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Universidad Nacional Del Sur UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SUR TESIS DE DOCTOR EN BIOLOGÍA Dinámica planctónica y transferencia de biotoxinas marinas a la Ballena Franca Austral (Eubalaena australis) a través de su alimentación en los golfos Nuevo y San José, Península Valdés, Chubut Valeria C. D’Agostino BAHIA BLANCA ARGENTINA (Año 2016) PREFACIO Esta Tesis se presenta como parte de los requisitos para optar al grado Académico de Doctor en Biología, de la Universidad Nacional del Sur y no ha sido presentada previamente para la obtención de otro título en ésta u otra universidad. La misma contiene los resultados obtenidos en investigaciones llevadas a cabo en el ámbito del Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos CESIMAR-CCT-CENPAT y el Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía IADO - Centro Científico Tecnológico de Bahía Blanca (CCTBB) - UNS, ambos dependientes del Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) durante el período comprendido entre el 20 de mayo de 2014 y el 29 de noviembre de 2016, bajo la dirección de la Doctora Mónica Hoffmeyer (IADO – CONICET) y la codirección de la Doctora Mariana Degrati (CESIMAR-CONICET). Lic. Valeria C. D‘Agostino UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SUR Secretaría General de Posgrado y Educación Continua La presente tesis ha sido aprobada el .…/.…/.….. , mereciendo la calificación de ......(……………………) A mi máma María del Carmen y mi papá Miguel, a mis hermanos Romina y José y especialmente a Maxi. Agradecimientos Considero que ésta es una de las secciones más complicadas de escribir, no me quiero olvidar de nadie y a la vez es difícil expresar con palabras la gratitud que tengo hacia cada una de las personas que colaboraron en la realización de esta tesis. Así, quiero expresar mi más sincero agradecimiento: A mis directoras Mónica Hoffmeyer y Mariana Degrati, por confiar en mí para llevar a cabo este trabajo y por acompañarme en esta etapa de aprendizaje. Muchas gracias Mónica por compartir conmigo tus conocimientos, por acortar la distancia con tu constante asistencia y por permitirme formar parte de tu grupo de trabajo. Muchas gracias Mariana por tu guía cotidiana y tu asistencia tanto en esta etapa de redacción, como durante los trabajos de campo. A Silvana Dans, mi codirectora ante CONICET, por sus valiosas sugerencias durante el desarrollo de esta tesis doctoral y por las escapaditas, más de una vez, al campo. Al Laboratorio de Zooplancton del Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía-IADO (CCTBB-CONICET). Y a los chicos de Bahía: Sofi, Ani, Maxi, Román, Euge, Ceci, Javi, Dani; Uds. no se dan una idea lo importante que fue su ayuda en muchos momentos. Asimismo muchas gracias a Florencia Biancalana, Melisa Fernández Serverini y Diana Villagran Wagner por brindarme su ayuda cuando la necesité. Al Laboratorio de Mamíferos Marinos del Centro para el Estudios de Sistemas Marinos CCT CENPAT-CONICET. Principalmente al Dr. Enrique Crespo y a cada uno de los que me brindó su ayuda o compartimos un mate, gracias: Néstor, Ailén, Nico, Kily, Silvi, Damián, Rocío, Mariano, Agustín, Debi y Ailin. Especialmente a las chicas de la ofi: Gaby y Flor por escucharme y bancarme siempre. A Viviana Sastre y Norma Santinelli por los análisis de las muestras de organismos fitoplanctónicos y por responder a cada una de mis preguntas. Gracias por compartir conmigo sus conocimientos. A Graciela Casas y Paula Raffo por hacerme un lugar para guardar las muestras de plancton. Al Instituto de Conservación de Ballenas por la muestra fecal del individuo juvenil varado muerto en Playa Kaisser, Golfo Nuevo. Principalmente a Mariano Sironi, Marcela Uhart, Matías Di Martino, Lucas Beltramino, Miriam Pollicelli, Santiago Fernandez y Lucía Alzugaray por su buena predisposición siempre. Asimismo, muchas gracias Cari Marón por prestarnos la red de zooplancton utilizada durante la realización de esta tesis. Al Laboratorio de Oceanografía Química – Contaminación de Aguas del CENPAT, principalmente a Miriam Solis y Mónica Gil por brindarme su ayuda durante los primeros procesamientos de las muestras para los análisis de toxicidad. A Marta Commendatore, Fernando Dellatorre y Valeria Solana, por su buena predisposión cuando necesité adelantar mi turno en el liofilizador o incluso prestarme parte del suyo. También a Julieta Sturla y Mariela Marani por el asesoramiento durante la utilización de este aparatito. A Bernd Krock por recibirme en su laboratorio del Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Bremerhaven, Alemania, por supervisarme y guiarme durante la extracción de toxinas en los diferentes tipos de muestras, como así también en la interpretación y análisis de los resultados de toxicidad. Asimismo, muchas gracias a Wolfgang Drebing, Annegret Müller y Torben Krohn por su valiosísima ayuda durante el trabajo de laboratorio y a todo el grupo del laboratorio de Química Ecológica que hizo que mi estadía sea realmente muy agradable. A Fernando Martínez y Germán Cheli por su imprescindible ayuda con los análisis multivariados. Por asesorarme, explicarme y donarme muy amablemente esos hermosos y prolijos Script de R y corregirme los propios. Si ya lo sé… no fue una donación, les debo el asado y LOS vinos… Al personal de náutica y automotores del CENPAT: Ricardo ―Bebo‖ Vera, Facundo Irigoyen, Néstor Ortíz, Fabián Quiroga, Waldemar Olier y Julio ―Bocha‖ Rua por su gran ayuda durante las campañas, el préstamo de equipamiento y por tantas risas y buenos momentos compartidos. A los dueños de las empresas de avistajes: Whales Argentina, Southern Spirit, Hydrosport, Bottazzi y Peke Sosa por permitirme embarcar cada vez que lo necesité, especialmente a Pinino Orri. A los capitanes, guías balleneros y fotógrafos que trabajan con pasión y siempre están dispuestos a colaborar, como se pueda…y desde donde se pueda, principalmente a: Pablo Fioramonti, Claudio Nicollini, Fernando Varsky, Alexis Fioramonti, Ernesto Ricci, Diego Moreno, Cristian Campos, Miguel Bottazzi, Lucía Alzugaray y Daniel Casielles por la recolección de las muestras fecales de ballenas. A Alexis y Pablo Fioramonti, Mónica Torres, Kata Marchesi, Claudia Martitsch, Lucía Epherra, Diego Moreno, Ángel Veléz, Lucas Beltramino, Santiago Fernández, Raúl Passarotti, Jorge ―Chochi‖ Owen, Marisa Berzano y Matías Arenas por las fotos, vídeos y el aviso de ballenas filtrando. Además, gracias Alexis, Pablo, Diego y Raúl por las muestras de zooplancton recolectadas con los baldes que tienen a mano. Asimismo no puedo dejar de agradecer a Rodrigo ―el Colo‖ Picco por los lindos momentos compartidos y por ofrecerme su ayuda continuamente y a Alejandra ―Mimi‖ Ovejero por siempre hacerme un lugar a pesar de los fines de semanas largos… TODOS Uds. me hicieron vivir momentos únicos que los voy a guardar por siempre en mí. Ah! y también gracias por el aguante los días que el viento soplaba de más para mi gusto. A Lucas Beltramino por las hermosas imágenes que llevan las portadas de los capítulos 3 y 4 de esta tesis. A Miriam Pollicelli, Giannina Voglino, Julia Deías, Gabriela Novacovsky, Nicolás Sueyro, Romina D‘Agostino y Maximiliano Roig por su ayuda en las campañas. Al Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) por otorgarme una beca para el desarrollo de esta tesis. Al Centro Nacional Patagónico (CENPAT), por brindarme un lugar de trabajo y facilitarme las herramientas técnicas y logísticas para realizar las campañas. A Lucas Figueroa del DBByF de la UNS por su buena predisposición para contestar a cada una de mis consultas y hacer las cosas más fáciles. También debo agradecer por su apoyo financiero a la Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (PICT-2014-3091: ―Dinámica planctónica y vectorización de ficotoxinas hacia consumidores de niveles superiores en tramas tróficas pelágicas de la región de Golfos Norpatagónicos y El Rincón‖) y a la empresa ALUAR. Asimismo a la Dirección de Flora y Fauna Silvestre de la Provincia de Chubut dependiente del Ministerio de la Producción y a la Subsecretaria de Conservación y Áreas Protegidas dependiente del Ministerio de Turismo por otorgarnos los permisos para el trabajo de campo. Y el agradecimiento más especial es para: Mi mamá, quien está siempre acompañándome y amándome incondicionalmente. Gracias por tanto y por todo. Por enseñarme a trabajar con pasión y a amar lo que se hace. Nadie podría haberlo hecho mejor que vos. Te amo Vieji! Mi papá, la estrella más brillante en el cielo. Este también era tu anhelo, viejo… Acá lo tenes. Gracias por tanto y por todo. Te amo y amaré eternamente. Mi hermana, gracias infinitas por estar siempre. Por amarme, escucharme, aconsejarme y por la hermosa y pura amistad que tenemos. Te amo! Mi hermano, gracias por escucharme, ayudarme y tratar de entender todo el tiempo de que se trata esto…sos muy importante para mí. Te amo! Mi compañero y el amor de mi vida. Gracias Gordi por tu amor y compañía. Por tus palabras justas y el apoyo constante. Por respetar mis tiempos y entender mis ausencias. Agradezco cada día a Dios que seas vos. Te amo! María del Valle Christiansen, por brindarme su amistad. También su casa y compañía cada vez que necesité hospedaje en Bahía Blanca. Mis amigos y compinches, aquellos que la respuesta que más escucharon durante este último tiempo fue: ―No puedo‖, sin embargo siempre estuvieron ahí. Gracias: Gaby, Magda, Estefa, Juli, Caro, Sofi, Pauli, Rami, Vani, Lala, Gianni, Rocío, Mirna y también a los de Bahía: Sofi, Ani y Maxi. Cada uno de Uds. es muy importante para mí…Gracias por el aguante. Daniel Udrizar por estar cada vez que necesité una mano, por los mates y las charlas. El hermoso grupo de inglés. Gracias Ceci, Lu, Magda y Gaby por aguantar que las últimas clases sean tan monotemáticas. Por último, y no por eso menos importante, gracias a Dios. Por su ayuda, fortaleza y por este hermoso camino que me permite transitar, con el cual siempre soñé. Una vez alguien me dijo: Nunca dejes de creer… Y hoy estoy más convencida que nunca que: Al que cree todo le es posible.
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