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Clemson University Tigerprints All Dissertations Dissertations 5-2014 Evaluation and Development of Nisin-Containing Packaging for Ready-To-Eat Meats, Utilizing Methods

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Clemson University Tigerprints All Dissertations Dissertations 5-2014 Evaluation and Development of Nisin-Containing Packaging for Ready-To-Eat Meats, Utilizing Methods Clemson University TigerPrints All Dissertations Dissertations 5-2014 Evaluation and Development of Nisin-Containing Packaging for Ready-to-Eat Meats, Utilizing Methods Feasible for Future Commercialization Angela Morgan Clemson University Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations Recommended Citation Morgan, Angela, "Evaluation and Development of Nisin-Containing Packaging for Ready-to-Eat Meats, Utilizing Methods Feasible for Future Commercialization" (2014). All Dissertations. 1769. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/1769 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EVALUATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF NISIN-CONTAINING PACKAGING FOR READY-TO-EAT MEATS, UTILIZING METHODS FEASIBLE FOR FUTURE COMMERCIALIZATION ___________________________________________________________ A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University ___________________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Food Technology ___________________________________________________________ by Angela Morgan May 2014 ___________________________________________________________ Accepted by: Kay Cooksey, Ph.D., Committee Chair Terri Bruce, Ph.D. Duncan Darby, Ph.D. Aaron Brody, Ph.D. ABSTRACT Antimicrobial food packaging may extend shelf life, reduce spoilage, maintain food quality and eliminate foodborne pathogens in ready-to-eat (RTE) deli meat. Nisin is a polypeptide with natural antimicrobial activity against gram-positive microorganisms. This food additive is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) in the United States. In order to combat Listeria monocytogenes, continued good manufacturing practices, continued proper handling by food workers, and additional secondary safety measures such as antimicrobial packaging are necessary. However, current research for antimicrobial packaging is in preliminary stages and is primarily based on theoretical lab scale testing. Antimicrobial coatings containing nisin were developed and studied. Diffusion was successfully measured by agar well diffusion method and high performance liquid chromotography. Microscopy was examined as a new method for tracking nisin diffusion in the food and films and found to be useful. A food challenge study on turkey bologna demonstrated that the coatings were able to inhibit a L. monocytogenes cocktail compared to the control coating. In addition, antimicrobial extruded films containing nisin and bovine albumin were developed and tested for antimicrobial activity. The results demonstrated that there was significant increased inhibition of M. luteus when the bovine albumin was used in combination with the nisin Z. Also, there was a significant difference between the type of polymer and the amount of inhibition of M. luteus. This research is directed toward the development of an antimicrobial vacuum skin package for RTE meat. It provides new and necessary information for future commercialization of antimicrobial packaging. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TITLE PAGE .................................................................................................................... i ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... ii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 1 II. LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................ 3 Listeria ......................................................................................... 5 Nisin ........................................................................................... 19 Coating ....................................................................................... 36 Nisin in Packaging ..................................................................... 47 Statement of the Problem ........................................................... 54 Research Objectives ................................................................... 56 References .................................................................................. 58 III. DEVELOPMENT OF NISIN PECTIN COATING, ANALYSIS OF PROPERTIES FOR COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS AND FOOD CHALLENGE STUDY ON READY-TO-EAT TURKEY BOLOGNA INOCULATED WITH LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES COCKTAIL ........................................................ 88 Abstract ...................................................................................... 88 Introduction ................................................................................ 89 Materials and Methods ............................................................... 95 Conclusion ............................................................................... 109 Acknowledgments.................................................................... 109 References ................................................................................ 117 IV. MEASURING RELEASE OF NISIN FROM PECTIN COATING INTO READY-TO-EAT TURKEY DURING STORAGE ................ 124 Abstract .................................................................................... 124 Introduction .............................................................................. 125 iii Table of Contents (continued) Page Materials and Methods ............................................................. 127 Results ...................................................................................... 132 Discussion ................................................................................ 133 Conclusion ............................................................................... 137 Acknowledgements .................................................................. 138 References ................................................................................ 147 V. THE EFFECT OF BOVINE ALBUMIN AND POLYMER TYPE ON NISIN Z CONTAINING EXTRUDED FILM .................. 151 Abstract .................................................................................... 151 Introduction .............................................................................. 152 Materials and Methods ............................................................. 154 Results ...................................................................................... 157 Discussion ................................................................................ 158 Conclusion ............................................................................... 161 Acknowledgements .................................................................. 162 References ................................................................................ 171 VI. FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................... 175 Appendix .................................................................................. 177 References ................................................................................ 188 iv LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.1 Top 10 Pathogen-Food Combinations in Terms of Annual Disease Burden ........................................................................................ 4 2.2 Notable recent recalls for L. monocytogenes ......................................... 10 2.3 Notable incidences of L. monosytogenes outbreaks .............................. 11 2.4 Examples of Antimicrobial Packaging .................................................. 18 2.5 Summary of Selected Antimicrobial Screening Methods ...................... 34 3.1 Summary of Coding for treatments...................................................... 110 3.2 Average pH, density and percent solids of coating solutions (A, B and C) ......................................................................................... 110 3.3 Average viscosity results measured by Bostwick, Zahn cup and Brookfield viscometer for coating solutions (A, B and C) ........... 111 3.4 Dry coated film average properties (basis weight, thickness, transmittance, haze and clarity) for coating A, B and C ...................... 112 3.5 Average nisin leaving the films overtime measured by agar well diffusion and spot on lawn, accounting for the acetic acid dilution ......................................................................................... 113 4.1 Summary of Coding for treatments...................................................... 139 4.2 Release of nisin (measured by agar well diffusion method) from two substrates, two formulations with four different nisin concentrations (10,000IU/g, 20,000IU/g, 40,000IU/g and 80,000IU/g) overtime ........................................................................... 140 4.3 Diffusion of nisin leaving the coated substrates and entering the turkey measured by high performance liquid chromatography over 48 hours........................................................................................ 141 5.1 Processing Parameters for single screw extrusion without coat hanger die ....................................................................................
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