Bamboo Specialization in Amazonian Birds. Andrew Ward Kratter Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College

Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1995 Bamboo Specialization in Amazonian Birds. Andrew Ward Kratter Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Kratter, Andrew Ward, "Bamboo Specialization in Amazonian Birds." (1995). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 5964. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/5964 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. A Bell & Howell information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. BAMBOO SPECIALIZATION IN AMAZONIAN BIRDS A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Zoology and Physiology by Andrew W. Kratter B. A., University of California at Santa Barbara, 1982 M. A., University of California at Los Angeles, 1987 May 1995 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number 9538744 OMI Microform 9538744 Copyright 1995, by OMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to the memory of Theodore A. Parker, III (1953-1993), friend and colleague. ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation is dedicated to the memory of my friend and colleague Ted Parker. Not only did he set the stage for all studies of bamboo specialization by birds in the Neotropics, but he also helped me begin my research by inviting me on an expedition to the Ccollpa study site with Conservation International's Rapid Assessment Program, and taught me the "nuts and bolts" of specialization on bamboo by these fascinating birds. Learning my study subjects under the tutelage of perhaps the greatest field ornithologist ever will never be forgotten. Van Remsen, my Ph.D. advisor, has continually been helpful and inspiring during all phases of my research. He, along with the inspiration of the entire Section of Ornithology at the Museum of Natural Science at LSU, helped to transfer my energies from working on bamboo specialists in Asia to working on those in Amazonia. My graduate committee -Ken Brown, Bruce Williamson, Kam-biu Liu, Fred Sheldon, and Bob Zink - provided excellent assistance in formulating and carrying out this project. My field work in Peru in 1992 was made possible by Conservation International. Research in 1993 was funded by a Frank M. Chapman grant from the American Museum of Natural History, a Grants-in-Aid research award from Sigma Xi, Alexander Wetmore and AOU Council awards from the American Ornithologists' Union, and a Fugler Fellowship in Tropical Biology from the Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University. Walter Wust helped immeasurably with many administrative tasks in Lima. Fernando Cauper, Yoko Quintana, Ruperto "Chicuta" Fernandez, Pepe Moscoso, Julio Perez, Krista Lee, and Kathryn Deagon helped in the field. Amanda Stronza provided the copy of the INRENA report and gave me perspective on development in the Tambopata region. The staff of Rainforest Expeditions, especially Eduardo Nycander and Alvaro Del Campo, provided comfortable accommodations in the field, assistance in Lima, and valuable friendships. Finally, this dissertation is founded upon the inspiring atmosphere iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. provided by the students and staff of the Museum of Natural Science provide. Conversations, manuscript reviews, and friendly years of socializing with John O’Neill, Mario Cohn-Haft, Terry Chesser, Scott Sillett, Ken Rosenberg, Shannon Hackett, John Bates, Steve Cardiff, Donna Dittmann, Guy Cox, Curtis Marantz, Dave Moyer, and Gail Kinney especially will be remembered with fondness and gratitude. Alice Fogg, Peggy Simms, and Marilyn Young were always there to give patience and thoughtful help in coursing through the administrative tasks that came with this endeavor. Finally, my family - Bob, Paul, Ted, Eileen, Tia, Joel, and Marshall - has always been behind my eccentric desires to pursue birds and the tropics as an avocation. iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ................................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................. iii LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... viii ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... ix CHAPTERS 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 1 2 BAMBOO SPECIALIZATION BY AMAZONIAN BIRDS .... 7 3 HABITAT SELECTION AND SEGREGATION IN BAMBOO SPECIALIST BIRDS ............................................. 33 4 FORAGING ECOLOGY OF BAMBOO SPECIALIST BIRDS ............................................................................................. 58 5 CONSERVATION OF HABITAT SPECIALIST BIRDS: USING SATELLITE IMAGERY TO ESTIMATE REGIONAL POPULATION SIZES ....................................... 113 6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS .............................................. 130 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 133 VITA ................................................................................................................................ 140 v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF TABLES 2.1. Population size and density of bamboo specialists at Ccollpa study site................................................................................................................................ 15 2.2. Additional species closely associated with bamboo .......................................... 23 2.3. Previous references to habitats and micro-habitats used by bamboo specialists................................................................................................................... 26 2.4. Biogeography of bamboo specialists ..................................................................... 29 3.1. Guild membership of bamboo specialists and closely related and potentially competing species replacements in other habitats ........................ 35 3.2. Average percent cover of green vegetation (A) and average number of stems (B) at different height strata in mature floodplain forest and bluff-top bamboo thickets ........................................................................... 39 3.3. Vegetation of transects and Principal Component Analysis ........................ 44 3.4. Variable loadings and percent of variation explained for Principle Component Analysis .............................................................................................. 46 3.5. Percent territory and

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