Creation Matters

Volume 21 Number 1 A publication of the Creation Research Society January / February 2016

(See page 2 for a report from the conference committee.) Scenes from the Now Available in the CRS Bookstore

Earth’s Mysterious Magnetism and that of other celestial orbs

by Russell Humphreys and Mark De Spain 2015, CRS Books (e-book, 177 pages estimated) Regular price $4.99

r. Humphreys has published widely on the subject of the D magnetism of the Earth and other solar system bodies. Now, all that information has been gathered together into one, generally easy-to-follow, color e-book. The authors have included basic information on magnetism, as well as the decreasing magnetic field of the Earth. Humphreys’ early predictions concerning the magnetic fields of other solar system bodies are summarized as well. Because the decaying field suggests a young Earth, secular scientists have invented the dynamo theory, which is supposed to have powered its magnetic field for billions of years. However, Humphreys has demonstrated this model to be untenable. This book also shows that magnetic field reversals, which have been inferred from the paleomagnetism of the rocks, can be explained by the dynamics of Noah’s . With more than 55 illustrations and a helpful glossary, the book is colorfully and generously illustrated, having been written to the level of the college student and educated layman. The topic is masterfully covered without the use of mathematical equations!

Available in Mobi (Kindle), Epub, and PDF formats.

Note: A paperback edition is expected to be available in 2016. by the Conference Committee* humans have one less chro- n August, the Creation Research mosome pair than do chimpanzees, evo- Society held a well-attended science lutionists have suggested that, as humans conference, the fifth such gathering evolved from their primate ancestors, hu- I Plenary sessions man chromosome 2 was formed by the the Society has organized since 2009. The purpose of these conferences is for creation The conference began each morning with fusion of two separate chromosomes, giving scientists to gather with their peers and informal opening remarks about the forth- humans fewer chromosomes. Dr. Tomkins present new models, challenge old models, coming day’s events, including humorous presented detailed evidence showing there or even offer incomplete ideas and unfin- dialog in the form of “CRS Follies” (a is no evidence for this fusion. This lack of ished research. Because the conference collection of fictitious examples of “reject- evidence for a fusion strongly challenges the evolutionists’ view of human history, encourages investigators to present cutting- ed” abstracts) The formal activities began . making it extremely difficult for them to edge and potentially controversial concepts with a plenary presentation featuring an explain the difference in chromosome num- (even some “wild” ideas), no recordings are invited speaker. Plenary speakers at previ- bers between humans and chimps. made or proceedings published. In this ous conferences have included Dr. Rob atmosphere, researchers are encouraged to Carter, Dr. Jonathan Sarfati, Dr. Jason Lisle, Both of these plenary presentations discuss, exchange ideas, cordially disagree, Dr. Russ Humphreys, and Dr. Georgia Pur- were video recorded, and will soon be post- and ultimately build collaborations. dom. ed on the members’ section of the Society’s website. The 2015 meeting was held at the Dou- The first plenary of the 2015 meeting ble Tree hotel in Farmers Grove, TX. The was delivered by Dr. Kevin Anderson (Di- Scientific concurrent sessions Institute for Creation Research (ICR), locat- rector of the CRS Van Andel Creation Re- Following the morning plenary sessions, ed close to the hotel, served as our host for search Center), who gave an update on the attendees had the choice of attending vari- the event. The evening before the confer- iDINO project and outlined the project’s ous concurrent section talks. Topics includ- ence, many attendees gathered at ICR for a future direction (more information for iDI- ed biology, genetics, , physics, pre-conference mixer. As with any science NO can be found at the CRS website astronomy, and theology. Each talk was meeting, such informal time enables attend- www.creationresearch.org). Dr. Anderson followed by a short period for questions and ees the opportunity to both relax and meet also discussed some of the current models answers (Q/A). As is the situation with any old friends (or make new friends). Some proposed by evolutionists to explain the science conference, some presentations of us know each other by our writings and preservation of tissue in dinosaur fossils. reputations, but have not previously met. were more technical than others, and some The second plenary was given by Dr. The CRS conference provides such occa- Q/A discussions were livelier than others. Jeff Tomkins (ICR staff scientist), who sions each year. This mixer also provided Many positive comments were made discussed the chromosome fusion model an opportunity to visit ICR’s Dallas facility about the conference, including those in that evolutionists have proposed. Since and meet members of their science staff. anticipation of next year’s conference. Ab-

Creation Matters

ISSN 1094-6632 Contents Volume 21, Number 1 January / February 2016 Copyright © 2016 Creation Research Society Scenes from the 2015 CRS Science Conference...... 1 All rights reserved. Now available: Earth’s Mysterious Magnetism...... 1 Editor: Glen W. Wolfrom 2015 CRS Science Conference...... 2 Assistant Editors: A Parable of Design...... 3 Jean K. Lightner Robert Hill The Paranasal Sinuses Are not Vestigial...... 4 For advertising rates and information for au- thors: Math Matters: Vive la Différence...... 5 Glen W. Wolfrom, Editor Matters of Fact: A Tale of Two Constellations...... 6 Creation Research Society …without excuse! The Testimony of the History of 6801 N. Highway 89 Evolution...... 7 Chino Valley, AZ 86323-9186 Speaking of Science Possible Super-Grand Canyon Found Under Antarctica...... 9 Email: [email protected] News to Enhance Your Birding...... 9 Phone: 928.636.1153 Geology Theories Are Not Set in Stone...... 10 Creation Research Society Website: All by Design: Tidepool Trickster...... 12 www.creationresearch.org Articles published in Creation Matters represent the opinions and beliefs of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the CRS. 2 | Creation Research Society stracts of concurrent presentations have Dr. Gary Parker, and Mr. Frank Sherwin. format as did the previous conferences. been published in the Summer 2015 issue John offered some commentary on the cre- More information about the 2016 confer- of the Creation Research Society Quarterly. ation movement as well as evidence for ence (abstract submission, lodging, registra- It is anticipated that some talks will ulti- creation. This was interwoven with a won- tion) can be found on the CRS website mately lead to completed research studies derful collection of stories about his father’s (www.creationresearch.org). that can be published in peer-reviewed jour- life, as well as experiences in his own life. nals, such as CRSQ. Dr. Morris’ lecture was also video recorded, and will soon be posted to the members’ *Members of the conference committee in- HMM Memorial Lecture section of the CRS website. clude Danny Faulkner, Robert Hill, and Kevin Anderson. On the Friday evening of the conference, Next meeting Dr. John Morris (son of Henry Morris and past President of ICR) gave the 5th Henry This year’s meeting will be held July 28–30 M. Morris Memorial Lecture. This lecture, (2016) on the campus of Concordia Univer- which is open to the public, was established sity, Ann Arbor, MI. This location has to honor the late Dr. Morris, and has featured special significance for the Society, having several speakers who had worked very served as the informal “headquarters” for closely with Dr. Morris. Past speakers have the Society during its early years. The 2016 been Dr. John Whitcomb, Dr. Duane Gish, conference will again follow the same basic

A Parable of Design by Dave Woetzel

t was the beginning of the personal fidelity that the ten thousandth copy would must allow maximum interaction with other computer revolution and anything be an accurate reproduction of the original. objects encountered along the way. seemed possible. Creativity was in Backups, safe-mode, and fallback routines I But there was one more thing that lay vogue and Bill was at the cutting edge of would make this platform stable enough to at the bottom of it all. This wasn’t just what he believed would be a genesis. He run without administrators. It would be so another job. It was to be a landmark. It was had just braved the evening’s gusty rain, as well crafted that it would last through the to be a piece of himself, his vision, his very he dashed down the block to pick up a cup generations. Yet all that stunning power and soul. People who had never heard of him of his favorite high-octane, caffeinated program complexity must be invisibly would admire his handiwork and see his black brew. A large draw at the super-sized tucked down deep inside, far below the creativity. Things that one might envision drink warmed him from the roof of his external surface. as totally separate operations would all be mouth down to his very soul. But this wasn’t enough. No, there was neatly tied together in one grand design. A His mind wandered into paths philo- still another design priority that rose even suite of applications all smoothly incorpo- sophical as he settled back down in his office higher in Bill’s mind, one that seemed dia- rated into his ecosystem. Oh, there would high above an affluent Seattle suburb. It metrically opposed to the first. His creation be subtle differences in individual routines would be another late night at work…if must attract the eye, a package of beautiful as each performed distinctive tasks. Yet a that’s what this activity could be called. flexibility. It might seem impossible to have thoughtful glance at the interconnectedness Work, passion and life had meshed together both incredible stability and immense flex- of them all would clearly communicate to for Bill lately. All his energy was directed ibility, but it must be done. The capacity for the viewer that a single inspired vision had towards creating a whole new operating variation in appearance must seem almost been behind the whole. system that would be at the very heart of boundless, even though it would all be Subconsciously Bill reached for the the autonomous devices of the future, the within tightly constrained variables. He now cooling cup of Joe. The taste of the DNA of each individual personal computer, could envision this operating system coming pungent fluid brought him out of his reverie. the magic inside the machine. fully equipped with all the apps that it needs He had only seven days to complete the to run in extremely diverse situations. What was the reason that this project basic layout before it would all be reviewed. gripped him so? Bill mused on it. As he A business environment might require The water was still swirling around in the searched his own mind, a couple of answers that parameters be limited to a particular blackness outside his windows as he began seemed to come readily to him. He wanted repetitive function. Yet a different imple- afresh to build his masterpiece, a work that to build something that would be the driving mentation might benefit from incredible would forever change the world. force behind a new generation of powerful freedom for personal expression with machines. This internal code would run shapes, themes, colors, etc. This would better than anything else that could be con- require simple switches that could change trived. Incredible resilience. Extensive error a cascade of features quickly and easily checking and debugging would ensure sur- based on feedback, so that this product could vivability and minimize the kind of crashes be relevant in each scenario. He could fore- that would doom a program to extinction. see his design inside entities that flew, Copying would be done with such pristine swam, and sped across the land. Interfaces Creation Matters Vol. 21 No. 1 January / February | | 3 The Paranasal Sinuses Are not Vestigial by Jerry Bergman, PhD T he paranasal sinuses are air- eyes from rapid temperature changes filled, mucus-lined cavities in the nasal cavity caused by breathing in the skull (Tortora, 1996, air at various temperatures. A more p. 130). Comprised of the frontal, important function is to produce a high- sphenoid, ethmoid, and the paired ly effective dust-trapping mucus that, maxillary sinuses (Figure 1), they are in addition to moisturizing the inside called “paranasal” because they all of the nose, helps to protect the entire cluster around the nasal cavity respiratory tract from pollutants, micro- (Marieb and Hoehn, 2013, p. 215). organisms, dust, and dirt. The paranasal The sinuses develop by absorption of sinuses can become infected due to the bone that allows the sinuses to grad- fact that they effectively trap large ually increase in size. Consequently, amounts of bacteria. they are part of the innate design of the face (Schaeffer, 1920, p. 36). The Voice quality FIGURE 1. Diagram illustrating the approximate locations reason that “children’s noses are al- of the paranasal sinuses in the human skull. Note how they The paranasal sinuses are a major part ways running” is because the sinuses are clustered around the nasal region. (public domain) of the articulatory mechanism that are poorly developed when children significantly increases resonance, are small (Blanton and Briggs, 1969). cavities, except to make the head greatly improving the human voice Function debated lighter and to warm and moisten the quality, as anyone experiences who has air we breathe (Selim, 2004, p 42). plugged-up sinuses due to a bad cold (Seeley The function of the paranasal sinuses has Another theory argued that the maxil- et al., 2003, p. 206). Honda (2008, p. 19) been discussed at least since the time of lary sinus is the site of most sinus infections concluded that the human Galen who lived from 130 to 201 A.D. in humans because the two maxillary sinus- …nasal cavity builds nasal reso- (Blanton and Briggs, 1969). Many authori- es drain upward when the body is vertical. nance to accomplish phonetic fea- ties argue that they are vestigial structures This design “worked well when our ances- tures of nasal sounds and nasalized which are no longer needed in modern hu- tors were quadrupedal and they had more vowels. The paranasal sinuses also mans (Anonymous, 2015a; Spinney, 2008). opportunities for drainage. For today’s hu- contribute to [the] acoustic charac- For example, Gonzales (2011), after claim- mans, the evolutionists claim that they [the teristics of the nasal sounds, [specif- ing that the paranasal sinuses are “vestigial,” sinuses] drain poorly and are traps for bac- ically by reproducing] regional backtracked by adding that the “biological teria to grow causing sinus infections” Helmholtz resonances caused by the role of these sinuses is often a topic of heated (Anonymous, 2015b). This putative prob- paranasal sinuses, together charac- debate… [and] there is little-to-no consen- lem exists only with the maxillary sinuses terized by a resonance peak at 200– sus on their actual purpose.” and not with the frontal, sphenoid, or eth- 300 Hz and spectral flattening up to 2 kHz. Gonzalez claims that one thing every- moid sinuses, which would not drain as one can agree on is that “one of the only efficiently if we moved about horizontally Without these sinuses the human voice things worse than a sinus headache is when on all four limbs. would lose much of its variety that enables us to determine who a person is only by his your sinuses get infected” (Gonzalez, 2011). Unless one has cold or sinus problems, or her voice traits (Dang, et al., 1994). Actually, according to the leading textbook none of the paranasal sinuses drain in the Another proposed function is to help absorb on endontics, “Contrary to popular belief, normal fashion. Rather, a set of “openings some head blows to assist in protecting the infection and inflammation of the sinuses connect the sinuses to the nasal cavity and sensory organs of the head (Blanton and rarely cause facial pain or headache. Chron- act as ‘two-way streets.’ Air enters the Briggs, 1969). ic sinusitis may cause symptoms of fullness sinuses from the nasal cavity, and mucus or pressure, but rarely pain” (Ingle and formed by the sinus mucosa drains into the One function of the paranasal struc- Bakland, 1994, p. 568). nasal cavity” (Marieb and Hoehn, 2013, p. tures, viz., to lighten the skull and help Some anatomists attempt to prove the 215). The membranes are composed of cil- maintain the balance of the head, has been vestigial status of these structures by postu- iated columnar epithelium, and thus normal- claimed for centuries, and has been proven lating a theory for their evolutionary origins. ly drain effectively regardless of the position false. Ironically, the first evidence that this In one example, the of the person (Schaeffer, 1920, p. 268). was false was in 1877 “when Braune and Clasen proclaimed that if the sinuses were …nasal sinuses of our early ances- Many functions tors may have been lined with odor filled with spongy bone the total weight of receptors that gave a heightened Actually, the paranasal sinuses have numer- the head would be increased by 1%, which sense of smell, which aided survival. ous, very important roles in humans, includ- they considered a negligible amount” (Blan- No one knows why we retain these ing humidifying and moistening inhaled air. ton and Briggs, 1969). Schwalbe concluded perhaps troublesome mucus-lined They insulate the sensitive dental roots and that the human

4 | Creation Research Society …head is so evenly balanced that maintained” in healthy persons (Schaeffer, Y.A. Huang, Springer Handbook of Speech this slight increase of one percent 1920, p. 352). Processing. New York: Springer. being entirely limited to the anterior Ingle, J.I. and L.K. Bakland. 1994. Endodontics. portion of the head would tend to References Fourth Edition. , MD: Williams and Wilkins. interfere with the proper equipoise. Anonymous. 2015a. 10 remnants of human body we Zarnico, according to Skillern … no longer require. Smashing Lists.com. Re- Marieb, E.N. and K. Hoehn. 2013. Human Anatomy agreed with Braune and Clasen on trieved January 10, 2016, from & Physiology. , MA: Pearson. the premise that children have no www.smashinglists.com/10-remnants-of- Schaeffer, J. 1920. The Nose, Paranasal Sinuses, Na- sinuses but are, nevertheless, able to human-body-we-no-longer-require/ solacrimal Passageways, and Olfactory Organs in Man. Philadelphia: P. Blakiston’s Son & Co. balance their heads (Blanton and Anonymous. 2015b. Evidence overview: Remnants. Briggs, 1969). EvolutionEvidence.org. Retrieved January 10, Seeley, R.R., T.D. Stephens, and P. Tate. 2003. 2016, from Anatomy & Physiology. Sixth edition. Boston, Conclusions www.evolutionevidence.org/evidence/remnants/ MA: McGraw Hill. Blanton, P. and N. Briggs. 1969. Eighteen hundred Selim, J. 2004. Useless body parts: What do we need The paranasal sinuses have at least five main years of controversy: the paranasal sinuses. sinuses for, anyway? Discover. June, pp. 42– functions in humans. They provide reso- American J. of Anatomy 124:135–147. 45. nance for the voice, warm and moisten the Dang, J., K. Honda, H. Suzuki. 1994. Morphological Spinney, L. 2008. Five things humans no longer incoming air taken during breathing, insu- and acoustic analysis of the nasal and paranasal need. NewScientist.com. May 19. Retrieved late the dental roots against the cold air cavities. J. of Acoustical Society of America January 10, 2016, from during breathing, secrete mucus to help keep 96:2088–2100. https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13927- five-things-humans-no-longer-need/ the nasal chambers moist, and help to fight Gonzalez, R. 2011. 10 vestigial traits you didn’t know you had. Retrieved January 10, 2016, Tortora, G. 1996. Principles of Human Anatomy. bacteria. All of these functions are important from http://io9.com/5829687/10-vestigial-traits- New York: Harper/Collins. for life and health. As recognized 95 years you-didnt-know-you-had ago, “Good ventilation of the paranasal Honda, K. 2008. Physiological processing of speech sinuses is essential to health and is normally production. In Benesty, J.M., M. Sondhi, and

N = 9×8×7×…×1 The conclusion is that every snowflake = 362,880 is unique, at least so on the inner, micro- scopic level. By similar reasoning every by This downward multiplying of a num- sand grain, blade of grass, person, and star Don DeYoung, PhD ber N is symbolized by N! and is called “N is likewise unique. We should not be sur- factorial.” For example, 3! = 3x2x1 = 6 and prised at this conclusion. The creation dem- 4! = 4x3x2x1 = 24. As the number N in- onstrates the infinite ability of God to design creases, N factorial rapidly becomes very and also care for what he has made. God Vive la Différence large. performs wonders without number (Job I s every snowflake different? Incredible Now let’s apply the factorial idea to 9:10). as it may seem, every snowflake that snowflakes. Snow crystals have distinct Reference has ever fallen is unique. Since the total feathery edges and show great variety in the number of snowflakes is vast, statistics must DeYoung, Don. 2014. 101 Questions and Answers length and detail of their six points. One about the Weather and the Bible. Baker Books, be used to answer this question. In one cubic can easily imagine at least 100 separate Grand Rapids. foot of snow are about 20 million flakes. features, or variables, in the outward pattern During all of earth’s history, between 1030 of a snowflake. And beyond the outside and 1040 snowflakes likely have fallen. In shape can be included impurity atoms, dust contrast, the total number of known stars in particles, crystal defects, and the exact num- the universe, 1022, is a billion-billion times ber of included water molecules which num- smaller than 1040. ber in the trillions. Somewhat similar to the Now the question is, how many distinct possible lineups of nine baseball players, snowflakes are possible? Let’s start with a the total number of possible distinct snow- simpler question: How many different ways flakes is a number beyond comprehension, can nine baseball players line up for a group N = 100! picture? The first player has nine possible = 9.33×10157 places in the line: 1st position, 2nd position, etc. After the first person takes his place, This number is approximately 1 fol- the second player has eight possible remain- lowed by 158 zeros: 100,000. . . . The ing places to stand. This reasoning continues number is far larger than the estimated total through to the final, ninth player who has snowflakes that have fallen during all of just one open spot. The total number N of history. The number 100! also surpasses by possible arrangements for the nine baseball far the estimate of total atoms in the visible NOAA players is a surprisingly large number, universe, about 1080.

Creation Matters Vol. 21 No. 1 January / February | | 5 by A Tale of Two Constellations Jean K. Lightner, DVM, MS

Editor’s note: You may submit your question to Dr. in a secular timeframe, since the American lutionists claim, but rather co-existed with Jean Lightner at [email protected]. It will Indians supposedly arrived in North Amer- man. That is the most logical explanation not be possible to provide an answer for each question, but she will choose those which have a broad appeal ica around 10,000–12,000 years ago. for why we have descriptions of dinosaur- and lend themselves to relatively short answers. Why were these regions of the sky also like dragons by different people in different recognized as two among most of the cultures from around the world. Could Q Why do the bears in the there have been bears in the past that had constellations have long Amerindians if they arrived in North Amer- ica before the origin of the concept, and tails? Some fossil evidence exists to sug- tails? were isolated for many years before Euro- gest this might have been the case. A Ursa Major and Ursa Minor There are two groups of , are constellations, also known only from fossils, that are known as the Big and the If tailed “bears” or bear-like ani- bearlike and have tails: - Little Bear, respectively, which are idae and Amphicyonidae. Hemi- often depicted with long tails. mals became extinct before hu- cyonidae is known from limited Examples include illustrations by mans appeared in history, why fossil remains in France that are Johannes Hevelius, a seventeenth considered by evolutionists to be century astronomer, and in Ura- are tailed bears a part of the between 11 and 16 million years nia’s Mirror, a set of constellation constellations recognized by civ- old (Anonymous, n.d.) The more cards published in London around ilizations around the world? abundant fossils of Amphicyonidae 1825 (Figure 1). Some people are have been found in , familiar with the Big Dipper and , , and in depos- Little Dipper. These constellations com- peans arrived? It makes more sense that its ranging from to early Pleisto- prise portions of Ursa Major and Ursa Mi- the idea has a common source. Since the cene (estimated to be from 40.4 to 4.9 nor, with the stars in the handles traditions predate known European contact, million years ago; Anonymous, n.d.). Both corresponding to the tails of the bears. the secular dates don’t fit well. Instead, it groups are thought by evolutionists to have Could it be that, although bears living today seems more reasonable that the Amerindi- become extinct before modern humans (Ho- don’t have long tails, their ancestors might ans arrived later than believed, after the mo sapiens) came on the scene (around have had them? Babel according to the biblical 200,000 years ago; O’Neil, 2013). timeframe. Origin of the constellations Could Hemicyonidae and/or Amphicy- What about the tails? onidae be the remains of creatures from the Ursa Major and Minor are two of the 48 bear kind? Possibly. All are within the constellations listed by the second century Then what about the tails on the bear con- order , and the suborder Cani- astronomer Ptolemy. The Greeks derived stellations? Creationists often point to leg- formia (dog-like). Hemicyonidae, some- their constellations from the Egyptians, who ends of dragons, whose descriptions sound times known as dog-bears, are usually got them from the Babylonians. According like dinosaurs, as evidence that dinosaurs placed taxonomically very close to bears to creation astronomer Dr. Danny Faulkner didn’t die out millions of years ago as evo- (Ursidae), or even in the same family. (personal communication, 2015), Amphicyonidae, also known as …through precession, we can bear dogs, were originally placed trace our 48 constellations close to bears, but now are usually from antiquity back to an ori- placed alone within the suborder gin around 2300–2500 BC, (Anonymous, 2015). Since all we around latitude 35 degrees have are some fossil remains, it is north. This coincides nicely impossible to determine with cer- with the biblical dates of the tainty whether they were actually Flood and Babel, giving a great part of the bear kind. Either way, explanation of the origin of the though, it appears this creates a constellations. problem for the evolutionary It is important to realize that worldview and timeframe. not all civilizations identify the If tailed “bears” or bear- same constellations with the same like animals became extinct before names. However, the bear con- humans appeared in history, why stellations are common in many are tailed bears a part of the con- regions around the world, from stellations recognized by civiliza- “Ursa Major,” plate 9 in Urania's Mirror, 1825, a set of the Middle East to Northern Eu- tions around the world? rope, and to the North American celestial cards accompanied by A familiar treatise on astron- Indians. This is a bit of a problem omy ... by Jehoshaphat Aspin, London. (public domain)

6 | Creation Research Society Babel origin being written documentation of events of References the time, provides a stronger basis for esti- Anonymous, n.d. “Quick search” summaries of Evolutionists already believe that the earth mating the dates of the fossils. is much older than the Bible indicates, so Hemicyonidae and Amphicyonidae retrieved from the Paleobiology Database. Fossilworks. they tend to assign ages that are consistent Multiple lines of evidence are consis- Retrieved January 14, 2016, from with these previously held beliefs. Evi- tent with our constellations originating from http://fossilworks.org. dence that doesn’t fit is largely ignored. Babel. These people had seen the tailed Anonymous, 2015. See entries for “,” While the evolutionists’ dates don’t fit the “bears,” and had incorporated them into “Hemicyonidae,” and “Bear dog.” Wikipedia. biblical model, the pattern seen in the fossil their description for parts of the night sky. Retrieved January 15, 2016 from record does. The apparent spread of tailed Ursa Major, in particular, does look much https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caniformia; like a tailed bear in a very dark sky. After https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemicyonidae “bears” across continents is consistent with and; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_dog a post-Flood dispersal of these animals as the confusion of languages, this understand- ing of the constellations was carried around O’Neil, D. 2013. Early modern Homo sapiens. In D. they filled the earth (Genesis 8:16–19). O’Neil, Evolution of Modern Humans. Re- There are no human fossils in these strata the world as people were dispersed. In some trieved January 15, 2016, from because people living at that time failed to cultures, new descriptions arose, but the http://anthro.palomar.edu/homo2/mod_homo_4. disperse, choosing instead to build Babel in bear constellations were seen in the sky by htm rebellion against God. Dispersal of humans people worldwide, from the Celts and Ger- occurred later, after God confused their manic tribes of Northern Europe to most of language (Genesis 11:1–9). The Bible, the Amerindians.

The Testimony of the History of by Timothy R. Stout Evolution Editor’s note: This is the final article in this a new part begun as a means to promote Darwin- series by Mr. Stout which was initiated in Volume generation ism, and that faculty positions were filled 13, Number 4. The unique perspective he of scientists with younger scientists who were Dar- brought to the discussion over the past 7½ years determined to win sympathizers. He continued, has benefited us all. We pray that the Lord will wrest intellectu- bless him in his role as pastor of a new church al authority away So successful was this takeover of in Greenville, Texas. from the traditional the British scientific community that by the 1880s, its remaining op- t can be very frustrating for creationists sources. Evolution- I ism was useful to them ponents were claiming that Darwin- as they try to pin down evolutionists ism had become a blindly accepted on the details of evolutionary dogma. precisely because it dem- onstrated that science could dogma carefully shielded from any Many claims are made by modern evolu- serious challenge. tionists, who present large-scale, Darwinian now determine the truth in areas once evolution as “fact.” Yet, whenever these claimed by theology (Fichman, It is no wonder that modern evolution- claims are carefully examined, it seems that 1984). Huxley went on to become a ists fight so viciously against any kind of leading public figure, serving as a all kinds of contradictions and deficiencies exposure of the weakness of their theory. scientific expert on numerous gov- This has been the pattern since Origin was can be uncovered. The typical evolutionist ernment commissions. He was also seems to respond to challenges against his published. The practice of avoiding an open a member of the “X-club,” an infor- discussion of issues was established by assertions by mocking, slandering, and rid- mal but extremely influential group Huxley and those in the X-club, as they iculing the person bringing up the objec- of men whose behind-the-scenes ac- worked behind the scenes to manipulate tions, while avoiding a discussion of the tivity shaped much of late Victorian issues. Behind-the-scenes power plays are science. It was by exploiting their acceptance of their ideas in journals and used to insure the dominance of evolution- position with this network that Hux- universities. So, it is not surprising that open ary dogma, not true scientific debate. ley and his fellow converts ensured discussion of the issues is still avoided even today. This is not surprising. Peter J. Bowler, that Darwinism had come to stay (Ruse, 1979a). They avoided open a historian specializing in “the history of Tampering with journal articles to favor conflict in scientific journals, but evolutionism,” wrote a book titled Evolu- evolutionary dogma, while avoiding serious used their editorial influence to en- tion: The History of an Idea. In this book discussion of its problems, underscores the sure that Darwinian values were in- importance of peer-reviewed creation jour- he clearly presents himself as an evolution- corporated gradually into the nals like the Creation Research Society ist. But writing as a historian, not as an literature. advocate for any particular position, he Quarterly, which discuss important findings noted that (Bowler, 1989)… Additionally, Bowler (1989) pointed that are taboo in typical secular journals, out that Nature, a scientific journal, was in despite their importance and well-docu- …[Thomas] Huxley was typical of Creation Matters Vol. 21 No. 1 January / February | | 7 mented evidence. seek thoroughly naturalistic expla- the passage of all this time, the details of nations of the facts of evolution…. Just how strong is the opposition to how evolution takes place are not any clear- open discussion? Jerry Fodor is a professor Indicating that their book is primarily a er now than they were 150 years ago. of philosophy and cognitive science at Rut- criticism of the current theory, viz., Darwin- Actually, the problem is worse than antici- gers University. Massimo Piattelli-Palmari- ism, they admit that they have little if any- pated by those in Darwin’s time. Darwin ni is a biophysicist and a professor of thing to offer in its place. started from a clean slate. The book by Fodor and Piattelli-Palmarini shows all cognitive science at the University of Ari- In fact, we don’t know very well zona. They collaborated on a book, What kinds of obstacles to a working theory that how evolution works. Nor did Dar- have now been discovered and need to be Darwin Got Wrong (Fodor and Piattelli- win, and nor (as far as we can tell) Palmarini, 2010). Their book is an analysis overcome. Perhaps the seriousness of these does anybody else. “Further research problems is why they mentioned in their of the inadequacy of natural selection to is required,” as the saying goes. It opening that “there is something wrong— account for the scope of the changes re- may well be that centuries of further quite possibly fatally wrong—with the the- quired for Darwin’s fishes-to- research are required. ory of natural selection.” evolution to work. In all of these [areas of study], neo- These two men have a problem. They Darwinism is taken as axiomatic; it It is interesting. Among themselves, believe they have uncovered truth that re- goes literally unquestioned (see Ap- atheistic scientists readily acknowledge that quires them to work outside of the expected pendix). A view that looks to con- they do not have the slightest clue how such parameters in their field of cognitive sci- tradict it, either directly or by major problems with their theory of evolu- ence. However, there is very little willing- implication, is ipso facto rejected, tion could be resolved. However, acknowl- ness by those in the field to have these kinds however plausible it may otherwise edgment of these problems outside the inner of concerns discussed openly. Apparently, seem. Entire departments, journals circles is suppressed. Open discussion of and research centers now work on and for good reason, they fear the ammu- key, important issues is not even consid- this principle. nition such discussion would have in the ered. Those given over to this approach do attempt to expose evolutionary theory for This opening to the book reveals a lot. not realize that the day is coming when they the fraud that it is. So, the book opens with Most importantly, in order to get any pos- will stand before a holy, omnipotent, om- the following monologue: sibility of an audience in a field which is niscient, eternal God who is not pleased so hostile to discussion of problems related with their deceit. He will reveal them as This is not a book about God, nor truly without excuse. about intelligent design, nor about to Darwinism and natural selection, they creationism. Neither of us are into come out with the strongest possible affir- References mation of their atheism, as well their com- those. We thought we’d best make Bowler, P. 1989. Evolution: The History of an Idea, that clear from the outset, because mitment to naturalistic explanations of the Revised edition. University of Press: our main contention in what follows facts of evolution. They admit that not only Berkeley, p. 196. will be that there is something do they not understand how evolution could Fodor, J. and M Piattelli-Palmarini. 2010. What Dar- wrong—quite possibly fatally actually take place, but that Darwin didn’t win Got Wrong. Profile Books: London, pp. wrong—with the theory of natural either. Furthermore, to the best of their xv–xvi. selection… knowledge no one else does either. These …We do want, ever so much, to be conclusions are based on an extensive study secular humanists. In fact, we both of the issues as ones recognized in the field claim to be outright, card-carrying, to be qualified to do the study. signed-up, dyed-in-the-wool, no- It has been over 150 years since Darwin holds-barred atheists. We therefore wrote The Origin of Species. Yet, despite

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8 | Creation Research Society Retrieved January 20, 2016, from http://www.bbc.com/news/science-envi- Speaking of Science ronment-35303779 3. Pappas, S. (2016, January 14) Enormous canyon may be hidden beneath Ant- arctic ice. Live Science. Retrieved January 20, 2016, from http://www.livescience.com/53380-enormous-canyon-hidden-beneath- antarctic-ice.html by David F. Coppedge 4. Anonymous. (2013, August 29) Grand Canyon demoted by new discovery. Editor’s note: These S.O.S. (Speaking of Science) items have been selected from “Creation- Creation Evolution Headlines. Retrieved January 20, 2016, from Evolution Headlines” by David F. Coppedge at http://crev.info and are used by permission. http://crev.info/2013/08/grand-canyon-demoted-by-new-discovery/ Unless otherwise noted, emphasis is added in all quotes. 5. Anonymous. (2007, July 6) Greenland was forest green. Creation Evolution Headlines. Retrieved January 20, 2016, from Possible Super-Grand Canyon Found Under http://creationsafaris.com/crev200707.htm#20070706a Antarctica 6. Anonymous. (2004, August 16) Plants found two miles under Greenland ice. Creation Evolution Headlines. Retrieved January 20, 2016, from nother record-breaking canyon http://creationsafaris.com/crev200408.htm#fossil134 A may exist under the ice of the south polar continent, carved by water. News to Enhance Your Birding It’s a thousand kilometers long, compared to the Grand Canyon’s 433. irdwatching is more fun when you learn what’s going on in It’s a kilometer deep, comparable to the B those feathered bodies. Grand Canyon. So far, it has been de- Record migration (PhysOrg1): It’s been called “one of the most tected from surface depressions and impressive bird migrations in the Americas.” The little Black- ice-penetrating radar. If confirmed, it could be called “World’s polled Warbler, a gold-colored handsome bird that could fit in your largest canyon … hidden under [the] Antarctic ice sheet.”1 The hand, undertakes a migration each year from New England to South main canyon is part of a canyon system including five or more America. Scientists have banded and studied these little birds for parallel canyons, as seen in a diagram on the BBC News.2 Science 40 years now. “Migration is one of the most understudied, im- Daily says, portant, and perilous times in a songbird’s life cycle,” a researcher Although the discovery needs to be confirmed by direct noted. The systems for navigation, metabolism, and hazard avoid- measurements, the previously unknown canyon system is ance must be incredible to fit into a bird that small. thought to be over 1,000km long and in places as much as Pigeon leadership (Current Biology2): In this 1km deep, comparable in depth to the Grand Canyon in dispatch, James Herbert-Read says, “A new USA, but many times longer.1 study has decoded which birds become leaders How did these canyons form? There are two theories. One in homing pigeon flocks, finding an unexpected would require believing the South Pole was much warmer long benefit of leadership: faster birds emerge as ago. leaders, and these leaders learn more about their The researchers believe that the landscape beneath the ice environment than do their followers.” There must sheet has probably been carved out by water and is either be some benefit to the followers since there are so many of them. so ancient that it was there before the ice sheet grew or it Parrot toolkit (PhysOrg3): New evidence has been found that was created by water flowing and eroding beneath the parrots can use tools. Psychologists watched ten parrots grind ice. calcium from shells with pebbles. Not only that, they shared Live Science3 only mentions the latter hypothesis, that it formed their pebbles with other parrots. “This behaviour, never before seen from flowing water under the ice. It would seem a heavy overburden in this species, is the first evidence of a nonhuman using tools of ice would inhibit transport of large quantities of out for grinding, and one of the few reports of nonhuman animals the mouth of a flowing river, but this was not mentioned; it may sharing tools directly.” be too early to tell. How birds stay colorful (ScienceDaily4): Because blue jays use Interestingly, a similar canyon was found in 2013 under the structural color instead of pigments for their bright blues, those Greenland ice, almost twice as long as the Grand Canyon but half colors don’t fade. Understanding how they construct these patterns as deep.4 Years before, fossil DNA found 2km under the ice showed “could pave the way for the creation of paints and clothing colours that the land once sported pine trees, butterflies, beetles, and other that won’t fade over time.” What’s even more amazing is that the temperate life.5 And in 2004, remnants of pine needles, bark, and structures, made up of tiny holes in well-organized arrays, don’t grass were found at the bottom of an ice core 10,400 feet long, become disorganized as the bird ages. 6 two miles below the icy surface. A scientist then commented that The researchers found that the Jay is able to demonstrate the Greenland ice sheet “formed very fast.” In that case, scientists amazing control over the size of the holes in this sponge- believed the canyon formed before the ice sheet covered the land. like structure and fix them at very particular sizes, deter- Experts from Durham University remarked that the surface of mining the colour that we see reflected from the feather. This Mars is better understood than the bed of Antarctica here on our is because when light hits the feather the size of these holes own planet. determines how the light is scattered and therefore the colour that is reflected. As a result, larger holes mean a 1. Durham University. (2016, January 13) World’s largest canyon could be hid- broader wavelength reflectance of light, which creates the den under Antarctic ice sheet. ScienceDaily. Retrieved January 20, 2016, colour white. Conversely, a smaller, more compact structure, from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/01/160113132334.htm results in the colour blue. 2. Amos, J. (2016, January 13) ‘Gigantic chasm under Antarctic ice.’ BBC News. Creation Matters Vol. 21 No. 1 January / February | | 9 How would you like jeans that stay as bright as when you bought http://phys.org/news/2015-12-evidence-tool-parrots.html them? 4. University of Sheffield. (2015, December 21) Nature’s unique way of control- ling color explains why birds never go gray. ScienceDaily. Retrieved Janu- “Current technology cannot make colour with this level ary 25, 2016, from of control and precision — we still use dyes and pigments. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/12/151221071504.htm Now we’ve learnt how nature accomplishes it, we can start 5. IOP Publishing. (2015, December 18) Kestrel inspires unpowered, autonomous to develop new materials such as clothes or paints using these glider to climb higher. ScienceDaily. Retrieved January 25, 2016, from nanostructuring approaches. It would potentially mean that http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/12/151218085931.h if we created a red jumper using this method, it would retain tm its colour and never fade in the wash.” 6. Gill, V. (2015, December 16) How hummingbirds avoid over- heating. BBC News. Retrieved January 25, 2016, from Kestrel drone (ScienceDaily5): Ever wonder how http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35104379 hunting birds can hover for long periods without 7. Briggs, H. (2015, December 18) 200-year-old fossil mystery resolved. moving their wings? Try building a glider that BBC News. Retrieved January 25, 2016, from can do that. Australians are working on that http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35115195 problem, getting inspiration from how kestrels 8. Public Library of Science. (2015, December 17) Ancient use updrafts efficiently by adjusting their wing four-flippered reptile flapped like a penguin. PhysOrg. Re- feathers. Hovering without flapping allows these trived January 25, 2016, from http://phys.org/news/2015-12-ancient-four- flippered-reptile-penguin.html birds to focus their eyes precisely. If the engineers 9. Geggel, L. (2015, December 14) Enormous plesiosaur once swam around an- can mimic that on their micro-aerial vehicle (MAV), cient Patagonia. Live Science. Retrieved January 25, 2016, from the technique could be “used for many tasks in urban environments, http://www.livescience.com/53085-patagonia-plesiosaur.html such as delivering packages, performing surveillance, and search 10. Yirka, B. (2015, December 9) Penguin huddling found to be more complicat- and rescue,” the article says. ed than thought. PhysOrg. Retrieved January 25, 2016, from http://phys.org/news/2015-12-penguin-huddling-complicated-thought.htm Hummingbird thermostat (BBC News6): Have you ever worried about your hummingbirds overheating at the feeder? All that fast flapping and zipping around would seem to make the little birds Geology Theories Are Not Set in Stone get heat exhaustion, especially on warm days. It turns out that they effectively shed excess heat in the feather-free “windows” around o be a , you have to have a big imagination and their eyes, shoulder joints, feet, and legs. Scientists in Oregon found T always be ready to have your favorite theory overturned. this out using thermal cameras. Rapid recovery: and ecologists were surprised at how rapidly a river system recovered after a dam was removed in Penguin dinosaur (BBC News7): Here’s another claim of “con- Washington. ScienceDaily says the response of the ecosystem was vergent evolution.” Long before penguins evolved, evolutionists “incredible” and “faster than some experts expected.”1 Christo- are now saying, marine reptiles swam like they do. Penguins pher Tonra, ecologist at Ohio State, “watched reservoir beds that literally “fly through the water” with their water wings, and that’s looked like moonscapes return to vibrant, rich habitat and how plesiosaurs swam, according to new models, PhysOrg cascades emerge where none had been, at least for the last century.” concurs.8 Today, songbirds sing in the trees, river dippers hunt in the Speaking of plesiosaurs, an “enormous” fossil specimen has waters, and salmon are well on the road to recovery—all in one been found near Patagonia. Live Science9 tells the story of its generation. That must have been shocking to geologists accustomed discovery and excavation. The flippers alone are four feet long on to thinking of slow and gradual change over millions of years. this beast, estimated 23 feet in length. Most of the long- “The areas previously depleted of salmon are on a fast track to necked plesiosaurs have been found in North Amer- recovery in a shorter time than he ever expected after the dam ica, so this one seemed out of place. removal, Tonra said.” His paper was published in Biological Huddle of the penguins: Speaking again of penguins, Conservation last month.2 how many “March of the Penguins” movie fans knew “This was very surprising to us” (PhysOrg3): A long, that “Penguin huddling is more complicated than straight scarp in the Wabash River Valley in Illinois thought?” That’s a phenomenon PhysOrg10 tries to is being reinterpreted. Geologists had thought it was untangle. Who would have thought that the ones in the formed tectonically, by . Instead, new middle can overheat? It can get up to 100° in there! evidence suggests it was gouged out by flood water released Scientists observed some of them eating snow, appar- by the collapse of ice age dams holding glacial meltwater. ently in an effort to cool off. Outsiders try to break up the huddles, but the ones in the middle might feel trapped, Along the western edge of the Wabash River Valley lies a wanting to get out. scarp, or short cliff, about 10 to 20 feet high and running in a nearly straight line for about 6 miles. The Meadow 1. The Auk. (2015, December 9) Forty years of data Bank scarp runs nearly perfectly parallel to a zone onr on furthest-migrating warbler reveals new in- mile to the west. Geologists suspected the Meadow Bank sights. PhysOrg. Retrieved January 25, 2016, from was formed by some past seismic activity along the fault, http://phys.org/news/2015-12-forty-years-furthest-migrating- perhaps an that caused the scarp to shear upwards. warbler-reveals.html In an effort to assess earthquake hazard, the ISGS 2. Herbert-Read, J. 2015. Collective behaviour: Leadership and learning in researchers set out to probe the relationship between the fault flocks. Current Biology 25:R1127–R1129. and the scarp and instead found a deeper mystery: There 3. University of York. (2015, December 15) New evidence of tool use discovered was no relationship at all. in parrots. PhysOrg. Retrieved January 25, 2016, from

10 | Creation Research Society “This was very surprising to us,” said Larson. “You look California to southeastern (United States) contain at it, you see how parallel it is to the fault. We know that unexpectedly large populations of detrital zircons with historically there were earthquakes in the area. It just begs Proterozoic U-Pb ages, with age peaks at 1800–1650 and to be related. But it turns out it’s not possible.” 1380 Ma. These peaks are indicative of a source region in the southern part of the Proterozoic Belt Supergoup Further investigation led to a completely different theory. The basin in central Idaho, which hosts 1800–1650 Ma detrital scarp was carved by a “quick, strong force — such as a flood zircons and which was intruded by rift-related 1380 Ma surge from a melting glacier.” This recalls the reluctant reinterpre- bimodal plutons and sills. tation of the Channeled Scablands in Washington State (see “Did Lyell Lie a Little?”4). These zircons would have to be a billion and a half years older than the sandstones that contain them. To explain these Tortoise races up the Andes (PhysOrg5): A fossil turtle anomalies, they propose that there were four rivers is upsetting a race about how fast the Andes flowing out of central Idaho toward California, rose. A researcher from Case Western Re- Washington, Wyoming, and (indirectly) Alaska. serve University found the specimen at a level They even give names to the mythical rivers: the that he says indicates the mountains were only a Lemhi Pass-Hawley Creek system, the Kione kilometer or less in height 13 million years ago—a River, the Swakane River, and the Yakutat River. half or a third the height previously thought. Turtles of this type don’t usually live above But were those real rivers, or just rescue devices to 500 meters, he says. preserve the long-age interpretations? Well, a geolo- gist does what he has to do. “Recognition of a major source The remains are the first records of fossil turtles from the area in central Idaho for zircons with an uncommon age of 1380 Miocene epoch in Bolivia, and their presence challenges a Ma helps constrain the ca. 85–65 Ma paleogeography and paleo- recent isotope-based study that estimated the massive pla- tectonics of major sectors of the North American convergent teau, called the Altiplano, near what is now the town of margin orogen.” Quebrada Honda, was 2 to 3.2 kilometers high at that time. 1. Ohio State University. (2015, December 28) River ecosystems show 'incredi- The new height limit requires speeding up the subsequent rise ble' initial recovery after dam removal: Fate of one songbird species indi- of the Andes to get them as tall as they are today. Additionally, cates fast rebound. ScienceDaily. Retrieved January 20, 2016, from the scientist says the five-foot-long tortoise, which is in the same http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/12/151228124655.htm genus as the Galapagos tortoise, indicates the climate was much 2. Tonra, C.M., K. Sager-Fradkin, S.A. Morley, J.J. Duda, and P.P. Marra. 2015. wetter back then. So what evidence are geologists going to trust, The rapid return of marine-derived nutrients to a freshwater food web fol- lowing dam removal. Biological Conservation 192:130–134. the isotopes or the turtles? Being off by 200 to 300 percent is 3. University of Illinois. (2015, December 23) Geologic formation could hold apparently OK in geological science. clues to melting glacier floodwaters. PhysOrg. Retrieved January 20, 2016, Megatsunami? I’m unconvinced (National Geographic6): Dallas from http://phys.org/news/2015-12-geologic-formation-clues-glacier- Abbott is having a hard time convincing some of her geological floodwaters.html colleagues that a megatsunami formed chevron-shaped features on 4. Anonymous. (2008, July 25) Did Lyell lie a little? Creation Evolution Head- lines. Retrieved January 20, 2016, from . She posits a meteor strike left a gaping crater near http://creationsafaris.com/crev200807.htm#20080725a Australia that sent a huge blasting African coastlines. The 5. Case Western Reserve University. (2015, December 29) Reptile fossils offer water would have reached 300 feet, three times higher than clues about elevation history of Andes Mountains. PhysOrg. Retrieved Jan- the record tsunami that struck the Indian in 2004. uary 20, 2016, from http://phys.org/news/2015-12-reptile-fossils-clues- elevation-history.html Other geologists suspect megatsunamis almost three times bigger than that (885feet) deposited huge boulders onto Santiago 6. Casey, M. (2015, December 22) Scientists debate evidence of ancient mega- tsunami. National Geographic. Retrieved January 20, 2016, from island. Their skeptics are “unconvinced” that catastrophic causes http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/12/151221-ancient-megatsunami- are needed. They think local sand could explain the dunes Abbott madagascar-debate-science/ claims were washed up by the huge water . “In fact, none 7. Dumitru, T.A., W.P. Elder, J.K. Hourigan, A.D. Chapman, S.A. Graham, and of the new results require any kind of catastrophic event or J. Wakabayshi. 2016. Four Cordilleran paleorivers that connected Sevier extraterrestrial intervention,” one critic says. “Just wind blow- thrust zones in Idaho to depocenters in California, Washington, Wyoming, ing over the beach.” Abbott counters that microfossils she says and, indirectly, Alaska. Geology 44(1):75–78. are 10,000 years old could not have survived wind transport; they would have been ground to dust. Her reaction to skeptics: “Most of the people who are against [the megatsunami theory] are never going to be convinced no matter how much data I bring to the table. That is how it is in science.” The four rivers flowing out of Idaho (Geology7): You’re going to have to think big to swallow this theory. Geol- ogists examined sandstones from Alaska to California and found a surprise: detrital zircons that are much, much older, according to the standard geological timescale. How did they get there? Upper Cretaceous sandstones from 17 localities from

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by Jonathan C. O’Quinn, D.P.M., M.S. T he rock goby is a small fish com- its color only in certain circumstances, and monly found in shallow tidepools then go out and do it? from Europe to North Africa. It Belief in an evolutionary origin of the apparently also tastes good to many preda- goby would require more faith than believ- tors, especially birds at low and larger ing in a deliberate creation by an intelligent fish at high tide. In this tiny creature we Designer. find another example of physical abilities that defy explanation apart from the delib- References erate design of an intelligent Creator. 1. Anonymous. (October 15, 2014) Riddle of the The rock goby is a master of camou- rock pools: How tiny fish camouflage them- Rock Goby, Gobius paganellus selves. ScienceDaily.com. Retrieved February flage, able to make itself virtually invisible. 1, 2016, from If the fish swims in an area where the cess is automatically triggered by the rock www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/10/14101 background color changes, it is able to 5143149.htm goby’s visual system when it moves over a change and “tune” both its color and bright- 2. Anonymous. (October 15, 2014) Study shows rock new background. ness within one minute, essentially disap- gobies use rapid color change camouflage to pearing from view. How do gobies do this? If living things developed purely by hide from predators. Phys.org. Retrieved Febru- Well, they possess special cells in their skin, chance, how then can one explain the step- ary 1, 2016, from http://phys.org/news/2014- 10-gobies-rapid-camouflage-predators.html called chromatophores, which are found in wise, “accidental” development of this abil- many other animals, even seemingly unre- ity? For example, the coordinated linkage lated animals, such as cuttlefish and chame- between the visual system and specialized image: Gobius paganellus from Wikimedia commons (public domain), photographed in Tuscany leons. skin cells would have had to work properly () by Stefano Guerrieri, Chromatophores function to condense from day one, in order to confer any survival https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Gobius_paganellus.jpg or to spread various colored pigments over advantage to the rock goby’s ancestors. the body, changing color, brightness, and Furthermore, how could a putative ancestral even creating patterns of colors. This pro- creature recognize the need to, say, change

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