Instituto Nacional De Pesquisas Da Amazônia - Inpa Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Genética, Conservação E Biologia Evolutiva

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Instituto Nacional De Pesquisas Da Amazônia - Inpa Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Genética, Conservação E Biologia Evolutiva INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE PESQUISAS DA AMAZÔNIA - INPA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM GENÉTICA, CONSERVAÇÃO E BIOLOGIA EVOLUTIVA Filogenia da subfamília Todirostrinae (Aves, Rhynchocyclidae) e biogeografia dos complexos Lophotriccus e Oncostoma Glauco Kohler Manaus, Amazonas Março, 2017 GLAUCO KOHLER Filogenia da subfamília Todirostrinae (Aves, Rhynchocyclidae) e biogeografia dos complexos Lophotriccus e Oncostoma Orientadora: Dra. Camila Cherem Ribas Coorientador: Dr. Mario Cohn-Haft Tese apresentada ao Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Doutor em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva Manaus, Amazonas Março, 2017 III IV Sinopse: Foram inferidas as relações filogenéticas dentro da subfamília Todirostrinae, a fim de conhecer suas relações evolutivas e a biogegrafia de dois gêneros. Palavras chave: relações filogenéticas, filogeografia, neotrópico, taxonomia. V AGRADECIMENTOS A minha família, por todo o apoio emocional ainda que a distância. Aos amigos Marcelo e Renata, por me darem a oportunidade de estar em Manaus durante os primeiros meses da minha chegada. Aos meus orientadores, Camila Ribas e Mario Cohn-Haft, pela confiança depositada, ensinamentos, puxões de orelha e por dar todo o suporte necessário para a execução deste trabalho. A minha orientadora Camila Ribas, por me dar a oportunidade da realização de trabalhos de campo na Amazônia e por todos os valiosos ensinamentos no campo da biogeografia e filogenética. Ao Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia e ao PPG-GCBev pela suporte físico para realização deste trabalho e ao CNPq pela concessão da bolsa. A Alexandre Aleixo (MPEG), Cristina Myiaki (LGEMA), Luís Fábio Silveira (USP), Anderson Vieira Chaves (UFMG), Robb T. Brumfield (LSU), Chris Witt (MSB), Ben Marks (FMNH), Jorge Perez (MBUCV), Jon Fjeldsa (ZMUC) e Mark Robbins (KU) por gentilmente fornecerem material para a execução deste trabalho. Aos grandes profissionais da ornitologia que me incentivaram a aprofundar neste fascinante mundo de pesquisa, dos quais destaco Carlos Zimmerman, Rudi Laps, Marcos Bornschein e Carlos Borchardt. Aos parceiros de campo de tempos de graduação, Evair Legal e Tiago João Cadorin, cuja parceria engrandeceu meus conhecimentos na área de ornitologia. Aos colegas de orientação e laboratório do INPA, Mateus Ferreira, Romina Batista, Roberta Canton, Maysa Mattos, Elisama Bezerra e Giselle Moura, pelas aulas de laboratório e diversas dúvidas esclarecidas. Aos amigos Érico Polo e Erik Choueri pela parceria em campo e laboratório. Ao Érico Polo, meu coorientador de assuntos bioinformáticos e filogenéticos, por todas as ajudas e pela valiosa amizade e parceria. Por fim a minha namorada Andressa, por todo o apoio, compreensão e carinho nos momentos mais difíceis. VI SUMÁRIO RESUMO..................................................................................................................XIV ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. XV INTRODUÇÃO GERAL ...............................................................................................1 CAPÍTULO 1 ............................................................................................................... 9 1. Abstract .................................................................................................................10 2. Introdução ..............................................................................................................11 3. Material e métodos ................................................................................................12 3.1 Amostragem e marcadores moleculares ............................................................ 12 3.2 Extração de DNA, amplificação e sequenciamento............................................. 13 3.3 Análises filogenéticas ......................................................................................... 13 3.4 Species tree e datação molecular........................................................................ 14 4. Resultados ............................................................................................................ 14 4.1 Análises filogenéticas ......................................................................................... 14 4.2 Species tree e datação molecular........................................................................ 17 5.Discussão .............................................................................................................. 17 5.1 Relações filogenéticas e sistemática da Tribo Hemitriccini................................. 18 5.2 Tribo Hemitriccini ................................................................................................ 21 5.3 Relações filogenéticas e sistemática da Tribo Todirostrini................................. 26 5.4 Tribo Todirostrini ................................................................................................ 27 5.5 Diversificação e biogeografia de Todirostrinae.................................................... 29 6.Conclusão .............................................................................................................. 31 7.Agradecimentos ..................................................................................................... 31 8.Referências ........................................................................................................... 32 9. Figuras .................................................................................................................. 40 10. Material Suplementar .......................................................................................... 47 CAPÍTULO 2 ............................................................................................................. 58 VII 11. Abstract .............................................................................................................. 58 12. Introdução ............................................................................................................59 13. Material e métodos ..............................................................................................61 13.1 Amostragem e seleção de marcadores moleculares......................................... 61 13.2 Extração de DNA, amplificação e sequenciamento........................................... 61 13.3 Análises filogenéticas do DNA mitocondrial e estrutura dos marcadores nucleares................................................................................................................... 62 13.4 Species tree e datação molecular...................................................................... 63 13.5 Testando hipóteses de delimitação de espécies .............................................. 63 13.6 Reconstrução de áreas ancestrais ................................................................... 64 14. Resultados .......................................................................................................... 64 14.1 Análises filogenéticas do DNA mitocondrial e estrutura dos marcadores nucleares................................................................................................................... 64 14.2 Species tree e datação molecular...................................................................... 66 14.3 Delimitação de espécies ................................................................................... 66 14.4 Reconstrução de áreas ancestrais ................................................................... 67 15.Discussão ............................................................................................................ 67 15.1 Sistemática e relações filogenéticas em Lophotriccus ...................................... 67 15.2 Diversificação no Neotrópico ............................................................................ 71 15.3 Diversificação na Amazônia ............................................................................. 74 16.Conclusão ............................................................................................................ 75 17.Agradecimentos ................................................................................................... 76 18.Referências ......................................................................................................... 76 19. Figuras ................................................................................................................ 85 20. Tabelas ............................................................................................................... 91 21. Material Suplementar .......................................................................................... 92 22. Conclusão Geral ............................................................................................ 113 23. Referências Gerais ........................................................................................ 114 VIII LISTA DE FIGURAS FIGURAS DA INTRODUÇÃO GERAL FIGURA 1: relações filogenéticas em Todirostrinae, segundo Tello et al., 2009 ...... 3 FIGURA 2: Relações filogenéticas em Todirostrinae a nível específico, segundo Tello et al., 2009 .......................................................................................................... 4 FIGURA 3: Relações filogenéticas dos Todirostrinae, baseadas em caracteres da morfologia de siringe, septos nasal e interorbital, segundo Lanyon, 1988c ................ 4 FIGURA
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