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Desarrollo De La Radio En El Marco Político-Militar De Principios Del Siglo XX

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Desarrollo De La Radio En El Marco Político-Militar De Principios Del Siglo XX DATOS DEL PFC TEMA: CIENCIA, TECNOLOGÍA Y SOCIEDAD TÍTULO PROYECTO: DESARROLLO DE LA RADIO EN EL MARCO POLITICO-MILITAR DE PRINCIPIOS DEL SIGLO XX AUTOR: REBECA VELASCO LÓPEZ TITULACIÓN: INGENIERÍA TÉCNICA DE TELECOMUNICACIÓN (TELEMÁTICA) TUTOR: RAFAEL HERRADÓN DÍEZ DEPARTAMENTO: TSC DIRECTOR: RAFAEL HERRADÓN DÍEZ PRESIDENTE: JUAN BLANCO COTANO VOCAL: RAFAEL HERRADÓN DÍEZ VOCAL SECRETARIO: MARÍA MAGDALENA GONZÁLEZ MARTÍN FECHA DE LECTURA: 28/09/2017 Desarrollo de la Radio en el Marco Político-Militar de Principios del Siglo XX AGRADECIMIENTOS A lo largo de este proyecto, son muchas las personas que han contribuido en su desarrollo. Unas veces con ideas, que en un principio sonaban absurdas y otras con una simple llamada de teléfono porque habían visto una película o un documental que hablaba de la radio. Pero no sólo se ha tratado de información, cuanto más baja era mi moral, más fuerte era su apoyo. Siempre encontraban alguna forma de que viese la parte buena. Especial atención a mi familia, a mi madre sobre todo. Esas llamadas a altas horas de la noche, donde conseguía sacarme una sonrisa pese a mi desesperación. El Innombrable, así es como lo hemos bautizado en casa. Lo empecé, lo perdí, lo dejé aparcado, lo volví a coger, y así hasta hoy. Gracias por aguantar mi mal humor cuando me quedaba atascada y no sabía por dónde continuar. Gracias porque sin ti este proyecto no sería una realidad, porque sin ti, seguramente yo nunca hubiera puesto un pie en esta Escuela. De Económicas a Telecomunicaciones, menudo cambio, quien me lo iba a decir. Eres mi referente, y espero algún día poder inculcar esos mismos valores que tú nos has enseñado a mis hijos. Mi hermana, sin querer preguntarme dudas del instituto por no distraerme del proyecto. Sé que el hecho de no vivir en la misma ciudad quizá haya hecho que me pierda muchas cosas con ella. Mi tía Belén, mis abuelos… ojalá estuvieses aquí abuelo, para que vieses en lo que me he convertido. No me hubiese venido mal un cogotazo de esos tuyos de vez en cuando para espabilarme. Mis amigos no pueden faltar, mi gran apoyo y mis mayores cómplices. Mary, al otro lado del charco y como pedagoga, muy involucrada en que la redacción fuese clara, leyendo un capitulo cada vez que a mi se me ocurría volverlo a cambiar, aunque no entendiese ni la mitad de lo que estaba leyendo. Águeda, María, Carlos, Sory, este documento también tiene un trocito de vosotros. A mis compañeros de carrera, siempre apoyando. Con vosotros he recorrido una de las etapas más importantes de la vida, la universidad. Donde dejas de ser niño y comienzan las responsabilidades, donde reafirmas los valores de la amistad. Cuantas horas compartidas en los laboratorios…y en la cafetería. Agradecer a mi primer tutor, Pedro Costa Morata, su paciencia. Por las innumerables cancelaciones de reuniones por motivos de trabajo. Desde que lo tuve como profesor en una asignatura de libre elección, decidí que era uno de mis principales candidatos para tutorizar mi proyecto. Una pena, que mi tardanza no haya hecho posible que sea él quien me apoyase en su defensa. Por último, agradecer a Rafael Herradón, por haber acogido mi proyecto cuando éste ya estaba muy avanzado, por su rapidez y determinación, y ese positivismo que transmite. No me puedo olvidar de Puri, de Secretaría. Mil gracias de verdad, tú ya sabes por qué. i Desarrollo de la Radio en el Marco Político-Militar de Principios del Siglo XX ii Desarrollo de la Radio en el Marco Político-Militar de Principios del Siglo XX ÍNDICE AGRADECIMIENTOS ........................................................................................................................... i ÍNDICE ................................................................................................................................................. iii ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS ......................................................................................................................... vii ACRÓNIMOS ........................................................................................................................................ ix RESUMEN ............................................................................................................................................. xi ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................... xiii Capítulo 1: Evolución de la Comunicación........................................................................................ 1 1. LAS PRIMERAS COMUNICACIONES. ................................................................................ 2 1.1. La Ilustración............................................................................................................... 3 2. TELEGRAFÍA ÓPTICA. .......................................................................................................... 4 2.1. Otros Sistemas: Murray, Chaudy y Betancourt. .......................................................... 5 2.2. Usos del Telégrafo Óptico. .......................................................................................... 7 3. TELEGRAFÍA ELÉCTRICA. .................................................................................................. 8 3.1. La Electricidad. ........................................................................................................... 8 3.2. Cooke y Wheatstone. ................................................................................................... 9 3.3. Morse. ........................................................................................................................ 11 3.4. Telegrafía Submarina. ............................................................................................... 12 3.5. Unión Telegráfica Internacional (UTI) ..................................................................... 15 4. EL TELÉFONO. ..................................................................................................................... 17 Capítulo 2: Precursores de la Radio ................................................................................................. 21 1. MAXWELL Y SUS ECUACIONES. ..................................................................................... 22 2. EL OSCILADOR DE HERTZ. ............................................................................................... 24 3. BRANLY, Y EL COHESOR. ................................................................................................. 25 4. LA ANTENA DE POPOV. ..................................................................................................... 26 5. MARCONI: LA RADIO ......................................................................................................... 27 Capítulo 3: Contexto. ....................................................................................................................... 31 1. REINO UNIDO. ...................................................................................................................... 33 2. ALEMANIA. .......................................................................................................................... 34 3. ESTADOS UNIDOS. .............................................................................................................. 36 4. REGLAMENTACIÓN. ........................................................................................................... 38 4.1. I Conferencia Radiotelegráfica Internacional de Berlín (1903). ............................... 39 4.2. II Conferencia Radiotelegráfica Internacional de Berlín (1906). .............................. 40 Capítulo 4: El Inicio de la Carrera. .................................................................................................. 43 1. GUILLERMO MARCONI: DE UN MENSAJE AL MONOPOLIO. .................................... 44 iii Desarrollo de la Radio en el Marco Político-Militar de Principios del Siglo XX 1.1. Torres Marconi. ......................................................................................................... 46 1.2. Armada Real Británica .............................................................................................. 47 2. TELEFUNKEN. ...................................................................................................................... 49 2.1. La Marina Alemana ................................................................................................... 51 3. EL PAUSADO AVANCE ESTADOUNIDENSE. ................................................................. 53 3.1. Infraestructuras y Desarrollo. .................................................................................... 54 3.2. Primeras Instalaciones y Problemas. ......................................................................... 55 3.2.1. Ayuda de la radio en el terremoto de San Francisco ........................................... 57 3.3. Nuevos Esfuerzos para Establecer un Control. ......................................................... 58 Capítulo 5: La época de Pre-Guerra ................................................................................................. 61 1. El GIGANTE BRITÁNICO. ................................................................................................... 62 1.1. Reacondicionamientos de las estaciones transatlánticas. .......................................... 63 1.2. The Marconigraph: la primera revista de radio ........................................................
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