Lymphatic System

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Lymphatic System • Consists of: – Lymph – Lymphatic vessels – Lymphatic tissue – Lymph nodes – Tonsils – Spleen – Thymus. Lymphatic Vessels Return ISF to the vascular system Lymphatic Vessels 4 Types of Lymphatic Vessels • Lymphatic capillaries • Lymphatic collecting vessels • Lymphatic trunks • Lymphatic ducts. Lymphatic Capillaries • What do they do? Lymphatic Capillaries • Blind. • Endothelium. • Loose. • Overlapping. • Permeability. • Flow. Where do we find lymphatic capillaries? • Almost everywhere there are… • Exceptions? Lacteals – Specialized Lymphatic Capillaries in the Small Intestine • Found in the villi. • Function ? • Chyle Lymphatic Collecting Vessels • Receive lymph from… • Similar to what blood vessel? • Locations? • Cleaning? Lymphatic Trunks • Receive lymph from... • Types? Right Lymphatic Duct and Thoracic Duct Lymph Flow Factors Promoting Lymph Flow What If Lymph Cannot Flow? Lymphoid Cells • Reticular cells. – Make… – Support… • Macrophages. – Kill… – Activate… • Dendritic cells. – Kill … – Activate… Lymphoid Cells • T lymphocytes. – Kill …. – Control... • B lymphocytes. – Become… – Secrete... Lymphoid Tissue • Aggregations of... • Functions? • Types: – Diffuse – Lymphoid follicles. Diffuse Lymphatic Tissue • Especially prominent in… • MALT – GALT – BALT • Also in… Lymphoid Follicles/Nodules • Solid, spherical clusters of… • Found throughout the… • Also in the… Lymphoid Follicles/Nodules Peyer’s Patches • Aggregates of… • Found in the… Appendix • Blind outpocketing of the… • Contains aggregates of... • Function Lymphoid Organs • Characterized by dense connective tissue capsule. • Lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus, spleen. Lymph Nodes • Filter... • Receive lymph from… • Send lymph to… Lymph Nodes: 3 Main Superficial Locations Lymph Node • Receives from... • Drains into... • Hilus/Hilum • Dense CT capsule • Trabeculae Afferent >> Efferent Lymph Node Cortex • Subcapsular sinus • Cortical sinuses • Diffuse tissue • Follicles • Reticular fibers • B and T Lymphocytes Antigen Challenge Lymph Node Medulla • Medullary sinuses • Medullary cords • Diffuse tissue • Reticular fibers • T Lymphocytes Antigen Challenge Lymph Node Lymph Flow • A • S • C • M • E Lymph Node Blood Flow Spleen Functions of the Spleen • Destroying defective/aged… • Storing… • Storing… • Destroying… • Antigen challenge Capsule – Trabeculae – Reticular Fibers Spleen Blood Flow Splenic Artery Trabecular Arteries Central Arteries Splenic Arterioles Splenic Cords and Sinuses Pulp Veins Trabecular Veins Splenic Vein red pulp Red Pulp and White Pulp Red Pulp and White Pulp red pulp Thymus • Most active during… • No killing. • Function? Thymus Thymus Blood Flow Blood-Thymus Barrier Aging and the Thymus Aging and the Thymus Tonsils • Ring of lymphatic tissue at the... • 3 main types: – P – P – L Tonsils • CT capsule • Oral epithelium • Crypts • Follicles Palatine Tonsils •Located laterally in the posterior oral cavity. •Largest and most often infected. Pharyngeal Tonsils •Located in the posterior nasopharynx. •A.k.a adenoids. Lingual Tonsils Located at the base of the tongue. Tonsils.

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USC 591.4: 591.441: 597/599 MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES of the SPLENIC RED PULP Ph.D. in Biological Sciences, Associate Professor, Du
INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS IN MODERN SCIENCE № 4 (4), 2016 USC 591.4: 591.441: 597/599 MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE SPLENIC RED PULP Ph.D. in Biological Sciences, associate professor, Dunaievska O. F. Zhytomyr National Agroecological University, Ukraine, Zhytomyr The spleen is an important peripheral organ of the sanguification and immune defense. In vertebrates and humans, it is formed by the support- contractile apparatus, as well as by the white and red pulps. The red pulp consists of the soft splenic cords, reticular stromal systems, and sinuses, including vascular structures. The relative area of red pulp is an important test criterion of the organ. It takes from 48,95% to 84,3% in the vertebrates, and from 71,4% to 83,6% in humans. It depends on the class, type, race, sex, breed, the age of animals, or the person's age and physiological state. The indicator of red pulp’s relative area is used as a biomarker in the environment bioindication. Any change of its values indicates the changes of the environmental conditions. Determination of the morphological standards in the organs and tissues according to the animals’ age, species, and breed aspects is used in the prevention of diseases, effective treatment, and getting the high-quality food. The test criteria of the spleen are important while studying the effect of pharmacological drugs, conditions of animal sustentation and feeding. Determination of splenic morphometric parameters is of the great practical importance, particularly in surgery, laboratory diagnostics, and development of the medical measures. Keywords: spleen, morphology, fish, frogs, birds, mammals, human. Spleen belongs to the peripheral organ of the sanguification and immune protection; it is presented in all vertebrates.
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B-Chapter 2.P65
1 2 3 4 CHAPTER 2 / MICROANATOMY OF MAMMALIAN SPLEEN 11 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 2 The Microanatomy 12 13 of the Mammalian Spleen 14 15 Mechanisms of Splenic Clearance 16 17 18 19 FERN TABLIN, VMD, PhD, JACK K. CHAMBERLAIN, MD, FACP, 20 AND LEON WEISS, MD 21 22 23 2.1. INTRODUCTION 2.2.1. CAPSULE AND TRABECULAE The human spleen 24 weighs approx 150 g, in adults, and is enclosed by a capsule com- The spleen is a uniquely adapted lymphoid organ that is dedi- 25 posed of dense connective tissue, with little smooth muscle (Faller, cated to the clearance of blood cells, microorganisms, and other 26 1985; Weiss, 1983, 1985). This arrangement reflects the minimal particles from the blood. This chapter deals with the microanatomy 27 contractile role of the capsule and trabeculae in altering the blood of the spleen, its highly specialized extracellular matrix compo- volume of the human spleen, under normal circumstances. The 28 nents, distinctive vascular endothelial cell receptors, and the extra- capsule measures 1.1–1.5 mm thick, and is covered by a serosa, 29 ordinary organization of the venous vasculature. We also address except at the hilus, where blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics 30 the cellular mechanisms of splenic clearance, which are typified by enter the organ. There are two layers of the capsule: This can be 31 the vascular organization of the spleen; mechanisms and regula- determined by the orientation of collagen fibers (Faller, 1985), 32 tion of clearance, and the development of a unique component; which are moderately thick and uniform, but which become finer 33 specialized barrier cells, which may be essential to the spleen’s in the deeper regions, where the transition to pulp fibers occurs.
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Histology Lecture 7✅
Histology lecture 7!" Edited by: shaimaa zaben ✓It lies high on the Spleen Lymph is formed inside spleen then drained by efferent lymphatic vessels upper left portion of the ✓ The spleen is an oval-shaped intraperitoneal organ abdomen, just beneath ✓ Approximately Don’t memorise numbers the diaphragm, behind 5 inches in height (12-13 cm) the stomach and above 3 inches in width (7-8 cm) the left kidney. 1 inch in thickness (2.5 cm) ✓ It is the largest of the Weighs 7 ounces (200gm) lymphoid organs Lies under ribs 9 to 11 Blood vessels enter and leave spleen through ✓ Has a notched anterior border. hilum Functions Spleen ✓ Filtration of blood (defense against blood- borne antigens) ✓ The main site Pancreas of old RBCs destruction. ✓ Production site of antibodies and activated Lt kidney lymphocytes (which are Duodenum delivered directly into the blood) Dr. Heba Kalbouneh Heba Dr. The splenic artery is the largest branch of the celiac artery. It has a tortuous course as it runs along the upper border Liver of the pancreas. The splenic artery then divides into about six branches, which enter the spleen at the hilum Stomach The splenic artery supplies the spleen as well as large parts of the stomach and pancreas Liver Abdominal Aorta Celiac Trunk Pancreas Lt kidney Splenic artery Duodenum Dr. Heba Kalbouneh Heba Dr. Splenic vein The splenic vein leaves the hilum and runs behind the tail and the body of the pancreas. Behind the neck of the Portal vein pancreas, the splenic vein joins the superior mesenteric vein to form the portal vein Which enters the liver through porta hepatis Superior mesenteric In cases of portal vein hypertension, spleen often enlarges from venous congestion.
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Lymphoid System IUSM – 2016
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Diffuse and Nodular Lymphatic Tissue - to Study the Similarities and Differences of These Two Types of Lymphatic Tissue and to Distinguish One from the Other
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Lymphatic Organs the Lymphatic Organs Are Classified in To: 1
Lymphatic organs The lymphatic organs are classified in to: 1. Primary (central) lymphoid organs: responsible for development and maturation of lymphocytes. It consists of bone marrow and thymus gland. 2. Secondary (peripheral) lymphoid organs: Site where mature lymphocytes react with antigen. It consists of lymph node, spleen, lymphatic tonsil and diffuse lymphatic nodules. Thymus gland A primary lymphatic organ responsible for maturation of T lymphocytes to become immuno-competent (functional). Size of the thymus varies with age: - In infants, it is found in the inferior neck and extends into the mediastinum where it partially overlies the heart. It increases in size and is most active during childhood. - It stops growing during adolescence and then gradually atrophies. Structure: 1. Stroma: - Capsule: Thin CT capsule surrounding the gland - Septa: extend from the inner surface of the capsule into the gland tissue dividing it into lobules. - Epithelial-reticular cells (not reticular connective tissue): ñ don´t form reticular fibers. ñ joined together with desmosome forming the stromal background of the thymus. ñ Important for blood thymic barrier (will be mentioned later). Parenchyma: Thymic lobes contain an outer cortex and inner medulla Cortex: It is the outer dark part of the thymus lobule and contains • Lymphocytes: Most thymic cells are immature T-lymphocytes. They are rapidly dividing and densely packed. • Few macrophages. Medulla: It appears lighter than the cortex: • Few number of mature T lymphocytes • Thymic (Hassall’s) corpuscles: Consisting of concentric whorls of keratinized epithelial cells, which are thought to be degenerate epithelial cells. Recently it is evidenced that Hassall’s corpuscles are involved in the development of a class of T lymphocytes called regulatory T cells, which are important for preventing autoimmune responses.
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Toxicologic Pathology – Immune System of Laboratory Animals
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ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res. 4(10), 60-75
ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res. 4(10), 60-75 Journal Homepage: -www.journalijar.com Article DOI:10.21474/IJAR01/1762 DOI URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/1762 RESEARCH ARTICLE IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CHANGES OF SQUALENE AS AN ADJUVANT. Fatma A. Eid, Maha G. Soliman and Alya M. Aly. Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al- AzharUniversity, Cairo, Egypt. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….... Manuscript Info Abstract ……………………. ……………………………………………………………… Manuscript History Vaccination is a public health measure intended to reduce the incidence of infectious diseases. Just few years ago, the term Received: 12 August 2016 "adjuvant" was officially linked to vaccine and plays a key role in Final Accepted: 19 September 2016 boosting immunogenicity. Squalene as adjuvant of vaccine enhances Published: October 2016 antigen-specific immune responses and expand coverage through dose Key words:- sparing reducing amount of vaccine usage. The objective of this study Squalene is to investigate the possible immunohistochemical activity of cell Immunohistochemistry Proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA) proliferation and histopathological effects of squalene as an adjuvant Spleen of the spleen. Albino rats were injected with two doses of squalene (AS03) at interval three weeks between them. Results obtained in the present study showed that squalene as adjuvant contributed to magnification of immune response, exemplified by increasing proliferating cell nuclear antigen in immune cells. Squaleneoverstimulates the splenic tissue where they direct the type, magnitude and quality of the adaptive immune response, rather than some histopathological observations. Long period group has adverse events that showed slowly recovery after the squalene treatment. Copy Right, IJAR, 2016,. All rights reserved …………………………………………………………………………………………………….... Introduction:- The theory of stimulating the body‘s immune response is the basis underlying vaccination.
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The Lymphoid System: a Review of Species Differences
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Hematolymphoid-System.Pdf
Toxicologic Pathology 2019, Vol. 47(6) 665-783 ª The Author(s) 2019 Nonproliferative and Proliferative Article reuse guidelines: sagepub.com/journals-permissions Lesions of the Rat and Mouse DOI: 10.1177/0192623319867053 journals.sagepub.com/home/tpx Hematolymphoid System 1 2,c Cynthia L. Willard-Mack, (Chair) , Susan A. Elmore , 3 4,e,g 5,f William C. Hall , Johannes Harleman , C. Frieke Kuper , 6,a 7,d,g 8,g Patricia Losco , Jerold E. Rehg , Christine Ru¨ hl-Fehlert , 9,d,g 10,b 11 Jerrold M. Ward , Daniel Weinstock , Alys Bradley , 12 13 14 Satoru Hosokawa , Gail Pearse , Beth W. Mahler , 2 15 Ronald A. Herbert , and Charlotte M. Keenan Abstract The INHAND Project (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for Lesions in Rats and Mice) is a joint initiative of the Societies of Toxicologic Pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP), and North America (STP) to develop an internationally accepted nomenclature for proliferative and nonproliferative changes in rats and mice. The purpose of this publication is to provide a standardized nomenclature for classifying changes observed in the hematolymphoid organs, including the bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, and other lymphoid tissues (serosa-associated lymphoid clusters and tertiary lymphoid structures) with color photomicrographs illustrating examples of the lesions. Sources of material included histopathology databases from government, academia, and industrial laboratories throughout the world. Content includes spontaneous lesions as well as lesions induced by exposure to test materials. The nomenclature for these organs is divided into 3 terminologies: descriptive, conventional, and enhanced.
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The Immune System & Lymphoid Organs
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM & LYMPHOID ORGANS THE IMMUNE SYSTEM & LYMPHOID ORGANS: • The body has a system of cells—the immune system—that has the ability to distinguish "self" (the organism's own molecules) from "nonself" (foreign substances). • This system has the ability to neutralize or inactivate foreign molecules (such as soluble molecules as well as molecules present in viruses, bacteria, and parasites) and to destroy microorganisms or other cells (such as virus-infected cells, cells of transplanted organs, and cancer cells). • On occasion, the immune system of an individual reacts against its own normal body tissues or molecules, causing autoimmune diseases. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM • The cells of the immune system are distributed throughout the body in the blood, lymph, and epithelial and connective tissues; are arranged in small spherical nodules called lymphoid nodules found in connective tissues and inside several organs; and are organized as differently sized organs called lymphoid organs—the lymph nodes, the spleen, the thymus, and the bone marrow. • Lymphoid nodules and isolated cells of the immune system found in the mucosa of the digestive system (tonsils, Peyer's patches, and appendix), the respiratory system, the reproductive system, and the urinary system are collectively known as mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) and may be considered a lymphoid organ. • The wide distribution of immune system cells and the constant traffic of lymphocytes through the blood, lymph, connective tissues, and lymphoid organs provide the body with an elaborate and efficient system of surveillance and defense. Antigens • A molecule that is recognized by cells of the immune system is called an antigen and may elicit a response from these cells.
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Lymphatic System
Lymphatic System Dr. Heba Kalbouneh Associate Professor of Anatomy and Histology Lymphatic system The lymphatic system consists of lymphatic fluid, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissue, and lymphatic organs located throughout the tissues of the body. It functions to: 1- Drain excess interstitial fluid from the tissues and return to blood stream 2- Initiate an immune response against disease by producing and transporting lymphocytes 3- Transport dietary lipids absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract into the blood. Dr. Heba Kalbouneh Tonsils Lymph is a colorless fluid that floats in the lymphatic vessels. It is similar in composition to Thymus Spleen blood plasma Peyer patch Lymphatic vessels are thin vessels that (small intestine) accompany arteries and veins throughout the Lymphatic vessels body and transport lymph. Lymphatic tissue is a specialized form of reticular connective tissue that is composed of masses of lymphocytes. These either occur alone as lymph nodules (follicles) or are organized into various lymphatic organs. Bone marrow Lymph nodes Lymphatic organs include the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and red bone marrow Dr. Heba Kalbouneh Fluid balance The tissues of the body are supplied by blood Fluid similar to blood plasma, called capillaries that bring oxygen-rich blood and interstitial fluid, leaches from these remove carbon dioxide-rich blood. vessels into the surrounding tissue. Around 20 liters of fluid leaves the arterial Lymphatic vessels function to drain this capillaries every day, but only 17 liters excess fluid from the tissues as lymph of fluid returns to the venous capillaries. and return this fluid to the blood. Arterial side Venous side Dr. Heba Kalbouneh Dr.
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