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Study on Areas Affected by Mining in Meghalaya by NEHU-MBMA

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Study on Areas Affected by Mining in Meghalaya by NEHU-MBMA Technical Report of Project entitled Study on Mining Affected Areas and its Impact on Livelihood Meghalaya- Community Led Landscape Management Project Meghalaya Basin Management Agency Shillong 2019 Prof. O. P. Singh Principal Investigator/Consultant Department of Environmental Studies North-Eastern Hill University Shillong- 793022 Meghalaya Project Number: P 157836 Contract Number: MBMA/CLLMP/PP/Mining/46/2017 Preface The indiscriminate and unscientific mining and absence of post mining treatment and management of mined areas have made the fragile ecosystems of Meghalaya more vulnerable to environmental degradation and depletion of natural resources. As a consequence, the natural resources such as soil, water, forest and forest products, biodiversity etc. have been severely affected both in terms of their quality and quantity in the mining areas of the state. The traditional livelihood options linked to these resources have also been found affected. The information on effects of coal, limestone, sand mining etc. on land, water, forest resources and the community are fragmentary and thus needed consolidation with recent data. The meagre information available on the effect of mining on human health, natural resources with special emphasis on soil, water and biodiversity, livelihood of the people with particular reference to agriculture including horticulture, livestock, aquaculture and fishery are scattered, hence needed compilation. Such information is essential to strengthen the community led natural resource management practices in order to facilitate community led planning coupled with technical inputs and funding broadly in the areas of forest, water and soil in Meghalaya. Hence, the need was felt to compile available information in order to identify the drivers of degradation and also for promoting activities towards conservation of forest, soil and water resources with reference to sustainable livelihood. Hence, the project entitled ‗Study on Mining Affected Areas and its Impact on Livelihood‘ under the Meghalaya-Community Led Landscape Management Project (CLLMP), Meghalaya Basin Development Authority, Shillong was undertaken with the major objectives of strengthening community led natural resource management of mining affected area of Meghalaya During the study information was collected and compiled based on field visits, discussion with the stakeholders, questionnaire survey, laboratory analyses and consultation with experts. Local bodies, research and voluntary organizations, communities, Green Volunteers, NGO representatives etc. were also consulted. Based on the information generated and gathered from primary and secondary sources this report has been prepared. The information included give a generalized view of the state of environment of mining areas of Meghalaya based on scientific studies and peoples‘ perception on mining and its impact on natural resources and livelihood based on questionnaire survey. Measures to mitigate the adverse impacts of mining activity on environmental components and livelihood of the people have also been suggested. Options to restore and rehabilitate the mining affected areas are also included for improvement of livelihood options and life of the affected people. It is expected that information included in this report will help in strengthening the community led natural resource planning and management of different landscapes in Meghalaya. Professor Department of Environmental Studies Dr. O. P. Singh North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong- 793022 Principal Investigator/ Consultant i | P a g e Blank Page Acknowledgement The consultants of the project entitled ‗Study on Mining Affected Areas and its Impact on Livelihood‘ would like to thank Meghalaya Basin Development Authority Shillong and World Bank for assigning the study to the team of researchers of North Eastern Hill University, Shillong. The team members would like to express their gratitude to Shri P. Sampath Kumar, IAS, Chief Executive Officer (CEO), MBDA & Project Director CLLMP; Shri S. Ashutosh, IFS, former Chief Executive Officer, MBDA; Shri S. M. Sahai, IFS, former Dy. CEO, MBDA; Shri Aiban Swer, Director (A&F), MBDA; and Shri L. Shabong, Officer on Special Duty (MINR), MBDA for their valuable suggestions and support in formulating the project proposal and its successful execution. We are also thankful to Shri P. K. Marbaniang, Deputy Project. Director, CLLMP (Monitoring and Evaluation), and Shri B. S. Rumnong, Dy. Project Director, CLLMP for rendering help in smooth completion of the study and also for their valuable suggestions on draft report. The consultant is also thankful to the members of World Bank Team specially Shri Pyush Dogra, Sr. Environmental Specialist, World Bank for their valuable comments and suggestions on draft report. During the course of study the team members received help from the field staff of MBDA in organizing awareness/interaction meetings and conducting the field visits and questionnaire survey. We would like to thank Dr. (Ms.) Wansah Pyrbot and other field staff of MBDA and District Administration for their help in organizing awareness meeting and data collection. We also like to record our appreciation to the villagers particularly respondents, the Green Volunteers and students of the area for their active participation and sincere efforts in conducting the questionnaire survey and helping in sampling of various environmental components. The Principal Investigator is grateful to the Project Fellows, Mr. Gregory Malngiang and Ms. Lorraine. C. Marbaniang for their help in field work, computation, analysis and compilation of data of the questionnaires survey and laboratory analysis and also for their help in preparation of the draft report. The team is also thankful to the University administration for providing logistics during the course of study, without which study would have not completed successfully. Professor Department of Environmental Studies O. P. Singh North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong- 793022 Principal Investigator/Consultant iii | P a g e Blank Page [Contents] Mining Affected Areas and its Impact on Livelihood Contents Preface i Acknowledgement iii Executive Summary I-IX 1. Introduction 1-7 1.1 Meghalaya 1 1.2 Minerals and Mining 3 1.3 Impact of Mining 5 1.4 Information Gap 6 1.5 Structure of the Report 7 References 2. Objectives and Scope 9-10 2.1 Objectives 9 2.2 Scope 9 2.3 Activities 10 References 3. Methodology 11-15 3.1 Organization of Interaction Meetings and Awareness Programmes 11 3.2 Data Sources 12 3.3 Questionnaire Survey 12 3.4 Sampling and Analysis of Environmental Components 14 3.4.1 Sampling and Analysis of Soil 14 3.4.2 Sampling and Analysis of Water 14 3.4.3 Sampling and Analysis of Air 15 3.4.4 Analysis of Forest Cover 15 3.4.5 Laboratory Analysis 15 3.5 Collection of secondary data 15 References 4. Results 17-139 4.1 Geology and Mineral Resources of Meghalaya 17 4.1.1 Geology of Meghalaya 17 4.1.2 Mineral Resources of Meghalaya 18 4.1.3 A Brief Account of various Minerals 20 4.1.3.1 Coal 21 4.1.3.2 Limestone 24 4.1.3.3 Stone and Sand 31 4.1.3.4 Uranium 31 4.1.3.5 Sillimanite 31 4.1.3.6 Granite 31 v | P a g e [Contents] Mining Affected Areas and its Impact on Livelihood 4.1.3.7 Clay and Kaolin 32 4.1.3.8 Glass Sand 32 4.1.3.9 Quartz 32 4.1.3.10 Feldspar 32 4.1.3.11 Gypsum 33 4.1.3.12 Iron ore 33 4.1.3.13 Bauxite 33 4.1.3.14 Other Mineral resources 33 4.2 Mining of Minerals 33 4.2.1 Coal Mining 33 4.2.1.1 Unscientific and Primitive Method of Mining 34 4.2.2 Limestone Mining 36 4.2.3. Sand and Stone Mining 39 4.3 Effect of Mining based on Scientific Studies 39 4.3.1 Effect of Coal Mining on Soil and Water 40 4.3.1.1 Effect of Coal Mining on Land and Soil 40 4.3.1.2 Effect of Coal Mining on Water 43 4.3.1.2.1. Ground Water Resources and Quality in Jaintia Hills 43 4.3.1.2.2. Surface Water 47 4.3.1.3 Impact of water pollution on aquatic life 54 4.3.2 Effect of Limestone Mining on Soil and Water 56 4.3.2.1 Effect of Limestone Mining on Land and Soil 56 4.3.2.2 Limestone mining and Water quality 58 4.3.3 Water Scarcity 61 4.3.4 Effect of Mining on Air quality 61 4.3.5 Effect of Coal and Limestone mining on Forest 63 4.3.6 Effect of Coal Mining on Floristic Composition 66 4.3.7 Effect of Mining on Agriculture 70 4.3.7.1 Diversion of Agricultural Land 70 4.3.7.2 Degradation of Agricultural Land 72 4.3.7.3 Environmental Pollution and Agriculture 73 4.3.8 Effect on Fish and Fishing 74 4.3.9 Impact on Human Health 76 4.3.10 Effects of Mining on Socio Economy 77 4.3.11 Effect of Mining on Livelihood 79 4.4 Perception of Local People on Effect of Mining 80 4.4.1 Dependence of people on Mining 80 4.4.2 Impact of mining on Land and Soil 86 4.4.3 Impact of mining on Agriculture 88 4.4.4 Impact of Mining on Forest 92 4.4.4.1 Forest and Livelihood 95 4.4.4.2 Dependence on Forest Resources for Livelihood 95 4.4.5 Impact on Biodiversity 102 4.4.6 Impact on Human Health 104 4.5 Community Conservation Practices and Knowledge 107 4.5.1 Agencies Involved in Community Conservation 107 4.5.2 Community Conservation Measures 109 4.5.2.1 Community Conservation Measures in Jaintia Hills 109 4.5.2.1.1 Measures taken up to Increase Availability of Water 110 4.5.2.1.2 Measurements taken to Increase Quality of Water 111 4.5.2.1.3 Measures to reduce Contamination 111 4.5.2.1.4 Measures to Improve Soil Fertility 113 vi | P a g e [Contents] Mining Affected Areas and its Impact on Livelihood 4.5.2.1.5 Measures to Improve Aquatic Resources 113 4.5.2.2 Community Conservation Measures in Garo Hills 114 4.5.2.3 Community conservation Measures in East Khasi Hills 114 4.5.3.3.1 Measures taken to Increase Availability of Water 115 4.5.3.3.2 Measures taken to Protect the Quality of Water 116 4.5.3.3.3 Measures to Reduce Water and Soil Contamination 116 4.5.3.3.4 Measures to Improve Aquatic Resources.
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