DOCSLIB.ORG

China's UHV Grid: Exporting Power in an Age of Overcapacity

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
China's UHV Grid: Exporting Power in an Age of Overcapacity June 2017 TLG on Since the publication of our previous UHV Lines: Shaping the Future of China’s Power China’s UHV Sector Landscape in January 2016, China has made significant progress constructing and commissioning Ultra High Voltage (UHV) projects approved in 2015 and 2016. Grid: Exporting However, China has granted no new approvals to date in 2017. Power in an In this edition of TLG on, we update our views on China’s expanding UHV grid, comment on more recent developments, including the current pause, and suggest possible new Age of directions for future UHV projects. Overcapacity Key Points • As of March 2017, China’s UHV network stretched across 18,000km; a further seven projects currently under construction will extend this out to 30,000km. The 13th Five Year Plan has overseen a major expansion of the network, but the grid still lags original plans. • The recent apparent pause in further UHV approvals reflects several factors. First, the technical challenge of interconnecting China’s vast power system cannot be underestimated. Second, UHV expansion is likely producing less benefit than originally expected due to slowing growth in electricity consumption and the near ubiquitous problem of overcapacity. Finding a suitable province that can receive surplus power has become harder as almost all provinces now have some degree of oversupply or prefer to build their own capacity to meet expected future demand Hu, X & Yao, I (2017) China’s UHV Grid: in order to retain both tax revenue and employment opportunities. Ambitious Exporting Power in an Age of Overcapacity. TLG On 4(6) The Lantau Group (HK) Limited renewable targets have only exacerbated this oversupply. • Development plans for coal, hydro and renewable capacity additions all affect the prospects for new UHV projects. The cancellation of new coal capacity will likely TLG on is The Lantau Group’s in-house journal addressing current energy issues, and their delay associated UHV projects while renewable generation capacity may not be policy and economic implications, facing the reliable enough to support UHV lines unaided. Further, while Sichuan and Yunnan Asia Pacific region. provinces are both capable of substantial hydro additions, there appears to have been little appetite to approve new UHV lines out of these provinces. At least part Editors: Leo Lester and Mike Thomas of the problem lies in poor national and regional coordination. Power planning lies with different levels of authorities, and this exacerbates the problems of coordinating Please contact Leo ([email protected]) successful inter-provincial power flows as each province independently seeks to for more information on the series, or if you would like to submit an abstract or manuscript build out its own new capacity, reducing any need for power imports or the UHV for consideration. lines that would carry it. 1 | The Build-Out Has Continued In total, China had commissioned fourteen UHV projects by the end of March 2017. Six of these were alternative current (AC), with a total route length of about 4,000km and a combined transmission capacity of nearly 39GW. The other eight were direct current (DC) projects with a combined route length of 14,750km and a total capacity of 55.6GW. Together, these new lines had, as of the end of March 2017, brought China’s total UHV transmission route length close to 19,000km, with a nationwide capacity of 94GW. At the end of March 2017, 1 China’s total UHV An additional seven other UHV projects are under construction. Six of these (with a transmission route length was combined length of 10,331km and capacity of 55GW) use DC technology, and all but one are expected to be completed by the end of 2017. The DC project connecting roughly 19,000km, with a Dianxibei (in Yunnan province) to Shenzhen will be commissioned first on a monopolar2 capacity of 94GW. Projects basis in 2017 and will achieve bipolar status in 2018. The seventh project is an AC line currently under construction connecting Yuheng in Shaanxi to Weifang in Shandong; it will be China’s longest UHV will boost this to over AC project to date. 30,000km and 155GW. When all these UHV projects are commissioned, China’s overall UHV transmission route length will reach over 30,000km, and total capacity will exceed 155GW. This marks a significant increase in both length and capacity over the current UHV grid (see Table 1 for a list of past and current UHV grid expansion projects). Of this total, 98GW was either commissioned after 2015 or remains under construction. This represents three quarters of the 130GW of inter-provincial and inter-regional transmission capacity planned for in the 13th FYP Electric Power Development Plan (covering 2016 to 2020).3 Clearly China has stepped up its UHV development activity to an extraordinary degree. Table 1: The Building of China’s UHV Grid - UHV Projects Commissioned or Under Construction as of March 2017 UHV Project Approval Construc- Commis- AC/ Voltage Length Capacity Dominant Fuel Date tion Start sion Date DC (kV) (km) (MW) at Source Date Jindongnan- Aug-06 Dec-06 Jan-09 AC 1000 650 5000 Coal Nanyang-Jingmen Yunnan- Dec-06 Dec-06 Jun-10 DC ±800 1374 5000 Hydro Guangdong Xiangjiaba- Apr-07 Dec-07 Jul-10 DC ±800 1907 6400 Hydro Shanghai Jinping-Sunan Nov-08 Dec-09 Dec-12 DC ±800 2059 7200 Hydro Nuozhadu- Jul-11 Dec-11 Sep-13 DC ±800 1413 5000 Hydro Guangdong Huainan-Zhebei- Sep-11 Oct-11 Sep-13 AC 1000 650 6000 Coal Shanghai Southern Hami- May-12 May-12 Jan-14 DC ±800 2210 8000 Coal + Wind + Zhengzhou Solar Xiluodu-Zhejiang Jul-12 Jul-12 Jul-14 DC ±800 1680 8000 Hydro Fuzhou-Zhejiang Mar-13 Apr-13 Dec-14 AC 1000 603 6800 Nuclear North Huainan-Nanjing- Apr-14 Nov-14 Dec-16 AC 1000 780 6000 Coal Shanghai Ximeng-Jinan Jul-14 Nov-14 Jul-16 AC 1000 730 9000 Coal + Wind Ningdong- Aug-14 Nov-14 Aug-16 DC ±800 1720 8000 Coal + Solar Zhejiang Mengxi-South Jan-15 Mar-15 Nov-16 AC 1000 608 6000 Coal + Wind + Tianjin Solar Yuheng-Weifang May-15 May-15 expected AC 1000 1049 6000 Coal Jun-17 Jiuquan-Hunan May-15 Jun-15 Mar-17 DC ±800 2388 8000 Coal + Wind + Solar 1 A further project (approved in January 2016; construction started in April 2016; expected start date in June 2017) is unusual iin being wholly within a single province, linking seven power stations to the Ximeng substation, which goes on to feed the Ximeng-Jinan UHV AC and Ximeng-Taizhou UHV DC lines. The UHV link is not used for long-distance transmission and is excluded from our discussion. 2 This means that the transmission capacity will be half of the designed capacity initially. 3 See NDRC and NEA, The 13th Electric Power Development Plan of China, 2016. 2 | UHV Project Approval Construc- Commis- AC/ Voltage Length Capacity Dominant Fuel Date tion Start sion Date DC (kV) (km) (MW) at Source Date Jinbei-Nanjing Jun-15 Jun-15 expected DC ±800 1100 8000 Coal 2017 Ximeng-Taizhou Oct-15 Dec-15 expected DC ±800 1641 10000 Coal + Wind 2017 Shanghaimiao- Dec-15 Dec-15 expected DC ±800 1238 10000 Coal + Wind + Shandong 2017 Solar Zhundong- Dec-15 Jan-16 expected DC ±1100 3324 12000 Coal + Solar Huainan end of 2017 Dianxibei- Dec-15 Feb-16 expected DC ±800 1828 5000 Hydro Shenzhen bipolar 2018 Zhalute- Aug-16 Aug-16 expected DC ±800 1200 10000 Coal + Wind Shandong 2017 TOTAL 30,152 155,400 Source: TLG based on various government publishes and media reports. The latest development of China’s UHV systems is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: China’s UHV Systems Completed, Under Construction and Proposed Ximeng Mengxi Jinbei East West Beijing Beijing Inter-region grid connections: Jingbian Jinzhong Jina unlikely under current planning Shijiazhuang conditions n Weifang Jindongnan Yubei Ya’an to Changshou: development Lianyungang is likely on hold as an alternative Xuzhou 500kV route is under construction Nanyang Taizhou Huainan Nanjing Suzhou Wanxian Ya’an Wannan Huxi Jingmen Wuhan Zhebei Leshan Zhezhong Changsha Wenzhou Fuzhou AC Substation UHV AC in Operation UHV AC under construction UHV AC approved UHV AC proposed Zhalute Zhundong Hami (North) Hami (South) Ximeng Mengxi Shanghaimiao Jingbei Jiuquan Ningdong The destinations of Qingdao these lines are unlikely under current Qingzhou market conditions Zhengzhou Linyi Nanjing Taizhou Suzhou Wuhan Large hydropower Fengxian capacity and high Chengdu Yubei Xuancheng curtailment rates raise Xiangjiaba Shaoxing the need for more export Xiangtan Jinping transmission capacity Jinhua Dianxibei Xiluodu DC Terminal Chuxiong Guangzhou UHV DC in Operation Nuozhadu UHV DC under construction Shenzhen Jiangmen UHV DC approved UHV DC proposed Source: Government and press releases, TLG analysis. Note: Provincial colours denote regional grids. Taupe ellipses denote major power demand load centres. 3 | Despite this apparent progress, however, the overall development still lags State Grid’s original UHV targets for 2020.4 Moreover, it is clearer now that several UHV projects which previously appeared highly likely to gain approvals are no longer being actively considered. For example, the NEA’s approval of the third 500kV transmission corridor The UHV grid’s rapid between Sichuan and Chongqing as a solution to Sichuan’s hydropower surplus has led development still lags original to the cancellation of the UHV AC line from Ya’an (Sichuan) to Wuhan (Hubei). Neither 2020 targets. The problem Sichuan nor Chongqing is short of power, even in the dry season. With its substantial lies in finding destination hydropower, Sichuan is looking for export destinations, especially for during the wet markets willing to accept the season.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Economic Overview and Opportunities of Shandong Province
    ECONOMIC OVERVIEW AND OPPORTUNITIES OF SHANDONG PROVINCE ECONOMIC OVERVIEW AND OPPORTUNITIES OF SHANDONG PROVINCE ECONOMIC OVERVIEW AND OPPORTUNITIES OF SHANDONG PROVINCE 2 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW AND OPPORTUNITIES OF SHANDONG PROVINCE December 2016 NETHERLANDS BUSINESS SUPPORT OFFICE JINAN & QINGDAO Mr. Roland Brouwer (Chief Representative NBSO Jinan & Qingdao) Mr. Peng Liu (Deputy Representative NBSO Jinan) Ms. Sarah Xiao (Deputy Representative NBSO Qingdao) Ms. Xiaoming Liu (Commercial Assistant NBSO Jinan & Qingdao) Cover photo: night view of Qingdao coastline This report is part of a series of economic overviews of important regions in China1, initiated and developed by the Netherlands Economic Network in China. For more information about the Netherlands economic network and its publications, please visit www.zakendoeninchina.org or contact the Dutch embassy in Beijing at [email protected]. Unauthorized use, disclosure or copying without permission of the publisher is strictly prohibited. The information contained herein, including any expression of opinion, analyses, charting or tables, and statistics has been obtained from or is based upon sources believed to be reliable but is not guaranteed as to accuracy or completeness. 1 The composers of this document have done their best to credit the rightful sources of the data and images used. If, despite the efforts there still are sources not authorized, they are invited to contact [email protected] and [email protected]. 3 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW AND OPPORTUNITIES OF SHANDONG PROVINCE CONTENTS This report provides an overview of the economy of China’s coastal province Shandong; what it is today and in which direction it is heading. We introduce both key cities in Shandong and the roles they play in Shandong’s economy and main industries.
    [Show full text]
  • The Work of Hanns Seidel Foundation in China and Mongolia
    Project Work of the Hanns Seidel training workshops, compiling subject-specific Foreign Language” was set up. In the process of Foundation: media such as curricula and training plans, and deepening scientific cooperation, the key factor is other vocational training materials. In the currently, among others, the promotion of inter- province of cultural communication as an academic discipline China & Mongolia Gansu and and, in parallel, the development and trial of a China Mongolia neighbouring Master’s programme with a subsidiary subject (e.g. provinces, the business tourism). Together with its core partners, the Ministry of intensive trai- Education, the Chinese People’s Association for ning of teach- The Hanns Seidel Foundation has now been active Friendship with Foreign Countries, the Party ers and tutors in MONGOLIA for over 10 years. We have been School of the Central Committee of the C.P.C. at support cen- working since 1995 with the Mongolian Govern- and the All-China Women’s Federation, the tre schools has ment, represented by the Ministry of Justice and Foundation has actively supported development made it possible to establish a vocational, practice Home Affairs and other partners in the legal field. policy in the PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA oriented training programme in the field of In 1993, the Mongolian Government requested since 1982. The aim of this cooperation is to act as a automobile technology. Since 1999, a total of more support from the Hanns Seidel Foundation with partner to the People’s Republic of China in its far- than 30 master automobile technicians have been reforms in the legal and administrative fields.
    [Show full text]
  • Filed By: [email protected], Filed Date: 1/7/20 11:04 PM, Submission Status: Approved Page 47 of 123 Barcode:3927422-02 A-351-853 INV - Investigation
    Barcode:3927422-02 A-351-853 INV - Investigation - Company Name Address E-mail Phone Website Estrada Municipal - CDR 455, S / N | km 1 Castilian 55 49 3561-3248 and 55- Adami S/A Madeiras Caçador (SC) | Postal Code 89514-899 B [email protected] 49-9184-1887 http://www.adami.com.br/ Rua Distrito Industrial - Quadra 06 - lote 03 - Setor D, Advantage Florestal Ananindeua - PA, 67035-330, Brazil [email protected] 55(91) 3017-5565 https://advantageflorestal.com.br/contact-us/ São Josafat, 1850 Street - Clover - Prudentópolis AFFONSO DITZEL & CIA LTDA Paraná - Brazil - ZIP Code 84400-000 [email protected] 55 42 3446-1440 https://www.affonsoditzel.com/index.php AG Intertrade [email protected] 55 41 3015-5002 http://www.agintertrade.com.br/en/home-2/ General Câmara Street, 243/601 55-51-2217-7344 and Araupel SA 90010-230 - Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil [email protected] 55-51-3254-8900 http://www.araupel.com.br/ Rua Félix da Cunha, 1009 – 8º andar CEP: 90570-001 [email protected] and 55 43 3535-8300 and 55- Braspine Madeiras Ltda. Porto Alegre – RS [email protected] 42-3271-3000 http://www.braspine.com.br/en/home/ R. Mal. Floriano Peixoto, 1811 - 12° andar, Sala 124 - Brazil South Lumber Centro, Guarapuava - PR, 85010-250, Brazil [email protected] 55 42 3622-9185 http://brazilsouthlumber.com.br/?lang=en Curupaitis Street, 701 - Curitiba - Paraná - Brazil - ZIP COMERCIAL EXPORTADORA WK LTDA Code 80.310-180 [email protected] http://wktrading.com.br/ 24 de Outubro Street,
    [Show full text]
  • The Late Northern Dynasties Buddhist Statues at Qingzhou and the Qingzhou Style
    The Late Northern Dynasties Buddhist Statues at Qingzhou and the Qingzhou Style Liu Fengjun Keywords: late Northern Dynasties Qingzhou area Buddhist statues Qingzhou style In recent years fragmentary Buddhist statues have been Northern Qi period. (3) In the winter of 1979, 40 small frequently unearthed in large numbers in Qingzhou 青州 and large fragmentary statues and some lotus socles were and the surrounding area, including Boxing 博兴, discovered at the Xingguo Temple 兴国寺 site in Gaoqing 高青, Wudi 无棣, Linqu 临朐, Zhucheng 诸 Qingzhou, mainly produced between the end of North- 城, and Qingdao 青岛. Especially notable are the large ern Wei and Northern Qi period. There were also two quantities of statues at the site of the Longxing Temple Buddha head sculptures of the Sui and Tang periods. (4) 龙兴寺 at Qingzhou. The discovery of these statues drew In the 1970s, seven stone statues were discovered at great attention from academic circles. The significance He’an 何庵 Village, Wudi County. Four of them bear of these statues is manifold. I merely intend to under take Northern Qi dates. (5) In November 1987, one single a tentative study of the causes and date of the destruction round Bodhisattva stone sculpture of the Eastern Wei of the Buddhist statues and of the artistic features of the period and one round Buddhist stone sculpture of the Qingzhou style statues. Northern Qi period were discovered on the South Road of Qingzhou. Both works were painted colorfully and I. Fragmentary Buddhist Statues of the Late partly gilt. They were preserved intact and remained Northern Dynasties Unearthed in the Qingzhou Area colorful.
    [Show full text]
  • Cereal Series/Protein Series Jiangxi Cowin Food Co., Ltd. Huangjindui
    产品总称 委托方名称(英) 申请地址(英) Huangjindui Industrial Park, Shanggao County, Yichun City, Jiangxi Province, Cereal Series/Protein Series Jiangxi Cowin Food Co., Ltd. China Folic acid/D-calcium Pantothenate/Thiamine Mononitrate/Thiamine East of Huangdian Village (West of Tongxingfengan), Kenli Town, Kenli County, Hydrochloride/Riboflavin/Beta Alanine/Pyridoxine Xinfa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Dongying City, Shandong Province, 257500, China Hydrochloride/Sucralose/Dexpanthenol LMZ Herbal Toothpaste Liuzhou LMZ Co.,Ltd. No.282 Donghuan Road,Liuzhou City,Guangxi,China Flavor/Seasoning Hubei Handyware Food Biotech Co.,Ltd. 6 Dongdi Road, Xiantao City, Hubei Province, China SODIUM CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE(CMC) ANQIU EAGLE CELLULOSE CO., LTD Xinbingmaying Village, Linghe Town, Anqiu City, Weifang City, Shandong Province No. 569, Yingerle Road, Economic Development Zone, Qingyun County, Dezhou, biscuit Shandong Yingerle Hwa Tai Food Industry Co., Ltd Shandong, China (Mainland) Maltose， Malt Extract， Dry Malt Extract， Barley Extract Guangzhou Heliyuan Foodstuff Co.,LTD Mache Village, Shitan Town, Zengcheng, Guangzhou，Guangdong，China No.3, Xinxing Road, Wuqing Development Area, Tianjin Hi-tech Industrial Park, Non-Dairy Whip Topping\PREMIX Rich Bakery Products(Tianjin)Co.,Ltd. Tianjin, China. Edible oils and fats / Filling of foods/Milk Beverages TIANJIN YOSHIYOSHI FOOD CO., LTD. No. 52 Bohai Road, TEDA, Tianjin, China Solid beverage/Milk tea mate（Non dairy creamer）/Flavored 2nd phase of Diqiuhuanpo, Economic Development Zone, Deqing County, Huzhou Zhejiang Qiyiniao Biological Technology Co., Ltd. concentrated beverage/ Fruit jam/Bubble jam City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China Solid beverage/Flavored concentrated beverage/Concentrated juice/ Hangzhou Jiahe Food Co.,Ltd No.5 Yaojia Road Gouzhuang Liangzhu Street Yuhang District Hangzhou Fruit Jam Production of Hydrolyzed Vegetable Protein Powder/Caramel Color/Red Fermented Rice Powder/Monascus Red Color/Monascus Yellow Shandong Zhonghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd.
    [Show full text]
  • Scale Transition and Structure–Function Synergy Differentiation of Rural Residential Land: a Dimensionality Reduction Transmission Process from Macro to Micro Scale
    land Article Scale Transition and Structure–Function Synergy Differentiation of Rural Residential Land: A Dimensionality Reduction Transmission Process from Macro to Micro Scale Yanbo Qu 1, Xiaozhen Dong 1, Lingyun Zhan 1, Hongyun Si 1,* , Zongli Ping 2 and Weiya Zhu 2 1 School of Public Administration and Policy, Shandong University of Finance and Economics, Jinan 250014, China; [email protected] (Y.Q.); [email protected] (X.D.); [email protected] (L.Z.) 2 Shandong Institute of Territorial and Spatial Planning, Jinan 250014, China; [email protected] (Z.P.); [email protected] (W.Z.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: In order to enhance the scientific understanding of the transition law of rural residential areas and enrich the theory and method system of land use transition research, this article takes Shandong Province as an example and constructs a comprehensive research framework of rural residential land scale, structure, and function from the perspective of the combination of the macro and micro scales based on differences between the rural residential areas in the region and the village scale forms. Using model quantitative analysis and horizontal comparative analysis methods, this paper explores the process characteristics of rural residential land use scale transition and the Citation: Qu, Y.; Dong, X.; Zhan, L.; corresponding stage differentiation law of spatial structure and system function. Research has Si, H.; Ping, Z.; Zhu, W. Scale shown that the stage characteristics of the scale transition of rural residential land use in Shandong Transition and Structure–Function Province in the past 10 years are significant.
    [Show full text]
  • Qingzhou Press Release (FINAL)
    FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Rare 1,400 year old sculptures from Qingzhou at the Peranakan Museum – Only venue in Southeast Asia 14 January 2009, Singapore: Travel 1,400 years back in time to the period when Buddhist art was at its peak in China at Serenity in Stone: The Qingzhou Discovery , the newest exhibition held in the Peranakan Museum. Organised by the Asian Civilisations Museum (ACM), in collaboration with the Art Gallery of New South Wales, this exhibition will be on show from 16 January to 26 April 2009. Visitors can expect to see 35 of the best preserved and most exquisite sculptures from Qingzhou, Shandong Province, northeast China, set in a serene and calming ambience. The discovery of these sculptures took place in 1996, when construction workers were levelling the ground to build a school sports field. Over 400 limestone sculptures dating back to the 6 th century CE during the Northern Wei, Eastern Wei and Northern Qi dynasties were found in a pit measuring 8.7 by 6.8 metres, and 2 metres deep. Archaeologists found that the sculptures were carefully buried, as though it was part of a ritual – however the reason for their burial still remains a mystery. The sculptures had lain undisturbed for over 800 years, and many still retain traces of paint and gold leaf, which gives us an idea of the splendour of their original decoration. This “accidental” find has become one of the more significant archeological finds of the 20 th century. Page 1 of 3 Dr. Kenson Kwok, Director, ACM said, “I was first captivated by these sculptures some ten years ago when I was in Beijing at a time when a large number of pieces from the Qingzhou discovery were on display in a special exhibition at the National History Museum in Tiananmen Square.
    [Show full text]
  • M Beneficiaries of the Greater Bay Area's Transition to Low- Carbon
    MM October 13, 2019 10:43 PM GMT China's Urbanization 2.0 Beneficiaries of the Greater Bay Area's Transition to Low- Carbon Energy Nuclear is the best option for GBA's transition to low carbon. We double upgrade CGN Power to OW and upgrade HKEI to OW. Morgan Stanley does and seeks to do business with companies covered in Morgan Stanley Research. As a result, investors should be aware that the firm may have a conflict of interest that could affect the objectivity of Morgan Stanley Research. Investors should consider Morgan Stanley Research as only a single factor in making their investment decision. For analyst certification and other important disclosures, refer to the Disclosure Section, located at the end of this report. += Analysts employed by non-U.S. affiliates are not registered with FINRA, may not be associated persons of the member and may not be subject to NASD/NYSE restrictions on communications with a subject company, public appearances and trading securities held by a research analyst account. MM Contributors MORGAN STANLEY ASIA LIMITED+ MORGAN STANLEY ASIA LIMITED+ Simon H.Y. Lee, CFA Beryl Wang Equity Analyst Research Associate +852 2848-1985 +852 3963-3643 [email protected] [email protected] MORGAN STANLEY ASIA LIMITED+ MORGAN STANLEY ASIA LIMITED+ Yishu Yan Eva Hou Research Associate Equity Analyst +852 3963-2846 +852 2848-6964 [email protected] [email protected] MM China's Urbanization 2.0 Beneficiaries of the Greater Bay Area's Transition to Low- Carbon Energy uclear is the best option for GBA's transition to low carbon.
    [Show full text]
  • The People's Liberation Army's 37 Academic Institutions the People's
    The People’s Liberation Army’s 37 Academic Institutions Kenneth Allen • Mingzhi Chen Printed in the United States of America by the China Aerospace Studies Institute ISBN: 9798635621417 To request additional copies, please direct inquiries to Director, China Aerospace Studies Institute, Air University, 55 Lemay Plaza, Montgomery, AL 36112 Design by Heisey-Grove Design All photos licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license, or under the Fair Use Doctrine under Section 107 of the Copyright Act for nonprofit educational and noncommercial use. All other graphics created by or for China Aerospace Studies Institute E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.airuniversity.af.mil/CASI Twitter: https://twitter.com/CASI_Research | @CASI_Research Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/CASI.Research.Org LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/11049011 Disclaimer The views expressed in this academic research paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the U.S. Government or the Department of Defense. In accordance with Air Force Instruction 51-303, Intellectual Property, Patents, Patent Related Matters, Trademarks and Copyrights; this work is the property of the U.S. Government. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights Reproduction and printing is subject to the Copyright Act of 1976 and applicable treaties of the United States. This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This publication is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal, academic, or governmental use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete however, it is requested that reproductions credit the author and China Aerospace Studies Institute (CASI).
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Register/Vol. 83, No. 221/Thursday, November 15, 2018/Notices
    Federal Register / Vol. 83, No. 221 / Thursday, November 15, 2018 / Notices 57411 of Gildan Yarns, LLC, located in at http://access.trade.gov in accordance collapse them for respondent selection Salisbury, North Carolina, as described with 19 CFR 351.303.1 Such purposes. Otherwise, Commerce will in the application and Federal Register submissions are subject to verification not collapse companies for purposes of notice. in accordance with section 782(i) of the respondent selection. Parties are Dated: November 8, 2018. Tariff Act of 1930, as amended (the Act). requested to (a) identify which companies subject to review previously Gary Taverman, Further, in accordance with 19 CFR 351.303(f)(1)(i), a copy must be served were collapsed, and (b) provide a Deputy Assistant Secretary for Antidumping citation to the proceeding in which they and Countervailing Duty Operations, on every party on Commerce’s service performing the non-exclusive functions and list. were collapsed. Further, if companies are requested to complete the Quantity duties of the Assistant Secretary for Respondent Selection Enforcement and Compliance, Alternate and Value (Q&V) Questionnaire for Chairman, Foreign-Trade Zones Board. In the event Commerce limits the purposes of respondent selection, in [FR Doc. 2018–24934 Filed 11–14–18; 8:45 am] number of respondents for individual general each company must report BILLING CODE 3510–DS–P examination for administrative reviews volume and value data separately for initiated pursuant to requests made for itself. Parties should not include data the orders identified below, Commerce for any other party, even if they believe DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE intends to select respondents based on they should be treated as a single entity U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Register/Vol. 85, No. 62/Tuesday, March 31, 2020/Notices
    Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 62 / Tuesday, March 31, 2020 / Notices 17855 IV. Request for Comments Dated: March 25, 2020. Dated: March 25, 2020. Andrew McGilvray, Jeffrey I. Kessler, Comments are invited on: (a) Whether Executive Secretary. Assistant Secretary for Enforcement and the proposed collection of information Compliance, Alternate Chairman, Foreign- [FR Doc. 2020–06637 Filed 3–30–20; 8:45 am] is necessary for the proper performance Trade Zones Board. BILLING CODE 3510–DS–P of the functions of the agency, including [FR Doc. 2020–06636 Filed 3–30–20; 8:45 am] whether the information will have BILLING CODE 3510–DS–P practical utility; (b) the accuracy of the DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE agency’s estimate of the burden DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE (including hours and cost) of the Foreign-Trade Zones Board proposed collection of information; (c) ways to enhance the quality, utility, and International Trade Administration [Order No. 2094] clarity of the information to be [A–570–106] collected; and (d) ways to minimize the Approval of Subzone Status; Frank’s burden of the collection of information Wooden Cabinets and Vanities and International, LLC, New Iberia and Components Thereof From the on respondents, including through the Lafayette, Louisiana use of automated collection techniques People’s Republic of China: Corrected Notice of Final Affirmative or other forms of information Pursuant to its authority under the technology. Determination of Sales at Less Than Foreign-Trade Zones Act of June 18, Fair Value Comments submitted in response to 1934, as amended (19 U.S.C. 81a–81u), this notice will be summarized and/or the Foreign-Trade Zones Board (the AGENCY: Enforcement and Compliance, included in the request for OMB Board) adopts the following Order: International Trade Administration, Department of Commerce.
    [Show full text]
  • Bicycle Evolution in China: from the 1900S to the Present
    Bicycle Evolution in China: From the 1900s to the Present Hua Zhang School of Humanities & Economic Management, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, Peoples Republic of China Susan A. Shaheen Transportation Sustainability Research Center (TSRC), University of California, Berkeley, California, USA Xingpeng Chen College of Earth and Environmental Science (CEES), Lanzhou University, Peoples Republic of China ABSTRACT This article examines four phases in bicycle evolution in China from initial entry and slow growth (1900s to 1978), to rapid growth (1978 to 1995), bicycle use reduction (1995 to 2002), and policy diversification (2002 to present). Two bicycle innovations, electric bikes, and public bikesharing (the shared use of a bicycle fleet), are also explored in this article. Electric bikes could provide a transitional mode on the pathway to bicycle and public transportation integration or to small battery electric cars. Four lessons have been learned from China’s electric bike experience relevant to government policy and management. Public bikesharing represents an important step towards integrating the bicycle with bus, metro, and rail systems. Five early operational lessons have been identified from China’s limited public bikesharing experience. Key Words: bicycle, China, electric bike, evolution, public bikesharing 1. INTRODUCTION The bicycle has developed in China since the 1900s and has been a mainstay in the nation’s transportation system since the late-1970s due to relatively low incomes, compact urban construction, and short trip distances. After the mid-1990s, however, bicycle use steadily decreased as a result of economic growth, increased urbanization, expanded city areas, and a gradually deteriorating cycling environment. For example, as the Chinese Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development declared, bicycle modal share declined from 54% in 1986 to 23% in 2007 in Beijing and from 30% in 1995 to 4% in 2007 in Shenzhen.
    [Show full text]