Congressional Record United States Th of America PROCEEDINGS and DEBATES of the 114 CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Congressional Record United States Th of America PROCEEDINGS and DEBATES of the 114 CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION E PL UR UM IB N U U S Congressional Record United States th of America PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE 114 CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION Vol. 161 WASHINGTON, WEDNESDAY, JUNE 24, 2015 No. 102 House of Representatives The House met at 10 a.m. and was Despite all the furor, there is only lies? Well, the proposal that I have in- called to order by the Speaker pro tem- one solution which is broadly sup- troduced would cost less than 25 cents pore (Mr. DUNCAN of Tennessee). ported, which is easy to implement, a day, and those families that would f and which does the job. That solution pay the increased user fees are suf- is raising the gas tax. fering over $350 a year damage to their DESIGNATION OF SPEAKER PRO Now, we heard at the hearing on vehicles from poorly maintained roads. TEMPORE Ways and Means the three basic argu- The American Society of Civil Engi- The SPEAKER pro tempore laid be- ments that are offered against that: neers suggests that that cost per fam- fore the House the following commu- that it is not politically possible, that ily is going to be over a $1,000 a year by nication from the Speaker: there is really no time to do this so we 2020. And the American public is pay- WASHINGTON, DC, have to extend it to the end of the ing by being stuck in traffic, in conges- June 24, 2015. year, and that this would somehow be a tion, costing $120 billion a year. It I hereby appoint the Honorable JOHN J. burden on families. costs money to them—money that DUNCAN, Jr. to act as Speaker pro tempore Actually, that is not true. The notion could have been used for more produc- on this day. that it is not politically possible is not JOHN A. BOEHNER, tive purposes—and time away from Speaker of the House of Representatives. remotely the case. There are 20 States their families. in the last 21⁄2 years that have stepped f Imagine if we just came back from up to raise their gas taxes. our July recess and dedicated the week MORNING-HOUR DEBATE Ironically, information submitted by of July 13 to solving the infrastructure The SPEAKER pro tempore. Pursu- the American Road & Transportation crisis in this country where America is ant to the order of the House of Janu- Builders Association at our Ways and falling apart and falling behind. The ary 6, 2015, the Chair will now recog- Means hearing pointed out that the people who were experts at the hearing nize Members from lists submitted by legislators in those States who voted that weren’t heard from could have an- the majority and minority leaders for to increase the gas tax were reelected swered all those questions. at an over 90 percent rate, and the leg- morning-hour debate. Where else are we going to find some- islators that voted for the gas tax in The Chair will alternate recognition thing that is broadly supported by the States were reelected at a higher between the parties, with each party business and labor, by truckers and percentage than those who voted limited to 1 hour and each Member AAA, bicyclist, engineers, environ- other than the majority and minority against it. If anybody needs more proof, just mentalists, local governments? We leaders and the minority whip limited would have all of those people before us to 5 minutes, but in no event shall de- look at what has happened already this year where six very red States—Idaho; supporting a solution to this important bate continue beyond 11:50 a.m. challenge. I can’t think of any other f Utah; South Dakota; Iowa; Nebraska, overriding a Governor’s veto; and Geor- issue that would bring all those people REBUILDING OUR NATION’S gia—have all met their responsibilities together and support congressional ac- INFRASTRUCTURE raising the gas tax. It absolutely is tion. The SPEAKER pro tempore. The something that can be done with a lit- We could stop the slide of America Chair recognizes the gentleman from tle political courage. falling apart and falling behind. We Oregon (Mr. BLUMENAUER) for 5 min- The notion that somehow there is no could put hundreds of thousands of peo- utes. time, that we have got to fuss around ple to work at family-wage jobs all Mr. BLUMENAUER. Mr. Speaker, and it is going to take extensive hear- across America while we strengthen there has been a flurry of activity re- ings to come forward with the pro- our communities, make them more liv- garding infrastructure funding in re- posal—well, only if it is a complex, able, and provide an economic boost for cent days. We had the first hearing in convoluted, untested, and controversial the future. the Ways and Means Committee in the proposal. Raising the gas tax would Why don’t we do that? Why can’t we 55 months since my Republican friends take about 1 week’s work, could be im- take ‘‘yes’’ for an answer, deal with the took over to deal with transportation plemented quickly, and is the simplest broadest coalition of support for any finance. There have been press con- and least expensive revenue measure to major issue, and have another victory ferences and proposals, and actually, a implement. like we did with the SGR? We can do it, few other hearings have been sched- What about this notion that some- and it is hard to think of something uled. how it is a burden on American fami- that would be more important. b This symbol represents the time of day during the House proceedings, e.g., b 1407 is 2:07 p.m. Matter set in this typeface indicates words inserted or appended, rather than spoken, by a Member of the House on the floor. H4595 . VerDate Sep 11 2014 00:01 Jun 25, 2015 Jkt 094046 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 7634 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\A24JN7.000 H24JNPT1 rfrederick on DSK6VPTVN1PROD with HOUSE H4596 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE June 24, 2015 HEALTHCARE.GOV DATA BREACH tems and protect sensitive informa- such tragedies from happening again. The SPEAKER pro tempore. The tion. In the past several months, we Let’s remember that after Katrina, we Chair recognizes the gentleman from have been inundated with reports of se- talked about FEMA and national readi- Georgia (Mr. LOUDERMILK) for 5 min- curity breaches of government com- ness. But the gun lobby doesn’t want us utes. puter systems, disclosing personal and to have this conversation. They accuse Mr. LOUDERMILK. Mr. Speaker, official information that potentially anyone who tries with exploiting the throughout my life, I have learned that harms our national security. deaths of innocent people. the American people are strong and re- With many Americans being forced With that logic, we couldn’t talk silient. Throughout our history, we into the government healthcare ex- about solutions when 13 people were have shown time and time again our change, over 11 million people have killed and 8 were injured during the unique ability to overcome every ob- registered with healthcare.gov. A shooting in the Washington, D.C., Navy stacle and every adversary that has breach of this system could be larger Yard; or after a person opened fire dur- blocked our path to freedom. This re- and potentially more disastrous than ing a midnight screening of a film, silience is what has advanced our Na- any of the previous breaches, which is ‘‘The Dark Knight Rises’’ in 2012, kill- tion from being a ragtag rabble of citi- a serious concern. ing 12 and injuring 58 others; or when zens who took up arms in the American Mr. Speaker, the last time I checked, 28 people were shot and killed, includ- Revolution to being the greatest super- our Founders gave us a government of ing 20 innocent children, at Sandy power in the world. the people, not a government of Hook Elementary School; or when a Throughout our advancement as a elitists, establishment, or executive man shot 3 people and killed 7 others nation, we have not always been per- privilege. We are a nation of laws, not at a Sikh temple in Oak Creek, Wis- fect. In fact, we have made some grave a nation of feelings or good intentions. consin; or when 14 people were shot and mistakes. However, our shared dedica- We are bound by the Constitution, but 6 were killed in 2011 during a con- tion to liberty and justice for all people that Constitution is only as sound as stituent meeting hosted by our col- has put us back on course. And though the integrity of those who have sworn league, Congresswoman Gabby Gif- it sometimes takes years, or even gen- to uphold it. fords, in a supermarket parking lot in erations, the spirit of American The American people expect their Tucson; or when a man opened fire in exceptionalism overshadows our mis- government to operate within the con- Fort Hood, Texas, in 2009, killing 13 takes and, with the spirit of forgive- straints of the Constitution, the limits people, injuring 30 others; or in 2008 ness and reconciliation, we move for- of the law, and to be transparent and when a man opened fired at a lecture ward. accountable. Unconstrained activity by However, when the government and hall at Northern Illinois University, government agencies has gone on far its leaders purposefully mislead the shooting 21 students and killing 6; or too long, and now their deceptions and American people, they are much less when a senior at Virginia Tech went on reckless behavior is threatening the willing to forgive and forget, especially a shooting rampage on campus in 2007, safety and the security of the Amer- when such deception puts the people at killing 33 people and injuring 23 others; ican people.
Recommended publications
  • The Evolution of Science-Fiction Films and Novels
    2010 JUMP By Douglas Fenech, Christian Gradwohl & Jan Westren-Doll [DOES SCIENCE-FICTION PREDICT THE FUTURE??] [This research paper looks at a selection of science-fiction films and its connection with the progression of the television, the telephone and print media. It also analyzes statistical data obtained from a questionnaire conducted by the research group regarding communication media.] January 1, 2010 [DOES SCIENCE-FICTION PREDICT THE FUTURE OR CHANGE IT?] Table of Contents Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….4 Science-fiction filmmakers are not modern day Leonardo da Vinci’s…………………………………………5 Predictions of the future in science-fiction films and novels………………………………………………………6 History of the future………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….8 The evolution of science-fiction films and novels.........................................................................11 A look into Television....................................................................................................................13 Mechanical Television.......................................................................................................13 Electronic Television.........................................................................................................14 Colour Television..............................................................................................................15 The Remote Control..........................................................................................................16
    [Show full text]
  • Inventing Television: Transnational Networks of Co-Operation and Rivalry, 1870-1936
    Inventing Television: Transnational Networks of Co-operation and Rivalry, 1870-1936 A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the faculty of Life Sciences 2011 Paul Marshall Table of contents List of figures .............................................................................................................. 7 Chapter 2 .............................................................................................................. 7 Chapter 3 .............................................................................................................. 7 Chapter 4 .............................................................................................................. 8 Chapter 5 .............................................................................................................. 8 Chapter 6 .............................................................................................................. 9 List of tables ................................................................................................................ 9 Chapter 1 .............................................................................................................. 9 Chapter 2 .............................................................................................................. 9 Chapter 6 .............................................................................................................. 9 Abstract ....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • City of Light: the Story of Fiber Optics
    City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics JEFF HECHT OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS City of Light THE SLOAN TECHNOLOGY SERIES Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb Richard Rhodes Dream Reaper: The Story of an Old-Fashioned Inventor in the High-Stakes World of Modern Agriculture Craig Canine Turbulent Skies: The History of Commercial Aviation Thomas A. Heppenheimer Tube: The Invention of Television David E. Fisher and Marshall Jon Fisher The Invention that Changed the World: How a Small Group of Radar Pioneers Won the Second World War and Launched a Technological Revolution Robert Buderi Computer: A History of the Information Machine Martin Campbell-Kelly and William Aspray Naked to the Bone: Medical Imaging in the Twentieth Century Bettyann Kevles A Commotion in the Blood: A Century of Using the Immune System to Battle Cancer and Other Diseases Stephen S. Hall Beyond Engineering: How Society Shapes Technology Robert Pool The One Best Way: Frederick Winslow Taylor and the Enigma of Efficiency Robert Kanigel Crystal Fire: The Birth of the Information Age Michael Riordan and Lillian Hoddesen Insisting on the Impossible: The Life of Edwin Land, Inventor of Instant Photography Victor McElheny City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics Jeff Hecht Visions of Technology: A Century of Provocative Readings edited by Richard Rhodes Last Big Cookie Gary Dorsey (forthcoming) City of Light The Story of Fiber Optics JEFF HECHT 1 3 Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Sa˜o Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto Copyright ᭧ 1999 by Jeff Hecht Published by Oxford University Press, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Television, Farnsworth and Sarnoff
    by AARON SORKIN directed by NICK BOWLING STUDY GUIDE prepared by Maren Robinson, Dramaturg This Study Guide for The Farnsworth Invention was prepared by Maren Robinson and edited by Lara Goetsch for TimeLine Theatre, its patrons and educational outreach. Please request permission to use these materials for any subsequent production. © TimeLine Theatre 2010 — — STUDY GUIDE — Table of Contents The Playwright: Aaron Sorkin .................................................................................... 3 The History: Sorkin’s Artistic License ........................................................................ 3 The People: Philo T. Farnsworth ................................................................................. 4 The People: David Sarnoff ........................................................................................... 6 The People: Other Players ........................................................................................... 8 Television: The Business ........................................................................................... 14 The Radio Corporation of America Patent Pool ................................................ 14 Other Players in Early Radio and Television ................................................... 16 Television: The Science .............................................................................................. 16 Timeline of Selected Events: Television, Farnsworth and Sarnoff .......................... 20 Television by the Numbers .......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Philo T Farnsworth: Electronic Television
    Mawlam 1 ____________________________ “Seeing Is Believing” Philo T Farnsworth: Electronic Television Breaking Barriers in Mass Communication By Caleb Mawlam 500 Words Senior Division Documentary ____________________________ Mawlam 2 Process Paper With the NHD competition approaching, I wanted to research a topic from Idaho as I moved there from England when I was 10. However the topic also needed to fit the theme: “Breaking Barriers in History.” When I was looking for a subject, I came across a man who, when my age, lived in Rigby, a small town 11 miles from my house. His name was Philo T Farnsworth and he invented electronic television. At age 14, while ploughing the fields similar to the ones around my house, he came up with the idea that would change the world. I knew that this was going to fit the theme very well because electronic television broke a numerous amount of barriers in history. I loved researching electronic television, Philo’s life and the impact his invention has had on the world; one that we take for granted today. Finding primary and secondary sources was a demanding challenge. This was because Philo Farnsworth was actually not that famous when he invented the television. The Radio Corporation of America historically takes most credit for being the company that successfully commercialized Electric TV rather than its inventor, Philo Farnsworth. Even though the research was hard, I was able to find enough sources by going deeper into archives, biographies, newsletters etc. Since my project was a documentary, I needed to find as much footage and photos as possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Media Technology and Society
    MEDIA TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY Media Technology and Society offers a comprehensive account of the history of communications technologies, from the telegraph to the Internet. Winston argues that the development of new media, from the telephone to computers, satellite, camcorders and CD-ROM, is the product of a constant play-off between social necessity and suppression: the unwritten ‘law’ by which new technologies are introduced into society. Winston’s fascinating account challenges the concept of a ‘revolution’ in communications technology by highlighting the long histories of such developments. The fax was introduced in 1847. The idea of television was patented in 1884. Digitalisation was demonstrated in 1938. Even the concept of the ‘web’ dates back to 1945. Winston examines why some prototypes are abandoned, and why many ‘inventions’ are created simultaneously by innovators unaware of each other’s existence, and shows how new industries develop around these inventions, providing media products for a mass audience. Challenging the popular myth of a present-day ‘Information Revolution’, Media Technology and Society is essential reading for anyone interested in the social impact of technological change. Brian Winston is Head of the School of Communication, Design and Media at the University of Westminster. He has been Dean of the College of Communications at the Pennsylvania State University, Chair of Cinema Studies at New York University and Founding Research Director of the Glasgow University Media Group. His books include Claiming the Real (1995). As a television professional, he has worked on World in Action and has an Emmy for documentary script-writing. MEDIA TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY A HISTORY: FROM THE TELEGRAPH TO THE INTERNET BrianWinston London and New York First published 1998 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003.
    [Show full text]
  • Allen County Hamnews Issue 9 Fort Wayne Radio Club Fort Wayne DX Association Allen County Amateur Radio Technical Society Good Food and Fun at the ACARTS Picnic
    Photos from the Tailgate Big Thanks to All Who Modifying My 80-Meter Hamfest and the Helped Out at the Picnic Vertical Farnsworth Special Event Station Page 2 Page 4 Page 6 September 2019 Volume 20 Allen County HamNews Issue 9 Fort Wayne Radio Club Fort Wayne DX Association Allen County Amateur Radio Technical Society GOOD FOOD AND FUN AT THE ACARTS PICNIC Also this month Allen County HamNews is a monthly joint publication of ACARTS Picnic Photos .......1,5,7 Classified Ads / Hamfests .....11 the Fort Wayne Radio Club (P.O. Box 15127, Fort Wayne, IN 46885), the Allen County Amateur Radio Technical Tailgate Hamfest Photos .........3 Contests / Repeaters .............10 Society (P.O. Box 10342, Fort Wayne, IN 46851), and the Storm Spotter Training ............9 Membership App / Nets .......11 Fort Wayne DX Association. H. P. Maxim Birthday .................9 Activities Calendar .................12 Please send any articles, classified ads, or other information to the editor, Ken Helms, K9ZT, at AB9ZD (at) Internet Home Pages ARRL.NET. Please put “For Newsletter” in the subject Fort Wayne Radio Club: http://www.FWRC.info/ line. Most text and graphics formats are acceptable. http://groups.yahoo.com/group/FWRC/ Microsoft Word and JPEG are preferred if separate files are ACARTS: http://www.acarts.com used. For those without computer access, please mail your submission to either of the clubs post office boxes. Fort Wayne DX Association: http://www.qsl.net/fwdxa/ ARES: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Allen_Co_IN_ARES/ The deadline for the each issue is a few days before the IN_PACKET Yahoo Group: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/IN_PACKET/ end of the preceding month.
    [Show full text]
  • CHRS Journal
    The California Historical Radio Society (CHRS), is a non-profit educational corporation chartered in the State of California. Formed in 1974, CHRS promotes the restoration and preservation of early radio and broadcasting. Our goal is to enable the exchange of information on the history of radio, particularly in the West, with emphasis on collecting, preserving, and displaying early equipment, literature, and programs. Yearly membership is $30 ($40 non-USA). CHRS Museum in Alameda CHRS has been fortunate to through the generosity of its donors to purchase a home for the CHRS museum and education center. It is located at 2152 Central Avenue. The building was built in 1900 as a telephone exchange. CHRS volunteers are actively restoring the building to make it optimal for use. Our goal is to create an environment to share our knowledge and love of radio and enable us to create an appreciation and understanding for a new generation of antique radio collectors and historians. ◊ Contact us: CHRS Central Valley Chapter (CVC) CHRS, PO Box 31659, San Francisco, CA 94131 or [email protected] Richard Lane – Chairman Visit us at: www.CaliforniaHistoricalRadio.com Staff Walt Hayden – Radio Central Planning Consultant Officers & Directors Larry Drees – Manager, Landscaping Operations Mike Adams – Chairman, Webmaster Butch McDonald – Asst. Manager, Landscaping Ops. Steve Kushman – President, Radio Central Project Bart Lee – Counsel Emeritus, Hist., Archivist Manager Len Shapiro – BARM Executive Director Scott Robinson – Vice President, Technical Ops. Tom Bonomo – Investments, Name Badges Jamie Arbona – Secretary, Mailing John Stuart – Systems Consultant, Networks, Richard Watts – Treasurer, Membership, and CAD Drawings Publications, Collections Dave Billeci – Video Production Philip Monego – Director at Large Paul Shinn – Amateur Radio Operations Dennis Monticelli – Education David Vasquez – Electrical Transcription Project W6CF Trustee, John Staples, W6BM Larry Clark – Technical Advisor & Librarian © California Historical Radio Society, 2018.
    [Show full text]
  • Warm-Up 104 Who Invented What?
    Warm-Up 104 Who Invented What? Name: There are some things we use almost every day. We may even take some of these things for granted. But a person (and often a lot of people) had to invent these things. And once these things were invented, a lot of improvements were needed to make them into the products we use today. Directions: Use the clues to match each person’s name with the product he invented or improved. Use the chart below to keep track of who did what. Each name on the left matches an invention on the top. Using the clues, put a checkmark in each box that matches the person to the correct product. The clues might also help you eliminate certain people from certain products. If so, then put an X in those boxes. The information from Clue #1 has already been recorded in the chart. S Clue #1: Charles Strite invented a machine that popped up toasted bread. Clue #2: The inventor of radio was not named Philo. NVENTOR I & Clue #3: The inventor of the Internet has a last name that contains a hyphen (dash). S T S Clue #4: There would be a lot more car accidents without Lester Wire’s invention. CIENTI : S Invention CIENCE S Electric Pop-Up Inventor Internet Radio Television IFE Traffic Light Toaster 12 — L NIT Tim Berners-Lee U Philo Farnsworth Guglielmo Marconi Charles Strite X X X X √ Lester Wire #3967 Daily Warm-Ups: Science 110 ©Teacher Created Resources Answer Key Unit 11 Who Invented What? (page 110) The Importance of Good Health (page 98) Tim Berners-Lee – Internet 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Waves All Around: the Electromagnetic Spectrum in Everyday Life
    Waves All Around: the Electromagnetic Spectrum in Everyday Life Karl Scheidt Department of Chemistry Great Minds, Great Ideas Series Finale Part I Overview • Introduction to the electromagnetic spectrum (waves? what waves?) • Basics, background and history • EM spectrum in our lives • Societal impact & questions • Discussion/Conclusion Disclaimer: I am not a physicist or electrical engineer! all rights reserved Questions.... • How much of the EM spectrum can we see? • Who discovered this stuff? • Why should I care? • Where is the EM spectrum and who “owns” it? • What does the Titanic have to do with the EM spectrum? • What does“radiation” do to cancer? all rights reserved April 14, 1912 • Maiden voyage of RMS Titanic • Received ice warnings (how??) that were discounted. • Hits iceberg at 11:40 PM...sinks by 2:30 AM. • Sends “C.Q.D.” signal 6x (how?)- Marconi’s earlier version of S.O.S. Then switches to S.O.S. by 12:45 AM. • Olympic (500 mi away), Baltic and Carpathia and others rush to coordinates- ~800 saved. • EM spectrum critical to long distance communication. How did this come about? http://www.hf.ro/#trd all rights reserved The only known photograph of Titanic's Marconi room Olympic's Marconi Room 25 year old 21 year old John (Jack) G. Phillips Harold Bride died on Titanic, not recovered survived all rights reserved Guglielmo Marconi • G. Marconi invents the radio telegraph ~1895 (20 yrs old). • awarded the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics • Father of wireless communication. • RMS Titanic “wireless operators” (J. Phillips and H. Bride) employed by Marconi Comm. Co., not White Star Line.
    [Show full text]
  • The Myth of the Lone Inventor
    The Myth of the Lone Inventor Mark A. Lemley Any elementary-school student can recite a number of canonical American invention stories. Thomas Edison invented the light bulb from his famous home laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone, again from his home invention laboratory, famously using the phone to call his assistant, saying “Come here, Watson, I need you.” Orville and Wilbur Wright invented the airplane from their bicycle shop, taking it to Kitty Hawk, North Carolina to put it in the air. The list of lone genius inventors goes on and on: Samuel Morse and his telegraph, Eli Whitney and his cotton gin, Robert Fulton and his steamboat, Philo Farnsworth and the television, etc., etc. Patent law is built around these canonical tales. The very theory of patent law is based on the idea that a lone genius can solve problems that stump the experts, and that the lone genius will do so only if properly incented. We deny patents on inventions that are “obvious” to ordinarily innovative scientists in the field. Our goal is to encourage extraordinary inventions – those that we wouldn’t expect to get without the incentive of a patent. The canonical story of the lone genius inventor is largely a myth. Edison didn’t invent the light bulb; he found a bamboo fiber that worked better as a filament in the light bulb developed by Sawyer and Man, who in turn built on lighting work done by others. Bell filed for his telephone patent on the very same day as an independent inventor, Elisha Gray; the case ultimately went to the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Invention of Television
    f (0,1 ! , t-/ r 1 The Invention of Television Albert Abramson elevision is the electrical transmission and came in 1843 when Samuel F. B. Morse developed reception of transient visual images, and is his telegraph (distant-record) machine. This was probably the first invention by committee, in a means of communication by which the letters the sense of resulting from the effort of hundreds of of the alphabet were converted into electrical equi- individuals widely separated in time and space, all valents (the Morse code) that could be either re- prompted by the urge to produce a system of seeing corded on paper tape or transcribed by trained over the horizon. operators. Since the code was transmitted over wires Whether with tom-toms. smoke signals, or sema- at almost the speed of light, it soon became the phore. human beings have always tried to com- quickest means of point-to-point communication. municate with neighbours beyond the horizon. The Before long, electric wires were strung on poles con- desire has been a matter of commerce, curiosity, or necting most of the major cities. These same wires most importantly, warfare. Written messages were were also run under the lakes and oceans of the sent by ships, horses, birds, and shanks mare. But world. these were slow, cumbersome, and subject to the About the same time, other inventors were seek- whims of weather, terrain, or the endurance of ing means to transmit more than dots and dashes animals. The first steps towards instant commun- over these same wires. One of the earliest was ications were really taken by seventeenth- and Alexander Bath in 1843.
    [Show full text]