Site of Early Los Angeles Author(S): Ruth E. Baugh Source: Economic Geography, Vol

Site of Early Los Angeles Author(s): Ruth E. Baugh Source: Economic Geography, Vol. 18, No. 1, (Jan., 1942), pp. 87-96 Published by: Clark University Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/141411 Accessed: 02/06/2008 14:16 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=clark. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We enable the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. http://www.jstor.org SITE OF EARLY LOS ANGELES Ruth E. Baugh WO maps of early Los Angeles were concluded for the founding of the help interpret conditions that second colony, although the location influenced selection of site for of the southern settlement had been its original settlement: first, the plan chosen by Felipe de Neve, governor of of the pueblo as sketched by Jose Alta California. Argiiello in 1786-five years after the The site of the southern pueblo, the founding-on the occasion of the assign- broad terrace of the Rio Porciuncula, ment to the colonists of town lots and was located only nine miles west of the planting fields; second, the plan of the Mission San Gabriel. Here, in 1769, city in 1849, as surveyed by Lieutenant Don Gaspar Portola, on his northward Ord of the United States Army. journey in search of Monterey Bay, had Argiiello's sketch demonstrates the halted "to reconnoiter the country, and simple plan of the customary Spanish above all else to celebrate the jubilee colony adapted, obviously, to the par- of Our Lady of the Angels of Porciun- ticular conditions of the Los Angeles cula." ("Porciuncula was the name site; Ord's map, strikingly similar, of a town and parish near Assissi which shows functions of the city sixty-eight became the abode of Saint Francis years after establishment of the pueblo. after the Benedictine monks had pre- Of great interest today is the fact sented him, about 1211, with a little that the area of parent settlement, the chapel which he called in a jocular way, subject of these two early maps, is still La Porciuncula [the small portion]" nucleus of twentieth-century Los An- Nellie Van de Grift Sanchez, Spanish geles. The Civic Center now under and Indian Place Names of California, development contains the parent core, p. 51, San Francisco, 1914.) The notwithstanding a tremendous enlarge- diarist of the expedition, Padre Crespi, ment of the city's area in recent years. noted in his journal, the charms of this The pueblo of Los Angeles was one locality: "We entered a very spacious of three civilian settlements founded in valley, well grown with cottonwoods Alta California, to provide agricultural and alders, among which ran a beautiful produce for presidios which were being river from the north-northwest, and established along with missions for the then doubling the point of a steep hill, it control of Spain's important north- went on afterwards to the south. western frontier. Of the two colonies Toward the north-northeast; there is surviving the vicissitudes of early in- another river bed which forms a spacious fancy, San Jose, the first to be organ- water-course, but we found it dry. ized, was planted in the fertile Santa This bed unites with that of the river, Clara Valley south of San Francisco giving a clear indication of great floods Bay, and received its settlers in Novem- in the rainy season, for we saw that it ber, 1777. A third civic community, had many trunks of trees on the banks. Branciforte, was founded in 1797 near We halted not very far from the river the site of the present city of Santa which we named Porciuncula. Here Cruz, but soon passed out of existence. we felt three consecutive earthquakes Four years elapsed before arrangements in the afternoon and night. This plain 88 ECONOMICGEOGRAPHY where the river runs is very extensive. with grass." (Fray Juan Crespi, Mis- It has good land for planting all kinds sionary Explorer of the Pacific Coast, of grain and seeds, and is the most 1769-1774. Translation of diary by suitable site of all that we have seen H. E. Bolton, pp. 147-149. University for a mission, for it has all the requisites of California Press, 1927.) for a large settlement. After cross- Padre Crespi's account doubtless in- ing the river we entered a large vineyard fluenced Governor de Neve's choice of of wild grapes and an infinity of rose site for the southern pueblo. For bushes in full bloom. All the soil is twelve years the place had borne the black and loamy, and is capable of name "Our Lady of the Angels of producing every kind of grain and fruit Porciuncula," and this name which which may be planted. We went west, was later applied to the pueblo was, in continually over good land well covered its abbreviated form, inherited by the FIGURE 1.-Topography of central Los Angeles showing river, terrace, and hills of the site of the early settlement. The entire area included in this map is today the nucleus of the city of Los Angeles. (Adapted from U. S. topographic map, Los Angeles quadrangle, edition of 1900.) SITE OF EARLY LOS ANGELES 89 FIGURE 2.-Plan of the Pueblo of Los Angeles. Copy of the original sketch executed in 1786 by Jose Argiiello on the occasion of the assignment to the colonists of the town lots and planting fields in accordance with Governor de Neve's Reglamento of 1781. The propios or municipal lands, the rents of which were used to defray pueblo expenses, lay between the Rio de Porciuncula (Los Angeles River) on the right, and the azequia madre (mother ditch) in the center of the sketch. Fronting the plaza (P) were the house-lots and spaces reserved for municipal buildings. The King's Highway connecting the San Gabriel Mission enters the plaza at 0. The names of the nine heads of families to whom lands were granted are here listed. The scale used in mapping the pueblo proper is four times larger than that used for the fields. (From the Provincial State Papers, Archives of California. Tom. III-IV, p. 55. Bancroft Library, University of California.) 90 ECONOMICGEOGRAPHY city of Los Angeles. With this location agricultural practices, particularly that in mind, the governor prescribed the of irrigation, utilized in the European conditions for the settlement: homeland to overcome the handicap "For the establishment of the Pueblo of a long, dry summer. Thus water of Los Angeles, near the river Porciun- was the critical factor in agricultural cula, and on the land designated for production on this Pacific Mediterranean this purpose, there shall be included littoral, for without it even this fertile all the lands that may be benefited by soil would yield but a niggardly return. irrigation. There shall be marked out The determining element, therefore, the best place to construct the dam in in the pueblo's location, was the presence order that the water may be distributed of a small stream. to the largest extent of land. The Rio Porciuncula (Los Angeles "The site where the Pueblo is to be River) enters the plain a few miles established shall be marked out, on above the town site, discharging a clear land slightly elevated, exposed to the rivulet from the saturated gravels which north and south winds. Measures shall underlie the San Fernando Valley. The be taken to avoid the dangers of floods; stream constitutes the overflow from the most immediate vicinity to the a subterranean reservoir; hence its river, or vicinity to the principal zanja volume, though meager, was fairly shall be preferred; taking care that constant as far down as the pueblo. from the Pueblo the whole or greatest Below that point it diminished in part of the planting lands shall be volume and finally was lost in the sands seen." (Order of Governor Felipe de of the deep gulch in which it is en- Neve for founding of Los Angeles. trenched. Occasionally, however, Translation by Phil Townsend Hanna swollen by torrential winter rains, it in the Publications of the Historical became a turbulent river and occupied Society of Southern California. Vol. its arroyo from bank to bank. XV, Pt. I, pp. 154-155. 1931.) To To escape the winter floods and to this site, two leagues west of San facilitate the distribution of irrigating Gabriel, a small group of Spanish water, the pueblo was laid out on the soldiers escorted the forty-six settlers broad terrace about half a mile west who had been recruited in northern of the arroyo's edge. A simple dam Mexico, and with fitting ceremony was constructed two miles upstream formally founded on September 4, 1781 where the river rounded the steep bluff El Pueblo de Nuestra Senora La Reina of the Elysian Park Hills, and from de los Angeles.

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