video conferencing. 11 Video Formats Supported by H.261 12 H.261 Frame Sequence 13 H.261 Frame Sequence • Two types of image frames are defined: Intra-frames (I-frames) and Inter-frames (P-frames): - I-frames are treated as independent images.
    [Show full text]
  • Neural Video Coding Using Multiscale Motion Compensation and Spatiotemporal Context Model
    1 Neural Video Coding using Multiscale Motion Compensation and Spatiotemporal Context Model Haojie Liu1, Ming Lu1, Zhan Ma1, Fan Wang2, Zhihuang Xie2, Xun Cao1, and Yao Wang3 1 Nanjing University, 2 OPPO.Inc, 3 New York University Abstract—Over the past two decades, traditional block-based bit rate consumption at the same reconstruction quality. This video coding has made remarkable progress and spawned a is well formulated as the minimization of Lagrangian cost J series of well-known standards such as MPEG-4, H.264/AVC of rate-distortion optimization (RDO) that is widely adopted and H.265/HEVC. On the other hand, deep neural networks (DNNs) have shown their powerful capacity for visual content in existing video coders, e.g., understanding, feature extraction and compact representation. min J = R + λ · D; (1) Some previous works have explored the learnt video coding algorithms in an end-to-end manner, which show the great with R and D represent the compressed bit rates and recon- potential compared with traditional methods. In this paper, we structed distortion respectively. propose an end-to-end deep neural video coding framework (NVC), which uses variational autoencoders (VAEs) with joint Motivation. Over the past three decades, video compres- spatial and temporal prior aggregation (PA) to exploit the sion technologies have been evolving and adapting con- correlations in intra-frame pixels, inter-frame motions and inter- stantly with coding efficiency improved by several folds, frame compensation residuals, respectively. Novel features of mostly driven under the efforts from the experts in ISO/IEC NVC include: 1) To estimate and compensate motion over a Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG), ITU-T Video Cod- large range of magnitudes, we propose an unsupervised multi- scale motion compensation network (MS-MCN) together with a ing Experts Group (VCEG) and their joint task forces.
    [Show full text]
  • Intra-Frame JPEG-2000 Vs. Inter-Frame Compression Comparison: the Benefits and Trade-Offs for Very High Quality, High Resolution Sequences
    SMPTE Technical Conference and Exhibition Media Networks, the Reality! Intra-frame JPEG-2000 vs. Inter-frame Compression Comparison: The benefits and trade-offs for very high quality, high resolution sequences Michael Smith and John Villasenor For the past several decades, most of the research on image and video compression has focused on addressing highly bandwidth-constrained environments. However, some of the most compelling applications of image and video compression involve extremely high-quality, high- resolution image sequences where the primary constraints are related to quality and flexibility. The interest in flexibility, in particular the potential to generate lower resolution extractions from a single higher-resolution master was a primary driver behind the recent evaluation and consideration of JPEG2000 compression for digital cinema sequences. JPEG2000 is an intra- frame coding method where a single frame is coded at a time and no frame-to-frame motion compensation is applied. While the efficiency of exploiting inter-frame motion compensation is well established for lower bit rates, far less attention has been given to this issue for digital cinema resolutions. This paper addresses the specific coding efficiency differences between inter and intra frame coding for very high quality, high-resolution image sequences and at a wide variety of bit rate ranges. The information presented here will be useful to system designers aiming to balance the flexibility and benefits of intra-frame approaches against the bandwidth advantages of inter-frame methods that exploit frame-to-frame correlation. Michael Smith ([email protected]) is a consultant in the area of digital imaging. He received his B.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Visual Computing Systems CMU 15-769, Fall 2016 Lecture 7
    Lecture 7: H.264 Video Compression Visual Computing Systems CMU 15-769, Fall 2016 Example video Go Swallows! 30 second video: 1920 x 1080, @ 30fps After decode: 8-bits per channel RGB → 24 bits/pixel → 6.2MB/frame (6.2 MB * 30 sec * 30 fps = 5.2 GB) Size of data when each frames stored as JPG: 531MB Actual H.264 video fle size: 65.4 MB (80-to-1 compression ratio, 8-to-1 compared to JPG) Compression/encoding performed in real time on my iPhone 5s CMU 15-769, Fall 2016 H.264/AVC video compression ▪ AVC = advanced video coding ▪ Also called MPEG4 Part 10 ▪ Common format in many modern HD video applications: - Blue Ray - HD streaming video on internet (Youtube, Vimeo, iTunes store, etc.) - HD video recorded by your smart phone - European broadcast HDTV (U.S. broadcast HDTV uses MPEG 2) - Some satellite TV broadcasts (e.g., DirecTV) ▪ Beneft: much higher compression ratios than MPEG2 or MPEG4 - Alternatively, higher quality video for fxed bit rate ▪ Costs: higher decoding complexity, substantially higher encoding cost - Idea: trades off more compute for requiring less bandwidth/storage CMU 15-769, Fall 2016 Hardware implementations ▪ Support for H.264 video encode/decode is provided by fxed-function hardware on many modern processors (not just mobile devices) ▪ Hardware encoding/decoding support existed in modern Intel CPUs since Sandy Bridge (Intel “Quick Sync”) ▪ Modern operating systems expose hardware encode decode support through APIs - e.g., DirectShow/DirectX (Windows), AVFoundation (iOS) CMU 15-769, Fall 2016 Video container format
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Video Coding Standards and Their Role in Video Communications
    Signal Processing for Multimedia 225 J.S. Byrnes (Ed.) IOS Press, 1999 Digital Video Coding Standards and Their Role in Video Communications Thomas Sikora Heinrich-Hertz-Institute (HHI) 10587 Berlin, Einsteinufer 37, Germany ABSTRACT. Efficient digital representation of image and video signals has been the subject of considerable research over the past twenty years. With the growing avail- ability of digital transmission links, progress in signal processing, VLSI technology and image compression research, visual communications has become more feasible than ever. Digital video coding technology has developed into a mature field and a diversity of products has been developed—targeted for a wide range of emerging ap- plications, such as video on demand, digital TV/HDTV broadcasting, and multimedia image/video database services. With the increased commercial interest in video com- munications the need for international image and video coding standards arose. Stan- dardization of video coding algorithms holds the promise of large markets for video communication equipment. Interoperability of implementations from different ven- dors enables the consumer to access video from a wider range of services and VLSI implementations of coding algorithms conforming to international standards can be manufactured at considerably reduced costs. The purpose of this chapter is to pro- vide an overview of today’s image and video coding standards and their role in video communications. The different coding algorithms developed for each standard are reviewed and the commonalities between the standards are discussed. 1. Introduction It took more than 20 years for digital image and video coding techniques to develop from a more or less purely academic research area into a highly commercial business.
    [Show full text]
  • Efficient AV1 Video Coding Using a Multi-Layer Framework
    2018 Data Compression Conference Efficient AV1 Video Coding Using A Multi-Layer Framework Wei-Ting Lin†, Zoe Liu*, Debargha Mukherjee*, Jingning Han*, Paul Wilkins*, Yaowu Xu*, and Kenneth Rose† †Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106 {weiting,rose}@ece.ucsb.edu *WebM Codec Team, Google Inc. 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA, 94043 {zoeliu,debargha,jingning,paulwilkins,yaowu}@google.com Abstract This paper proposes a multi-layer multi-reference prediction framework for effective video compression. Current AOM/AV1 baseline uses three reference frames for the inter predic- tion of each video frame. This paper first presents a new coding tool that extends the total number of reference frames in both forward and backward prediction directions. A multi- layer framework is then described, which suggests the encoder design and places different reference frames within one Golden Frame (GF) group to different layers. The multi-layer framework leverages the existing coding tools in the AV1 baseline, including the tool of “show existing frame” and the reference frame buffer update module of a wide flexibility. The use of extended ALTREF FRAMEs is proposed, and multiple ALTREF FRAME candidates are selected and widely spaced within one GF group. ALTREF FRAME is a constructed, no- show reference obtained through temporal filtering of a look-ahead frame. In the multi-layer structure, one reference frame may serve different roles for the encoding of different frames through the virtual index manipulation. The experimental results have been collected over several video test sets of various resolutions and characteristics both texture- and motion- wise, which demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves a consistent coding gain compared to the AV1 baseline.
    [Show full text]