Mexicans' Drug Trade Fears Grow
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Organized Crime and Terrorist Activity in Mexico, 1999-2002
ORGANIZED CRIME AND TERRORIST ACTIVITY IN MEXICO, 1999-2002 A Report Prepared by the Federal Research Division, Library of Congress under an Interagency Agreement with the United States Government February 2003 Researcher: Ramón J. Miró Project Manager: Glenn E. Curtis Federal Research Division Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 20540−4840 Tel: 202−707−3900 Fax: 202−707−3920 E-Mail: [email protected] Homepage: http://loc.gov/rr/frd/ Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Criminal and Terrorist Activity in Mexico PREFACE This study is based on open source research into the scope of organized crime and terrorist activity in the Republic of Mexico during the period 1999 to 2002, and the extent of cooperation and possible overlap between criminal and terrorist activity in that country. The analyst examined those organized crime syndicates that direct their criminal activities at the United States, namely Mexican narcotics trafficking and human smuggling networks, as well as a range of smaller organizations that specialize in trans-border crime. The presence in Mexico of transnational criminal organizations, such as Russian and Asian organized crime, was also examined. In order to assess the extent of terrorist activity in Mexico, several of the country’s domestic guerrilla groups, as well as foreign terrorist organizations believed to have a presence in Mexico, are described. The report extensively cites from Spanish-language print media sources that contain coverage of criminal and terrorist organizations and their activities in Mexico. -
Exploring the Relationship Between Militarization in the United States
Exploring the Relationship Between Militarization in the United States and Crime Syndicates in Mexico: A Look at the Legislative Impact on the Pace of Cartel Militarization by Tracy Lynn Maish A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Criminology and Criminal Justice) in the University of Michigan-Dearborn 2021 Master Thesis Committee: Assistant Professor Maya P. Barak, Chair Associate Professor Kevin E. Early Associate Professor Donald E. Shelton Tracy Maish [email protected] ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8834-4323 © Tracy L. Maish 2021 Acknowledgments The author would like to acknowledge the assistance of their committee and the impact that their guidance had on the process. Without the valuable feedback and enormous patience, this project would not the where it is today. Thank you to Dr. Maya Barak, Dr. Kevin Early, and Dr. Donald Shelton. Your academic mentorship will not be forgotten. ii Table of Contents 1. Acknowledgments ii 2. List of Tables iv 3. List of Figures v 4. Abstract vi 5. Chapter 1 Introduction 1 6. Chapter 2 The Militarization of Law Enforcement Within the United States 8 7. Chapter 3 Cartel Militarization 54 8. Chapter 4 The Look into a Mindset 73 9. Chapter 5 Research Findings 93 10. Chapter 6 Conclusion 108 11. References 112 iii List of Tables Table 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 80 Table 2 ......................................................................................................................................... -
Than Neighbors New Developments in the Institutional Strengthening of Mexico’S Armed Forces in the Context of U.S.-Mexican Military Cooperation
More than Neighbors New Developments in the Institutional Strengthening of Mexico’s Armed Forces in the Context of U.S.-Mexican Military Cooperation By Iñigo Guevara February 2018 More than Neighbors New Developments in the Institutional strengthening of Mexico’s armed forces in the context of US-Mexican Military Cooperation By Iñigo Guevara “With Mexico, very, very strong, quiet military-to-military relations” … … “This is a relationship that has been many decades in the making. Just go back - just for an example - go back to World War II. It doesn't start with us. It will not end with us.” -U.S. Defense Secretary Jim Mattis1 Strategic Reasoning for Closer U.S. –Mexico Military Ties Despite the deep cultural and economic diversity of North America’s 486+ million inhabitants, the interconnectedness of the three countries means that they all face, to various degrees, the same threats, which range from serious to existential. Existential threats have long been narrowed to a nuclear war with Russia, to a much lesser degree China, and the now aspiring North Korea. The lack of an existential threat from the south has meant that Mexico was not a priority for the U.S. defense community. Mexico’s non-interventionist interior-looking foreign policy, the lack of an external threat, and an extremely complex politico-military relationship also meant that the defense relationship with the United States was cordial, but distant over several decades. Since the 1980’s, the Mexican Navy and Air Force did source their token conventional fighting capacity from the United States: a squadron of tactical jet fighters and a flotilla of second-hand destroyers and frigates; however, this was mainly out of convenience rather than a strategic decision to develop binational defense ties. -
“Control...Over the Entire State of Coahuila” an Analysis of Testimonies in Trials Against Zeta Members in San Antonio, Austin, and Del Rio, Texas
“Control...Over the Entire State of Coahuila” An analysis of testimonies in trials against Zeta members in San Antonio, Austin, and Del Rio, Texas NOVEMBER 2017 This report does not represent the official position of the School of Law or the University of Texas, and the views presented here reflect only the opinions of the individual authors and of the Human Rights Clinic 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................ 3 2. INTRODUCTION .................................................................. 5 A. Project Description And Purpose ............................................... 5 B. The Trials ................................................................... 6 I. The San Antonio Trial..................................................... 6 II. The Austin Trials ......................................................... 7 III. The Del Rio Trial ......................................................... 9 C. Background Information ...................................................... 9 I. Mexico’s Security Strategy ................................................. 9 II. Coahuila, Mexico ......................................................... 10 III. Brief History of the Zeta Cartel ............................................. 11 3. FINDINGS ON THE ZETA CARTEL STRUCTURE AND OPERATIONS ......................... 13 A. Hierarchy and Organization. .................................................. 13 B. Most Important Zeta Members Based on Testimonies ............................. -
Implications of the BBC World Service Cuts
House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee Implications of the BBC World Service Cuts Written evidence Only those submissions written specifically for the Committee and accepted by the Committee as evidence for the inquiry into the Implications of the BBC World Service Cuts are included. 1 List of written evidence 1 Gilberto Ferraz Page 4 2 Corinne Podger 6 3 Rosie Kaynak 7 4 Keith Perron 8 5 Jonathan Stoneman 11 6 Keith Somerville 13 7 Sir John Tusa 19 8 John Rowlett 23 9 Jacqueline Stainburn 24 10 Richard Hamilton 25 11 Elzbieta Rembowska 26 12 Ian Mitchell 27 13 Marc Starr 28 14 Andrew Bolton 29 15 Patrick Xavier 30 16 Ailsa Auchnie 31 17 Catherine Westcott 32 18 Caroline Driscoll 35 19 BECTU 37 20 Rajesh Joshi, Rajesh Priyadarshi 40 and Marianne Landzettel 21 Clem Osei 44 22 Sam Miller 45 23 The Kenya National Kiswahili Association (CHAKITA) 47 24 Mike Fox 50 25 Kofi Annan 51 26 Geraldine Timlin 52 27 Nigel Margerison 53 28 Dennis Sewell 54 29 Voice of the Listener & Viewer 56 30 Kiyo Akasaka 60 31 Neville Harms 61 32 M Plaut 64 33 Graham Mytton 65 34 National Union of Journalists 67 35 National Union of Journalists Parliamentary Group 76 36 Trish Flanagan 78 37 Ben Hartshorn 80 38 Naleen Kumar 81 39 Jorge da Paz Rodrigues 83 40 BBC World Service 84 41 BBC World Service 89 2 42 Marc Glinert 100 43 Andrew Tyrie MP 101 44 BBC World Service 103 3 Written evidence from Gilberto Ferraz (Retired member of the World Service, in which served for 30 years) PROPOSED CLOSING DOWN OF THE BBC PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE SERVICE The announcement of the closure of the Portuguese Language Service to Africa is lamentable and wrong for the following reasons: 1. -
Mexico's Government Begins To
JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY RICE UNIVERSITY MEXICO’S GOVERNMENT BEGINS TO RETAKE NORTHEASTERN MEXICO BY GARY J. HALE NONRESIDENT FELLOW IN DRUG POLICY JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY RICE UNIVERSITY DECEMBER 9, 2011 Mexico’s Government Begins to Retake Northeastern Mexico THESE PAPERS WERE WRITTEN BY A RESEARCHER (OR RESEARCHERS) WHO PARTICIPATED IN A BAKER INSTITUTE RESEARCH PROJECT. WHEREVER FEASIBLE, THESE PAPERS ARE REVIEWED BY OUTSIDE EXPERTS BEFORE THEY ARE RELEASED. HOWEVER, THE RESEARCH AND VIEWS EXPRESSED IN THESE PAPERS ARE THOSE OF THE INDIVIDUAL RESEARCHER(S), AND DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT THE VIEWS OF THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY. © 2011 BY THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY OF RICE UNIVERSITY THIS MATERIAL MAY BE QUOTED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT PRIOR PERMISSION, PROVIDED APPROPRIATE CREDIT IS GIVEN TO THE AUTHOR AND THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY. 2 Mexico’s Government Begins to Retake Northeastern Mexico I. All Enemies Are Equal It is increasingly apparent that the government of Mexico is not playing favorites anywhere in the country, and is attacking any drug cartel it encounters or that government forces have sufficient intelligence to combat. While this has had a significant and disruptive effect on the drug trafficking environment, government pressure on cartels has also affected drug trafficking organizations (DTO),1 causing the latter to savagely kill each other as they desperately attempt to maintain control of geographic turf. Government attacks on the infrastructure of the Gulf cartel and the Zetas (a DTO once part of the Gulf cartel) in recent years are concrete examples of Mexico’s efforts to retake Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon, and Veracruz from the hands of the traffickers, regardless of which cartel is wreaking havoc in those northeastern states. -
Canada, Mexico, and Central America
CANADA, MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA V-1 INCSR 2002 V-2 Canada, Mexico and Central America Belize I. Summary The Government of Belize (GOB) recognizes that the transit of drugs is a serious concern and works closely with the United States on narcotics control and international crime issues. In 1999 Belize was removed from the list of major drug-transit countries, but it remains a country of concern to the United States. In 2001 several large shipments of cocaine were seized in Belize territorial waters and mainland Belize. Belize is a party to the 1988 UN Drug Convention. II. Status of Country Belize has a population of approximately 250,000 and a landmass of 8,866 square miles with borders contiguous with Guatemala and Mexico. The topography consists of large tracts of unpopulated jungles and forested areas, a lengthy unprotected coastline, hundreds of small caves, and numerous navigable inland waterways. These factors, combined with Belize’s rudimentary infrastructure, make Belize a natural transshipment point for illicit drugs. On January 15, 2002, Belize formally ended its economic citizenship program. This program had raised serious concerns in the past, because it allowed some international criminals and fugitives from justice to receive Belize citizenship. III. Country Actions Against Drugs in 2001 Policy Initiatives. In November the Commissioner of Police proposed that the Anti-Drug Unit be increased from 12 members to 23 members. Since its inception in 2000, the United States has provided assistance to this vetted unit, and the U.S. Department of Justice and the DEA vetted the initial members of the unit. -
U.S. and Mexican Counterdrug Efforts Since Certification
S. HRG. 105±??? U.S. AND MEXICAN COUNTERDRUG EFFORTS SINCE CERTIFICATION JOINT HEARING BEFORE THE SENATE CAUCUS ON INTERNATIONAL NARCOTICS CONTROL AND THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED FIFTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION OCTOBER 29, 1997 Printed for the use of the Senate Caucus on International Narcotics Control and the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations ( U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 44±791 CC WASHINGTON : 1998 SENATE CAUCUS ON INTERNATIONAL NARCOTICS CONTROL CHARLES GRASSLEY, Iowa, Chairman ALFONSE D'AMATO, New York JOSEPH R. BIDEN, JR., Delaware FRANK MURKOWSKI, Alaska BOB GRAHAM, Florida JEFFREY SESSIONS, Alabama DIANE FEINSTEIN, California COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS JESSE HELMS, North Carolina, Chairman RICHARD G. LUGAR, Indiana JOSEPH R. BIDEN, JR., Delaware PAUL COVERDELL, Georgia PAUL S. SARBANES, Maryland CHUCK HAGEL, Nebraska CHRISTOPHER J. DODD, Connecticut GORDON H. SMITH, Oregon JOHN F. KERRY, Massachusetts CRAIG THOMAS, Wyoming CHARLES S. ROBB, Virginia ROD GRAMS, Minnesota RUSSELL D. FEINGOLD, Wisconsin JOHN ASHCROFT, Missouri DIANNE FEINSTEIN, California BILL FRIST, Tennessee PAUL D. WELLSTONE, Minnesota SAM BROWNBACK, Kansas JAMES W. NANCE, Staff Director EDWIN K. HALL, Minority Staff Director (II) CONTENTS Page Banks, Samuel H., Acting Commissioner, U.S. Customs Service, Department of Treasury ............................................................................................................ 53 Prepared statement ......................................................................................... -
The Mexican Armed Forces in Transition
The Mexican Armed Forces in Transition The Mexican Armed Forces in Transition School of Policy Studies, Queen's University Kingston, Ontario, Canada 2005 Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Díez, Jordi, 1970- The Mexican armed forces in transition / Jordi Díez and Ian Nicholls. (The Claxton papers, ISSN 1491-137X ; 5) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 1-55339-046-6 1. Mexico—Armed Forces. I. Nicholls, Ian, 1948- II. Title. III. Series. UA603.D53 2005 355'.00972 C2005-901659-0 © Copyright 2005 The Claxton Papers The Queen’s University Defence Management Studies Program (DMSP), established with the support of the Canadian Department of National Defence (DND), is intended to engage the interest and support of scholars, members of the Canadian Armed Forces, public servants, and participants in the defence industry in the examination and teaching of the management of national defence policy and the Canadian Armed Forces. The program has been carefully designed to focus on the devel- opment of theories, concepts, and skills required to manage and make decisions within the Canadian defence establishment. The Chair of the Defence Management Studies Program is located within the School of Policy Studies and is built on Queen’s University’s strengths in the fields of public policy and administration, strategic studies, management, and law. Among other aspects, the DMSP offers an inte- grated package of teaching, research, and conferences, all of which are designed to build expertise in the field and to contribute to wider debates within the defence community. An important part of this initiative is to build strong links to DND, the Canadian Armed Forces, industry, other universities, and non-governmental organizations, in Canada and in other countries. -
World Law Bulletin, January 2004
The Law Library of Congress WORLD LAW BULLETIN January 2004 Directorate of Legal Research 1 W.L.B. 2004 Highlights: Anti-Terrorism Statute − Colombia Association Agreement − EU/Syria Copyright on the Internet − Israel Debate on Islamic Scarves − France Former President Guilty − Nicaragua Legislative Agenda − United Kingdom Terrorist Organization List − China Textbook Revisions − Kuwait Women’s Right to Marry − Pakistan Special Attachment: Fight Against Antisemitism: French Response Law Library website for U.S. Congress only: http://www.loc.gov/law/congress Email service: Contact [email protected] to be added to the W.L.B. email distribution list James Madison Memorial Building; 101 Independence Avenue, S.E.; Room LM 240; Washington, DC 20540-3001 Reception: (202) 707-5065 – FAX: (202) 707-1820 WORLD LAW BULLETIN Note for the Reader The WORLD LAW BULLETIN is a monthly awareness service prepared by over twenty foreign law specialists and other members of the staff of the Law Library of Congress. Selections are edited by Constance Axinn Johnson and Wendy Zeldin. This and past issues are available online at: www.loc.gov/law/congress. This issue may be cited as: 1 W.L.B. 2004. The selections presented in the WORLD LAW BULLETIN have been chosen for their special significance to the U.S. Congress, either as they relate to a particular or general legislative interest, or as they may have a bearing on issues affecting the United States and its interaction with other nations. Selections should in no way be interpreted as an indication of support or preference for any legal or political stance. -
Desarrollo De La Radio En El Marco Político-Militar De Principios Del Siglo XX
DATOS DEL PFC TEMA: CIENCIA, TECNOLOGÍA Y SOCIEDAD TÍTULO PROYECTO: DESARROLLO DE LA RADIO EN EL MARCO POLITICO-MILITAR DE PRINCIPIOS DEL SIGLO XX AUTOR: REBECA VELASCO LÓPEZ TITULACIÓN: INGENIERÍA TÉCNICA DE TELECOMUNICACIÓN (TELEMÁTICA) TUTOR: RAFAEL HERRADÓN DÍEZ DEPARTAMENTO: TSC DIRECTOR: RAFAEL HERRADÓN DÍEZ PRESIDENTE: JUAN BLANCO COTANO VOCAL: RAFAEL HERRADÓN DÍEZ VOCAL SECRETARIO: MARÍA MAGDALENA GONZÁLEZ MARTÍN FECHA DE LECTURA: 28/09/2017 Desarrollo de la Radio en el Marco Político-Militar de Principios del Siglo XX AGRADECIMIENTOS A lo largo de este proyecto, son muchas las personas que han contribuido en su desarrollo. Unas veces con ideas, que en un principio sonaban absurdas y otras con una simple llamada de teléfono porque habían visto una película o un documental que hablaba de la radio. Pero no sólo se ha tratado de información, cuanto más baja era mi moral, más fuerte era su apoyo. Siempre encontraban alguna forma de que viese la parte buena. Especial atención a mi familia, a mi madre sobre todo. Esas llamadas a altas horas de la noche, donde conseguía sacarme una sonrisa pese a mi desesperación. El Innombrable, así es como lo hemos bautizado en casa. Lo empecé, lo perdí, lo dejé aparcado, lo volví a coger, y así hasta hoy. Gracias por aguantar mi mal humor cuando me quedaba atascada y no sabía por dónde continuar. Gracias porque sin ti este proyecto no sería una realidad, porque sin ti, seguramente yo nunca hubiera puesto un pie en esta Escuela. De Económicas a Telecomunicaciones, menudo cambio, quien me lo iba a decir. Eres mi referente, y espero algún día poder inculcar esos mismos valores que tú nos has enseñado a mis hijos. -
CRIMJUST Media Highlights N.34
MEDIA HIGHLIGHTS I S S U E 3 4 • D E C E M B E R 2 0 2 0 HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS ISSUE COCAINE SEIZURES 6 December – RTL More than 2.5 tons of cocaine seized in Costa Rica 10 December – 20 Minutes Malta records the largest cocaine seizure in history ©JUAN KARITA / AP 11 December – El Estrecho Digital 1,600 kg of cocaine hidden in a During December, new record seizures were made in different container ship seized in Algeciras regions. Malta reported its largest cocaine seizure to date, while Brazil reported a record seizure for the State of Rio de 22 December – G1 Janeiro of 2.5 tons of cocaine in Caxias and an impressive 3 Brazilian Federal Revenue discovers tons of cocaine in the Port of Santos. nearly 3 tons of cocaine in Santos Meanwhile, a number of articles were written on trends and developments characterizing cocaine trafficking and organized crime in 2020 as well as on foreseen risks for 2021 as experts DRUG TRAFFICKING & and analysts in the field reflected on the past year. ORGANIZED CRIME 2 December – Insight Crime Happy New Year 2021! The use of narco-submarines may rise in the wake of the COVID-19 As always, you can reach out to us via Twitter, on our pandemic website or via email. Readers should note that analysis an d seizures disseminated in this document 12 December – El País are obtained from open sources. It is recommended that all content be The globalization and verified by independent sources for further use or reference.