SPECIES: Scientific [common] simplex (Least grapefern) Forest: Salmon–Challis National Forest Forest Reviewer: Jessica M Dhaemers; Brittni Brown; John Proctor Date of Review: 08/25/2017; 2 March 2018; 25 March 2018 Forest concurrence (or YES recommendation if new) for inclusion of species on list of potential SCC: (Enter Yes or No)

FOREST REVIEW RESULTS:

1. The Forest concurs or recommends the species for inclusion on the list of potential SCC: Yes_X_ No___

2. Rationale for not concurring is based on (check all that apply): Species is not native to the plan area ______Species is not known to occur in the plan area ______Species persistence in the plan area is not of substantial concern ______

FOREST REVIEW INFORMATION:

1. Is the Species Native to the Plan Area? Yes_X__ No___

If no, provide explanation and stop assessment.

2. Is the Species Known to Occur within the Planning Area? Yes_X__ No___

If no, stop assessment.

Table 1. All Known Occurrences, Years, and Frequency within the Planning Area Year Number of Location of Observations Source of Information Observed Individuals (USFS District, Town, River, Road Intersection, HUC, etc.) 2011 ~25 Salmon-Cobalt Ranger District EO 1 Irwin, J. J. 2014. “A Floristic Salmon River Mountains; Inventory of East-Central Idaho, confluence of Napias and Phelan U.S.A.” Master’s thesis, Creeks; Lemhi County University of Wyoming, Laramie.

Mesic soil within woody riparian vegetation, no slope, rhyodacite geology; 6,082 feet elevation 2014 No data Middle Fork Ranger District EO 2 0.2 miles west of the intersection Consortium of Pacific Northwest of Bull Trout Lake Road and Herbaria. Ponderosa Pine Scenic Route. Occurrence ID 190941

a. Are all Species Occurrences Only Accidental or Transient?

Yes___ No_X__

If yes, document source for determination and stop assessment. b. For species with known occurrences on the Forest since 1990, based on the number of observations and/or year of last observation, can the species be presumed to be established or becoming established in the plan area?

Yes__X_ No___

If no, provide explanation and stop assessment c. For species with known occurrences on the Forest predating 1990, does the weight of evidence suggest the species still occurs in the plan area?

Yes___ No___

Provide explanation for determination; If determination is no, stop assessment

N/A. Occurrences have been recorded since 1990.

d. Map 1, Least grapefern range in Idaho and surrounding states (NRCS 2017)

NRCS (United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service). 2017. Botrychium simplex (Least grapefern). Internet website: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CAST. Accessed on August 24, 2017.

Botrychium simplex

Family: Genus: Botrychium Species: Botrychium simplex E. Hitchcock Varieties: simplex, compositum e. MapCo 2m, Distributionmon Nam eof: var.L esimplexast Mo inon Northwort America (ISC 2017) Ploidy: Diploid

map = var. simplex f.B . Mapsimp 3le, xDistribution var. comp ofosi Btu. simplexm var. compositum in North America (ISC 2017)

Technical description: Trophophore stalk 0- 3 cm, 0-1.5 times length of trophophore rachis; blade dull to bright green to whitish green, linear to ovate oblong to oblong to fully triangular with pinnae arranged ternately, simple to 2(-3) pinnate, to 7 x 0.2 cm, fleshy to thin, papery or herbaceous. Pinnae or well-developed lobes to 7 pairs, spreading to ascending, approximate to widely separated, distance between 1st and 2nd pinnae frequently greater than between 2nd and 3rd pairs, basal pinna pair commonly much larger and more complex than adjacent pair, cuneate to fan-shaped, strongly asymmetric, undivided to divided to tip, basiscopic margins ± perpendicular to rachis, acroscopic margins strongly B. simplex var. simplex ascending, basal pinnae often divided into 2 unequal parts, margins usually entire or shallowly sinuate, apex rounded, undivided and boat-shaped to strongly divided and plane, venation pinnate or like ribs of fan, with midrib. Sporopho res mainly 1-pinnate, 1-8 times length of trophophores, 2n = 9 0. (Wagner and Wagner 1993).

st Small with lower pinnae undivided Unusually large plant with 1 and 2nd pinna pair divided.

B. simplex var. simplex g.In tMaphe fa 4,r wDistributionest of B. simplex var. simplex in the far west (ISC 2017)

ISC (Ada Hayden Herbarium). 2017. Botrychium simplex. Internet website: http://www.public.iastate.edu/~herbarium/botrychium/B -simplex.pdf. Accessed on September 1, 2017.

Large plant with pinnately divided Smaller plant with enlarged but not lower pinnae. divided lower pinnae. Sporophore wilted.

h. Map 5, Least grapefern occurrences on the Salmon-Challis National Forest (IDFG. 2017a. Idaho Fish and Wildlife Information System, Species Diversity Database, Idaho Natural Heritage Data. Accessed on February 27, 2017.)

3. Is There Substantial Concern for the Species’ Capability to persist Over the Long-term in the Plan Area Based on Best Available Scientific Information?

Table 2. Status summary based on existing conservation assessments

Entity Status/Rank (include definition if Other) Global Rank G5 — Secure (Common; widespread and abundant)1 State Rank S2 — Vulnerable (At moderate risk of extinction due to a restricted range, relatively few populations [often 80 or fewer], recent and widespread declines, or other factors)1 USDA Forest Region 1: Clearwater, Idaho Panhandle, and Nez Perce National Forests2 Service Region 4: Sawtooth National Forest3 USDI FWS Not listed as a candidate species4 Other Idaho Native Plant Society: 2016 – on list, not yet ranked5; 2011 – State Priority 2 (Taxa likely to be classified as Priority 1 within the foreseeable future in Idaho, if factors contributing to their population decline or habitat degradation or loss continue.)6

BLM: Not listed2 1. Idaho Natural Heritage Program. 2016. IDNHP Tracked Plant Species 2016. Accessed January 12, 2018 2. USFS Region 1. 2011. 2011 Sensitive Species List Idaho and Montana. Website: http://fsweb.r1.fs.fed.us/wildlife/wwfrp/TESnew.htm. Accessed January 10, 2017. 3. USFS Region 4. 2016. Proposed, Endangered, Threatened, and Sensitive Species List. On file. Accessed January 11, 2017. 4. USFWS. 2017. Candidate species believed to or known to occur in Idaho. Website: https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp0/reports/species-listed-by-state-report?state=ID&status=candidate. Accessed January 12, 2018. 5. Idaho Native Plant Society. 2016. INPS Rare Plant List May 2016. https://idahonativeplants.org/rare-plants-list/ Accessed January 10, 2018. 6. Idaho Native Plant Society. 2011. Results of the twenty-fifth Idaho Rare Plant Conference – The Idaho Native Plant Society rare plant list. Website: https://idahonativeplants.org/rpc/pdf/2011_Results_IRPC_v2.2.pdf. Accessed on January 11, 2018. 7. BLM. 2016. Bureau of Land Management Idaho Special Status Plants List Aug 2016. On file. Accessed 15 January, 2018.

Table 3. Status summary based on best available scientific information.

Species (Scientific and Common Name): Botrychium simplex (least grapefern)

Criteria Rank Rationale Literature Citations 1 A1 Occurrences have been documented on the Salmon-Cobalt and Middle IDFG. 2017. Idaho Fish and Wildlife Distribution on Fork Ranger Districts. Although a floristic inventory of the SCNF took Information System, Species Diversity Salmon-Challis place (Irwin 2014), targeted systematic surveys have not been Database, Idaho Natural Heritage National Forest conducted. Potential habitat (see Criterion 6) is moderately abundant Data. Accessed on February 27, 2017. and widely distributed across the Forest. Irwin, J. J. 2014. “A Floristic Inventory

of East-Central Idaho, U.S.A.” Master’s Due to difficulties locating populations (see Criterion 4), distribution of B. thesis, University of Wyoming, simplex on the SCNF is likely not well-known, but only two occurrences Laramie. on the Forest suggests that the species is probably scarce and isolated (Rank A1). Confidence is medium due to the difficulties in assessing distributions described above.

Confidence in Rank: High, Medium, or Low 2 C Botrychium simplex is widespread and occurs at high elevations from IDFG. 2017. Idaho Fish and Wildlife Distribution in California east to North Carolina and north to Alaska and Newfoundland. Information System, Species Diversity surrounding It typically has a low abundance in many states and/or provinces in its Database, Idaho Natural Heritage geographic area range (ISC 2017; NatureServe 2017). In Idaho, the species occurs in Data. Accessed on February 27, 2017. Boundary, Clearwater, and Custer Counties (IDFG 2017). Because the ISC (Ada Hayden Herbarium). 2017. species is found in several nearby counties as well as other western Botrychium simplex. Internet website: states and Canadian provinces, it is likely widely distributed outside the http://www.public.iastate.edu/~herba Forest (Rank C). rium/botrychium/B-simplex.pdf. Accessed on August 24, 2017.

Species (Scientific and Common Name): Botrychium simplex (least grapefern)

Criteria Rank Rationale Literature Citations Confidence in Rank: High, Medium, or Low NatureServe. 2017. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 7.1. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Internet website: http://explorer.natureserve.org. Accessed on August 24, 2017. 3 B Species of Botrychium can typically self-fertilize, and thus dispersal Anderson, D.G. 2006. Botrychium Dispersal capability is limited by the distance of spore dispersal and the probability simplex E. Hitchcock (little grapefern): Capability of the spore landing in suitable habitat (Farrar 2011). Dispersal distances a technical conservation assessment. for some Botrychium spores range from a few inches up to 10 feet [Online]. USDA Forest Service, Rocky (Anderson 2006; Peck et al. 1990). One percent of spores from a source Mountain Region. Internet website: http://www.fs.fed.us/r2/projects/scp/ plant corresponds to thousands of potential propagules (Farrar 2011), assessments/botrychiumsimplex.pdf. indicating large potential for migration under suitable dispersal Accessed on August 24, 2017. conditions. Although dispersal over larger ranges may be possible through wind or animal transport, recent studies indicate that dispersal is Farrar, D. R. 2011. Systematics and restricted to small distances (Anderson 2006; Farrar 2011). Thus, the of Genus Botrychium. capability of B. simplex to disperse is limited by spore movement and Internet website: suitable habitat (Rank B). http://www.public.iastate.edu/~herba rium/botrychium.html. Accessed on September 1, 2017. Confidence in Rank: High, Medium, or Low Peck, J. H., C. J. Peck, and D. R. Farrar. 1990. "Influences of life history attributes on formation of local and distant populations." American Fern Journal 80(4): 126-142. 4 A Only two occurrences have been documented on the Forest (IDFG 2017). Ahlenslager, K., and L. Potash. 2007. Abundance on the The population size of the 2011 occurrence was relatively small Conservation Assessment for 13 Salmon-Challis (approximately 25 plants). The scarcity of occurrences may be because Species of Moonworts (Botrychium National Forest moonworts are typically difficult to locate and identify (Zika et al. 1995; Swartz Subgenus Botrychium). USDA Forest Service Region 6, Portland,

Species (Scientific and Common Name): Botrychium simplex (least grapefern)

Criteria Rank Rationale Literature Citations Ahlenslager and Potash 2007). The ephemeral appearance of the above- Oregon, and USDI Bureau of Land ground portion of the plants and variable number of above-ground stems Management, Oregon and make assessing population numbers, and thus distribution, difficult (Zika . et al. 1995; Ahlenslager and Potash 2007). IDFG. 2017. Idaho Fish and Wildlife Information System, Species Diversity B. simplex is probably rare on the Forest (Rank A), but confidence is low Database, Idaho Natural Heritage due for reasons described above. Data. Accessed on February 27, 2017.

Confidence in Rank: High, Medium, or Low Zika, P. F., R. Brainerd, and B. Newhouse. 1995. Grapeferns and Moonworts (Botrychium, Ophioglossaceae) in the Columbia Basin. Report submitted to Eastside Ecosystem Management Project, USFS, Walla Walla, Washington. 5 D There are two documented populations on the Forest, but these Population Trend populations have not been monitored consistently and no population on the Salmon- data is available that would provide an indication as to trends in Challis National population size (Rank D). Forest Confidence in Rank: High, Medium, or Low 6 B Habitat for B. simplex is described as open and includes pastures, Farrar, D. R. 2011. Systematics and Habitat Trend on meadows, orchards, prairies, wetlands, fens, and lake/stream edges. Taxonomy of Genus Botrychium. the Salmon-Challis Most habitats are temporarily wet and some are permanently saturated. Internet website: National Forest Density of other species and amount of sunlight appears to vary http://www.public.iastate.edu/~herba substantially (Farrar 2011). rium/botrychium.html. Accessed on September 1, 2017.

Based on Forest Service maps there are roughly 111,000 acres of riparian Google Earth. 2017. Salmon–Challis herbaceous habitat on the SCNF. In general, riparian vegetation has seen National Forest. Internet website: past declines, but is largely within or trending towards the natural range

Species (Scientific and Common Name): Botrychium simplex (least grapefern)

Criteria Rank Rationale Literature Citations of variability (USFS 2017). Conifer encroachment is the most frequent https://www.google.com/earth/. contributor to changes in riparian composition and condition on the Accessed on October 3, 2017. Forest. Historic heavy grazing caused a shift in several plant communities (e.g. grassland extent increased) on the SCNF and resulted in shrubland IDFG. 2017. Idaho Fish and Wildlife and conifer species expansion into riparian areas (USFS 2017). This has Information System, Species Diversity Database, Idaho Natural Heritage been further exacerbated by fire suppression policies of the 1950s Data. Accessed on February 27, 2017. through 1990s. Livestock operations have shifted to more intensively- managed grazing systems to respond to concerns over impacts to IDFG. 2017b. Idaho State Wildlife riparian ecosystems and distribution of grazing effects across the Forest Action Plan, 2015. Boise, ID. (USFS 2017). To a lesser extent, upland encroachment (possibly due to roads, diversions, and increased temperatures and drought) and alien Smith, G., Lemly, J., & Schroder, K. plant species have also caused impacts to riparian habitat (USFS 2017). 2017. Fen mapping for the Salmon- Challis National Forest. Colorado The Idaho State Wildlife Action Plan reports springs and groundwater Natural Heritage Program, Colorado dependent wetlands are in poor condition across all landownerships due State University, Fort Collins, CO. to historic heavy grazing, continued season-long grazing, development to USFS. 2016. SDE RMU Range provide livestock water, and OHV recreation (IDFG 2017b). The Spring Allotments. GIS Database Information. Stewardship Institute has documented 669 springs and seeps on the Data source: S_R04_SCF.rmu_unit. SCNF. These were identified with the aid of the National Hydrography Last updated March 30, 2016. Dataset GIS layer, which typically underestimates the true number of springs (USFS 2017). A recent assessment of spring distribution on the USFS (United States Department of SCNF indicates that 97% of land type associations (LTAs) on the Forest Agriculture Forest Service). 2017. have spring distribution within NRV. Salmon-Challis National Forest Plan Revision Assessments. Topics 1& 2: Recent fen mapping on the SCNF identified 1,126 acres of ‘likely fen’ Terrestrial Ecosystems, Aquatic locations, and an additional 4,622 acres were identified as either Ecosystems, Watersheds, Air, Soil, ‘possible fen’ or ‘low likelihood fen’ (Smith et al. 2017). The latter two Water.

categories, regardless of fen designation, suggest a groundwater dependent system, which may support the species. Livestock impacted fens have been observed on the SCNF (Beth Waterbury pers. commun.)

Species (Scientific and Common Name): Botrychium simplex (least grapefern)

Criteria Rank Rationale Literature Citations

To analyze trends in habitat, current and historical aerial imagery (1998- 2017) of habitat at each EO was assessed for ground disturbing activities (Google Earth 2017). In addition, a USFS (2016) GIS database of existing grazing allotments, invasive plant populations, historical wildfires, mines, trails, and roads was reviewed for activities that may impact habitat. Notes from historical collections or observations were also reviewed as they contain information on threats to habitat (IDFG 2017).

No evidence of residential or agricultural development, wildfires, or mining was depicted at EO. No comments regarding threats to this species were recorded on the Element Occurrence forms.

Dirt roads are present at each of the EO and all were constructed prior to 1998.

Active grazing allotments overlap all EOs, and evidence of cattle grazing in the form of fencing and/or paddocks was present at each.

Invasive plant populations (spotted knapweed [Centaurea stoebe ssp. micranthos]) have been mapped at EO 2. Historical aerial imagery depicts a trend of more roads and the widening and paving of existing roads. A review of invasive plant populations indicates that invasive plants have become established on all the major roads surrounding EO 1 and are likely to continue to expand into roadside areas (USFS 2016).

Given the available data, the evidence suggests that habitat for this species is likely to be stable (Rank B). Confidence in this rank is medium as the presence of roads and an active grazing allotment indicates that there is potential for disturbance activities in the future.

Species (Scientific and Common Name): Botrychium simplex (least grapefern)

Criteria Rank Rationale Literature Citations

Confidence in Rank: High, Medium, or Low

7 B Habitat for B. simplex is most vulnerable to unrestricted livestock grazing, Behrens, P.N., R.E. Keane, D.L. Vulnerability of hydrologic alterations, and climate change. Peterson, and J.J. Ho. 2018. Chapter 6: Habitats on the effects of climatic variability and Salmon-Challis Grazing is an important land use on the SCNF contributing economically change on forest vegetation. In National Forest and socio-culturally to the local communities (USFS 2017b) Grazing Halofsky, J.E., D.L. Peterson, J.J. Ho, N.L. Little, L.A. Joyce, editors. 2018. allotments dominate SCNF landscapes outside of wilderness and research Climate change vulnerability and natural areas. Although roughly 23% of these allotments are currently adaptation in the Intermountain vacant, grazing is expected to continue to be a dominant land use on the Region. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR- Forest into the future. Inappropriately managed livestock grazing can XXX. Fort Collins, CO: US Department adversely affect the biota and hydrology of wetlands and riparian of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky habitats (USFS 2017). Mountain Research Station.

To project the future climate and impacts to resources in the Halofsky, J.E., D.L. Peterson, J.J. Ho, Intermountain Region including the Salmon-Challis, the Intermountain N.L. Little, L.A. Joyce, editors. 2018. Adaptation Partnership (IAP) used Representative Concentration Climate change vulnerability and Pathway [RCP] 4.5 and 8.5, which capture a moderate and high future adaptation in the Intermountain warming, respectively (Halofsky et al. 2018). Although pathways Region. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR- predicting lower warming exist, the 4.5 and 8.5 pathways were chosen by xxx. Fort Collins, CO: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky the IAP because they are, in comparison, well studied providing a large Mountain Research Station. set of projections that enhance our understanding of the possible range in future climate. Thus, this represents best available science for our Joyce, L.A. and M. Talbert. 2018. Forest with regard to a warming climate. Chapter 3: Historical and projected climate. In Halofsky, J.E., D.L. Peterson, Although uncertainty exists about the magnitude and rate of climate J.J. Ho, N.L. Little, L.A. Joyce, editors. change (For a discussion of this see Behrens et al. 2018), warming 2018. Climate change vulnerability and temperatures are the most certain consequence of increased CO2 in the adaptation in the Intermountain Region. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-

Species (Scientific and Common Name): Botrychium simplex (least grapefern)

Criteria Rank Rationale Literature Citations atmosphere. By 2100, median minimum temperature in the Middle xxx. Fort Collins, CO: US Department of Rockies subregion, which includes the Salmon-Challis, is projected to rise Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky about 5˚F under the moderate warming scenario and about 10˚F under Mountain Research Station. the high warming scenario. Regardless of scenario, the greatest departure from historical seasonal minimum temperatures occurs in the USFS (United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service). 2017. summer. Annual precipitation projections are highly variable with no Salmon-Challis National Forest Plan discernible trend under moderate warming and a slight increasing trend Revision Assessments. Topics 1& 2: with high warming (Joyce and Talbert 2018). Terrestrial Ecosystems, Aquatic Ecosystems, Watersheds, Air, Soil, Riparian and wetland communities in the Intermountain Region will be Water. moderately to highly vulnerable to climate warming depending on elevation (Halofsky et al. 2018). Plant communities composition and USFS (United States Department of structure will be affected by increased water stress, and this could drive Agriculture, Forest Service). 2017b. the replacement of riparian and wetland species with drought-tolerant Salmon–Challis National Forest Data upland species. This will be exacerbated where diversions and dams have Assessment (Draft). On file at Salmon- been constructed. The adaptive capacity of systems will be greatly Challis National Forest, Salmon, ID. reduced where dewatering occurs and in systems impacted by improper grazing, roads, and nonnative species (Halofsky et al. 2018). Changes in flow regimes due to reduced snowpack, earlier snowmelt, and changes in precipitation could also drive changes in wetland species dependence on fluvial geomorphic processes, surface water, and groundwater.

The degree to which both populations and habitats are vulnerable to loss or disturbance on the Forest are dependent upon variability in severity of impacts from climate change, habitat modification, and future grazing management decisions (Rank B).

Confidence in Rank: High, Medium, or Low

Species (Scientific and Common Name): Botrychium simplex (least grapefern)

Criteria Rank Rationale Literature Citations 8 C Species of Botrychium typically self-fertilize and may have large potential Anderson, D.G. 2006. Botrychium Life History and for migration under suitable dispersal conditions as individual plants can simplex E. Hitchcock (little grapefern): Demographics produce thousands of spores (Farrar 2011). The germination needs of a technical conservation assessment. Botrychium spores are not well known, but it is likely that spores are [Online]. USDA Forest Service, Rocky dormant until the appropriate light, moisture, and mycorrhizal conditions Mountain Region. Internet website: http://www.fs.fed.us/r2/projects/scp/ exist (Johnson-Groh et al. 2002). Botrychium species are characterized by assessments/botrychiumsimplex.pdf. small stature, slow relative growth rates, and small propagules. A Accessed on September 1, 2017. distinguishing characteristic of plants is the ability to withstand stressful conditions during growth. Botrychium simplex typically takes Johnson-Groh, C. C. Riedel, L. approximately 5 years to produce its first emergent leaf, but it may Schoessler, and K. Skogen. 2002. produce a small, aboveground, fertile frond in one year (Anderson 2006). Belowground distribution and abundance of Botrychium Most of the life cycle of Botrychium species occurs underground, and gametophytes and juvenile very little about this part of the life cycle is understood. Botrychium sporophytes. American Fern Journal: species rely on mycorrhizal interactions in each of their life stages, and 92(2): 80-92. mycorrhizae may be crucial to the establishment and persistence of the Farrar, D. R. 2011. Systematics and species by allowing plants to survive aboveground disturbance (Johnson- Taxonomy of Genus Botrychium. Groh et al. 2002). Botrychium species may be relatively stress-tolerant Internet website: because they are short-lived perennial species with mycorrhizal http://www.public.iastate.edu/~herba associations and become dormant during times of stress or disturbance rium/botrychium.html. (Johnson-Groh et al. 2002). This trait may reduce vulnerability to the stressor described above and indicate a high ability to recover from disturbance (Rank C).

Confidence in Rank: High, Medium, or Low Summary and recommendations: Botrychium simplex is listed as S2 (imperiled) and secure globally. Although it is Date: 8/24/17 widely distributed throughout its range, it is typically uncommon. Only two occurrences have been documented on the SCNF, both with low abundance. This suggests that the species is highly vulnerable to stochastic events on the Forest.

Species (Scientific and Common Name): Botrychium simplex (least grapefern)

Criteria Rank Rationale Literature Citations B. simplex reproduces through spores that likely disperse short distances, limiting dispersal capacity of the species. B. simplex is thought to be highly dependent upon mycorrhizal interactions, and the absence of these interactions likely limits establishment where spores are successfully dispersed. Population trends have not been monitored on the Forest. Habitat is described as open and includes pastures, meadows, orchards, prairies, wetlands, fens, and lake/stream edges, though specific requirements within these habitats is an area in need of more research. Overall, potential habitat is thought to be stable and improving in many places.

Threats to suitable habitat include unrestricted grazing, habitat development, and climate change. The species is vulnerable to unrestricted grazing and hydrologic alternations; neither appears to be threatening known populations at this time, although grazing has been noted at EOs. The invasive species, spotted knapweed, has been documented at an EO, which may pose a threat to the species. Climate change is projected to be a long-term threat to both populations and habitat for this species.

There is substantial concern for the capability of Botrychium simplex to persist over the long-term on the Salmon- Challis, therefore, it is recommended as a SCC.

Evaluator(s): Lindsay Chipman