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Theses and Dissertations
1951-08-01
Some studies on the consortes of the Norway rat in Utah county, Utah
Roy J. Myklebust Brigham Young University - Provo
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SOMES'l'UDIES ON TEE CONSORl.ESOJ' THI
NORWAYRAT IN UTAHOOUNTY• UTAH
A. TB.ISIS SUBMl'l'ffD TO THE DEPARl'MEN'l'OF ZOOLOGY.AND
J.ffl'OMOLOGYAND '.l'l:IE GRAW.ATE SOBOOL or BRIGHAM
YOUNGtmlv.lRSITY IN P.ARrlALFUUIL1Ml!:tfr
01 THE D.t,UIRBMEN'l'SJOR THE DEGREE
01 MASTEROJ' SOD:NCE
BY
ROY 1. MJKIJmUS1' AUGUS?,1951 This thesis by Roy 1. Myklebust 1s accepted 1n its present tom. b7 the I>epan• the Thesis requirements tor the degree ot Master ot Science.
Signed:
Thesis Ccmmittae
11 l Wish to extend rq sincere appreciation to Dr. D. Eld.en Beck•
As1001ate Professor 1n the Depa:rtmiant ot zoology and Entomology-at
Briaha.m Young tJDiversi • tor his ready and unstinted senioes in the dn-eloJ;ID8nt ot an4 S11ggestiona to this atua.y, and tor his preparation and 1dent1f1cat1on ot the S1phonaptera.. l4'y' sinee:re gratitude is al.so enendedto .or. c. Iqna Hayward., ASaociate Protessor ot the Department ot Zoology and Entomologywho provided suggestions relative to stail11ng techniques. My sincerest gra.t1twle is «rtended to Hr. Don.ld x. Allred, graduate research assistant 1n the Department ot zoology aDd Entceology tor his aid in the nmoval of 8114 the preparation of the fleas, and to:r his suggestions 0011cernillg the techniques ot prepara.tioa tor microscope observation.
Sincere thEmka are extended to Mr. Douglas Brown ud Mr, Keith
Richardson• atuclenta at l3r1gham Y01.\D8University, tor their assistance
1n field collections, and to Ifl8JlY' others who ~v• a kim\l.y word or help- ing ham wben it was most needed,
111 T.ABLEOJ' CON'l'EN'l'S . . Page • • * •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Ti • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •' < 1 . . . •••••••• • •' • • • • • • s Tri Cbine+1:f sp1ry.l1JS 7:9en1a taenig.eto mis Sipho~ptera Anoplura A.Car111a General. The Host-Jll;1;us ll.Ol"!§iCUII
NA'!URALHISTORr • • , • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • mcpinella spirM,;iB t,enia te.epiaefOl'mis Siphonaptera Anoplura Aearina 'fhe I:[email protected] ll.Ol'T!fQ®.S
D'J.'HOOO• • • • • • ., • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • U Field Methods Areas ot Collection Trapp1ng Baggi.Dgand bansPortation laboratory Methods Ectoconsortes General S1phonaptera (Mounting '1'echn1ques) Acarine. (Mi.tea) (Moun.Ung '?eOlmiques) ED4oeonsortes Ez:amina.tionot Bost and Removal ot Tiasu.e Preparation ot Bon fl.asues Ernrt1nat1on ot Prepared Specimens Interpretation ot Data
OBSERVATIONS.AND DISCUSSION • • • • • • • • • • • • • 24 EDdoconsortes Ectooonsones Habitat am Bost sex Relatimsllips o:t Ectoconsortes
iv TABLI OF OONTENTS-Contipued
Page General Siphonaptera .moplu:ra A.Carina !~'II,,,,,- ,;,. 'l.'he Species of Ectoconsortee Si~naptera Aearina (W.tea} Stmmal.-y
SUMMAR!'• • • • • • • .. • • .. • • • • • • • • • • • • 42
.APPE'KOIX• • • • " • • • • • • "., • • • • • • • • • • • 45
CI'l'lm • •,. • •·• • .,. • • • •·• • • • • • fl
.. - '\ • i '
., !able Page
1. Eotoeonsortes Infestation ot Bats by Habitat • • • • • •
2. Infestation of Rats 1n Dunpa • • •, • • • •, • • • • • 3G • • • • • .... lnfestat1on of Bats at B.Y•producte Plant " • • • • ., , • 5. Infestation ot B£1.tsm Rural. Oamm.ercial Habitat , ., • •
6e Intestation ot Rats 1n Res14en:t1al and Farm. Habitat • •
'I. :mctoconsortes by &bitats • •. • • • •. • • • • • •,
s. Ectoconsortes • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • * • • • • 4ll 9. Infestation at Amor.I.canfork Garbage llump • • • • • • • 4S 10. Ini"estation at Spri.ugrtlle Garbage Dump•• • • • • • • 50 11. Infestation at SPQJlish Fork Garbage Dmnp• • • • • • • • 51
12. Inf'oate.t1on at GCl.rbageDump, lGth ao. &. D.&:R.G.,Pl'o'fO • 52
13. Infestation at Old Orem Garbage DWnp• • • • • • • • • • 52 14. Infestation at Old Provo Garbage Dump•••••••••• 55 15, Infestation at Pl'ovo Hide and iur, Pl'ovo • • • • • • • • 54 16. Intestation at Kuhni Bros. By-products, Il'01lton • • • • 55 17 • Intestation at Lehi Roller Kills. Lehi • • • • • • • • • 58 1e. Infestation at Utah County Packh.g Compwy, xranton • • 59 lt. l':ntestat1on at American :roa Slauglrtem.ouse • • • • • • 60 20. Intestation at Clutt's l'ee 21. Intestation at 12th North & First F.ast • ProYO • • • • • 62 22. Intena.tion at Wash Bardy Chicken Fam, Provo • • • • • 64 25• Infestation at Utah State Boapita.l• Provo • • • • • • • &5 Table 24. Int'estation at Merrill Mechem :Fam, Ors • • • • • • • • 66 25. Intestat1on at Boat Barbor I P?'oYO• • , • • • • • • • ·•• • • • 47 2&., Intestattan at 363 North 3rd. East• Lehi • • • • • , • • • • 68 27. In:testation at DfilXlIQ'Evans :rtum, Lehi • • • • • • • • • • 69 28• Inf'esta:Uon at Clayton Farnsworth Place, Oart;enille • • 70 29.-. Intest;ation a.t Y View Mal'ket, Provo • • • • • • • • • • • fO . , ... ., ' ··•. -.~ 1'11 Yor many yeal"8 there baa been a 1"Gcognit1on of the tact that little -.a knowJl ot the interrelationships ot .rodents, their oonsortes, and man. SOme work has been done relative to the :rodent-bome diseases More reoan:U.y, wo:dt has been domt 1n evaluating the role of d This study of the Noff87 rat, Rattus !2£!!P:CU! (.lrxleben) and its <:onso:rtes was underlalam in Utah OOW1ty to deter.m.net (l} the tre- qwmc,- ot 1m'ect1on ot Tzi.ob.inella s;aajis (ONn) Raill1et 1 the causa.• tive organism of trichinosis ill humans, (2) the popu.lat1ons of fleas, lice and mites on the rat, am (3) the oocurenoe ot other consortes. This study covered a period from 1al1Ua.l."Y• 1951 thrOugh June, 1951. Additional 1"Gcol'dani-e made available t?"Omstudies being made by the Depart;ment ot Zoology and Entomology, Brigham You.ng University on para.- s1t1o arthropods (listed as Project Ten). The species ot fleas, and those • mites which could be d.~t•l'mined to the species were studied in relation to population. ot the cona:>rs• habitat. and au of tb:e rat host. m.phasis was placed on the population aspect ot the consors of the rat. The term conso1'8 (plural, oo:usortes) 1s used in the pa.per to in• elude all associes of the No:rway rat. The fleas, lice. and mites have long been called tftopan.eites, wb.ile au.ch internal associes as '1':r1oh1• n.ella aJld 'l'aenia have been oalled. endoparasites. Pearse (1942) intro- duced the wm eonacnes to inolude all organisms which regularlf live l 2 or are assooiated with another. 'fhta includes the three terms usually used, cam.ensals, :p&1"U1tes, am symbioats. Due to various life cycles. end different host relat1oash1ps at various stages ot the life cycle, the tenn ccmsors is used to awld misleading impressions of commeDSa.lism, parasitism• or S;Jmbiosis. Records an4 s:pee1mens ot the consortes or this study are filed with Projeot,'l'e ot the Department of zoology and Imtanology 1 Briglwn. Young Universi'Q'• This project is both a COW'.l.Vcd statewide long-range study ot the eo'boconsones populations ot the rodents of Utah. Trichinella spiralls (owen) Railliet Trichinosis is a serious disease or man, though no accurate long-time records of the tn:rection are lu10•• Trichinella was tirat recognized by Tiedemann in Ge:xmany 1n 1822. Leidy 1n :Philadelphia first recognized it in the United ate.tea in 1846• but it was no\ until 1860 that the German worker, Zenker, recognized the connection between eating 1ntecte4 pork and the develoIJDBnt of the disease, trieht.nosis,. in a human being (Merrill, 1941). Ia Minneapolis• Riley e.ud Seheitly- (19S4) found lV .91&ot ll'/ h\lm8ll diaphragms :infected. A similar study by MoNaught and Anderson (1956) 1a San Francisco revealed 24% ot 200 41aphngms infected. other studies by Hinman (1936)• Nolan a.tld l!lozicevich (1938), Wright (1939). alld muy others have been ma.de showing the frequency ot infection. From these studies• Mem.ll (1941) found the average of infection to be be• tween 16 and 18 percent of the p,pulation. Merrill (1941) • -.,rldng in Utah, toum l"lj of lll human subjects poaitive to an 1ntradennal. sensith1.ty test tor trichinosis, end ll.1% ot 18 diaphragms frcD two larger hosp1 tals in northern ute.h infected. with trichinosis, Seven d1aphra,gms were tram Sel:t Lake Oity cd ll were trcm Ogden., ot the 18 diaphragms, two f:raDl the Ogden Sl'OUP were positive. The Salt Lake Oity Board ot Health made a study of' the 1».cidenee of triohinosia 1n re.ts collooted trom the hog tal!!ls ot Salt Lake County 1 1n 1949, and found 3 out ot av, or 3.~ inf'ect.a.. No previous stu.41 1Fram the author'• field notes. 3 ------~-- - 4 ls knownf'rom Utah County on this problem. l Taenie. taeniaetom,s (Be.tech) woittgel This tapewom, which is parasitic in ca1u, and rats was tirst . named by Hartmann (1695) ~er the name ycsio9J.an.s m.uris., Rwlolphi (1808) ne.ined the bladder wom. st.age in th.e rat• o.zs·Uoereus tasoiolaris. Ball (1910) brollght the Wol'fl'lation u.p 'to date with respect to lite history e.Dli taxonomy. 1-qman (l9Slb) :reviews the general physiology, ane:~OlQ'• w taxonQm1' ot this tona as it resembles ud dU'ters tm:m.the other species ot Ta5!a. Siphopg:ptera The fleas have long been studied because ot their relationships as notors ot bubonic pl.ague. In the United Stat••• studies have been made b;r the u. s. Public Health Senioe on the nctor• and reseno1rs ot plague, typhus• and re- • lated diseases. These began in 1900; atter Dr, w. R, Kellogg recognized the tirst h'\IJDaD.case in the United States in San :rreneisoo that ,ear. Tipton (1949) aad .Allre4 (1951) haft made S)lne studies on the fleas ot Utah County• Ano;elura The lice have been mownto be associated. with rat to rat trans- fer ot typhua and other diseases ot humans but none are knOWJlto carry the in.tect1on. to man. No extensive studies on the lice have been made in Utah 1 though incidental collections have been made. lpersonal correspondence with the tollow111g agencieas Provo City Health Department, Utah State Board ot Beal.th, Utah Agrieulture.l College• and Un1vera11;J ot Utah. AO&r1na 'l'u:cmomicliterature on the .A.Oar.lna:f'O\Uld in Utah OOUntyis very meager. Banks (1904) and two revisions ot groups• the Genus Baemola~lN?s by Strandtmann (1949) and of the Cheylet1dae by Buer (1949) allowed limited detem.1ne.t1on ot the mites collected, The Host-Rattu& D.Orff£51CU8 1 the No!"!!l !@t Rats haTe long been associated 111th man in Europe. With the colon.1zation ot the United states• it was not long before they had been imPorted here. 'l'bey are directly conoemed With mariy-ot the rodent-borne diseases that affect man, alld, in. addition., are being reoognizGd as direct vectors of other diseases. Probably the beet account of the lif'e history and habits ot the Norway rat has been published 1n "Rat Borne Disease Prevention and Control" (P.H.s. 1949). &ldoconsortes Trichinella spiralis This 1a a parasitic roundwol"m whioh passes the majority ot its lite cycle encysted in tbe striated mscle ot vertebrates, usually the wa.m-blooded ones. When this 1nteoted meat is ingested, the digestive f!1tid dissolves the capsu.le surl'O'U.Diing the encysted wonn and :trees 1t 1nto the digestive tract. The treed larvae then attach them- selves to• or burrow into, the digestive mucosa, aad umergo successive pe:riodl ot gl'OWthaD4 moul.'111.th Sexual maturity is reaahed atter one or two days. After mating the male dies an4 is passed ott by the host. The female burrows into the digestive mucosa and undergoes turther growth and mouJ.ting. About six days at'ter ingestion the temale begins to di..., Charge Portion• other brood ot l.SOOto llSOOlarvae into the lymph spaces around the intestine. From these areas, truty pass through the lymphatics into the blood, tlu:ough the hepatic and pneumonio tilters thence to the striated muscles ot the body• These larYae are most numerous in the blood 8 to 25 da:,s after ingestion ot the infected. meat. They burrow into the mu.sole tisau.e. The sarcolemna erects a cyst around tmm, usually developed in l5 to 20 days. These encysted worms may rem1n viable tor long periods, ll years in the hog and 31 years in man are known (Belding 1942), Taen11 taeniaetomds This is a :parasitic cestode 1n which the adult infest members ot ,, the tellne tribe, an4 the larvae West rats and mice. The laffa.l stage develops in the rat after ingestion ot the ovum from toed. or water oon• teminated by cat teee.l. material. The larvae h&tOh in the intestine am penetrate the intestine wall• They invade the l'JlllPhatio system and the Ta&oula.r system. t1nal.ly lot.iging i:n. the liver, lddney- 1 or omenta ud tom a "bladder wom" • This stage is a strob1liceroua (Nyman 1951a) in which the worm has a "small caudal bladder tilled with fluid, and a very long atmbil&.te connection between the bladder and the scolu or head, . whioh 1• naginated into the bladder" (Hall 1920) • On ingestion of tbe bladder by a oat, the digestive fluids tree the scolex frm. the 'bladder • .. The scolex becomes attached by the hooks to the lining ot the digest! ve cavity where it begins w proliferate segments posteriorly, ea.oh ot which produces ova which are fertilized. on maturation the segment breaks otf and is passed ott 1n the feces {Ball 1920)• Siphonaptera ' . The flea.a 8.1'8 tru.e inaecta, with. six legs, no win.gs, and have sucking mouth parts. The body is laterally oompresae4, has a chi't1:nized • uoskeleton a:nd the legs are titted tor leaping. The eggs. are laid in the nests ot the host, where the larvae 4nelop, feeding o:a the excreta . of the adult fleas and the hosta. After a series of molta, the larvae pupate, After a. period (7 to 10 days 1n :Xcmo;psz;llacheop1s, the oriental rat flea), the, serge as a4ul:ta. AD.oplura The lice are tru.e insects with six legs, m wmgs, and with an 8 unjo1nted beak tor piercing and sucking. These parasites have a body dorsoveatrally tlattened, have strong, short legs with strongly de·veloped clasping claws, and usually have a leathery though not Ohitinized exo- skeleton. The eggs are laid and hatched on the hair of the host. The newly hatohed larvae, wbioh resemble adUlta, teed !mediately on blood. They do not teed again until atter tbe first molt which va.ries from two to tour days later. The larvae go ~ough two :more instars betore emerging as adults, !'eediDg at least on.ce every twent,'•fou.r hours. l Adults teed 1n small meals at short intervals UD.less starved, in which oase they engorge themselves. Acarina '1' • This grau.p inclw.tes the mUes and tlcks, usually w1th eight legs in the adult Qage, though inmature fol'm8 may have m.x, 'fhe bccly is compressed dorsoveutra.l.ly. The head end pan ot the tho:rex are tu.Bed into a cepb.alothoru; the body may btJ wholly er partly covered With a scutumJ eyes 'l1Jll1'or may not be present, emd.spiracles 1llf(Y or may not be -, life history, or type ot associations ea.a adequately ehe.raoterize the group. The Host-Battus norvegj.cus The Norway rat is a large. reddish b:ron. to 81"'8Y'iShbl'Own rat, w1th a tinged gray to yellelf belly• Pu.re white• pure black I and pied specimens occur. The tail, when .reversed over the baek ot the body, reaches approximately to the posterior region of the head. The gestatian period of the Norway rat is twnty•tive days, with ai:1: to titteen YO'UJ18produced in each litter. There ts no part;ioulu breeding see.s011•with the number of litters va.ryi11g frm. three to tour at New Bedford, Massachusetts (Eaton am Stirrett 1928) to t1ve to seven litters at Baltimore, Maryle.Dd {liinlen and Davis 1948). The young ra.t can swim at the age of eight d.a;y-s. Nursing con- tinues until tour or tive weeks or age, however. Though the rat is color-blind, his sight is well-developed. Its senses ot hearing and tSalltll are al.so well-developed. MUch ot the damage caused by the rat is occasioned by the necessity for the rat to ckew to prffent overgrowth ot its teeth. The average rat needs to one ounce dry weight of tood, and one to one and one-halt' ounces ot water per day• The rat will live where there a.re an ample food supply, ample water, and shelter• though there are certain unknown factors which restrict its distribution 1n apparently favorable habitats. Such places as open garbage dumps, waste canals• trash and junk piles around homes, tams, and businesses, and around teed supplies suoh as granaries I teed mills, and slaughterhOl.lsee provide 1deal homes tor the rat. Rata regularly use the same l"Wl'Wqs, either above or below ground, and on or over buildings, tor travel. They burrow readily. The burrows am l"Wlwayspl'Ovide Tisual evidence, along w1 th dm:ppinga, gnawings, and the sight ot the rats themselves, that there are rats prennt. Rats carl"1 various oonsortee, many ot which are directly connected w1th diseases of man. The Norway rat is found offr much ot the world in association With man. Its distribution in the mountain west is spotty. In Utah, it is tound in the central '9'8.lleys ot the northern ponion ot the state, south into the southern part;s ot Utah Oount,. In Utah County, the ra.t is found 10 senerally throughout the Utah Valley, south a.ud east to Thistle, and south and west to Se.ntaquin. Ra.ta were first t1.otioed in the 00W1t7 in the Lehi area about 1916 to 1918, but had become fairly well distnl>- uted throughout its present :range by 1920 (Ha:r:mston). Field Methods Areas of Collection Groups ot collections were made at five major typea of habUats, (1) garbage dumps, (2) an animal by•products plaut, (3) city OOl'llm&rcial, (4) rural comeroial• and (5) residential tum. Oy;bye Dumps,-These are open•t'aoed garbage and refuse dumps located. at American J'om. Sprhgn.U•• and Spanish Fol.it. There is a layer of top till but the face ot the dump is uncovered and each new load al.ides more or less oompletely down the hill, depending on the • ~- material. US'WU.17at the bottom ot the trmt, there is same son ot water supply. Bur:ron and l'W1llflllYSare en.dent. alo»g the tront ot the dump, em otten rats ma7 be seen even in daylight• The dump a1- Provo 414 not justify trapping tor rats. It 18 a sanita17 lal14•till, in which the day••su.pplf of refuse i a completely- eoTered over w1th at least two teet of earth. The Bz•products Plallt .-This site is the Kulmi Bros. JUtimal By- products Plant south ot ProYo. It processes animal carcasses, includiDg the green bones, into a cooked. concentrate. AS a side industr., 1 they collect dried bones from amall packi.Dg houses in the state and then ship these accumulate in a. bone pile at the rear ot the eatablioment. liany rats burrowed in the weed and rush-covered bank ot a nste canal that passes nearby. 'l'bese rats have access to the bone pile, to the stock oorl'llls • end to the inten.or of the plant it a elf thxough various waste u If 12 disposal pipes. '?hey readily swim this eight toot wide waste canal from their major colony on th& south bank to tho plant on the north bank. C9P:P!rcia,t Section of Ci;tz.-The only site 1naide the business district known to have large rat poPllations was the Provo Hide and Fur co. The major business aside f'mm furs seeas to be an active junk business. A huge pile ot junk accumula:tes in th• Jm.in building and apparently is seldom turned. The major rat harbor&Ge is in this pile and rats travel trom.' here to the basement and upper stories where green and dried hides are kept, IIUldto other part,s ot the building in search ot to04• ' / RY:DJ.Cozrmeroifl: Colleot1ons.-Plaees ot business in ru:ral or eani-residential areas were gl"Ouped~er rural ccmnerc1al. The .A11lericenFork Slaughterbouse ia located acl'Oss the ma4 tram j tbe .American Fol'k. garbage dum.p. It might well be classed as part ot ). the dwnp, but due to the available meat diet end physical separation it was considered separately, Trapping was done 1a the holding pens, and Lehi Roller Milla 1 s a milling conoern located east ot Lehi. Three main trapping areas were usedt (l) a sub-floor area, (2) a drainage ditch carrying mill wa.stes out the west side ot the building, aJld (3) a. teed tl'Ough tor cattle west ot the plan, where th• :rats her- bored 1n the base ot nearby tree• 811d possibly aloIJg a neartly 1mgat1oa Clutt•s 1'eed lUllt just north ot Provo on. the Ou.yon Road, is also a milling ooncem. The trapping area was in a light metal feed storaae warehouse back of the business, a haystack west ot the feed warehouse, encl a series of habitats north of the warehouse, begimung 13 with a JWlk p1le against the building mtd. a group ot hog, rabbit, and chicken pens around a central garbage and trash pile which ia burn.eel more or less regularly• The Utah County Pa.ckillg COlll.J)any1 s about e. mile east of the Kuhn1 's By-products plant but isolated trom it. The building 1s l7 rat tree and. ra.t ilnperrtous. However, amund the hogpens u4 other outbuildings mu.ch good har'borage SD.dwater is present. Slaughterhouses throughout the county were examined tor rats, but evidence was meager so no tmpping was done. 'l'hese establishments covered were one at Lehi, three at Spl'ingrtlle • and one at Payson. Res1d5t1!}. ,M4 1!1111Ha.bit1ts.-These are combined beoe.use the habitat types a:re similar. The trapping was don& around and tmd.er ooal sheds, chicken houses, be.ms, Ptsllena, lumber e.n.d W0odpiles, eJl4 junk piles. The Provo Boat Ba11:)ord1 ttered only 1n the. t the bul"l"OW'swere in the banks ot the Provo River, or the dikes nearby• Trapping Trapping was d011ew.tth either a No·. 0 Vietor• s1Jlgle spring steel tn.;p W'.b.ichns used unba1te4, or a Victor rat snap trap wld.ch was bd. ted with a wa.d.ot wetted• uncooked, quick-oookug rolled oats. 1.i'hesteel traps were set in the mouth of the burrow, in l"Wlways where the walls prevented c1rcwnven:t1on ot the trap, and on railings or sills which 1>1'0- vided. runways tor the rats. The SD.aptraps we:re placed at right 81'lgles to 'the runway• usually aeross S.t, so tbat the rat would be caught by either sampling the bait or by tripping the trigger as he passed over tt. The sr.uip trap was not used where the :rat population appeared high because ot the oarni vorous behavior ot the rE.mlaining mts. These would devour at least :portions ot the dead rat and often almost entirely consume the 14 All traps were set out 1tt the afternoon, generally between 3 and 5 P. u•• s.nd picked up the next morn11lg between 6 and 8 A. M. Bagging and Transportation The rats caught dead were pl.aced 1n a cotton bag after release trom the trap. This was done at "11e s1te ot the tap so that minimum distu.rbuce ot the consortes occurred before bagging. A label bearing the date, loeall't7t tield collection l'1Ul?lber,and the result;s of the tn.pping was inserted 1n the bag. The se.ck was them closed w1th a simple I O'Verhand knot at the neck ot the sack. The sack alld contents were re• turned to the wuvers1ty laboratory a.lld placed in the retr:lgerator. It the anSmsl were found alive 1n the trap, it was dispatched by a sharp blow over the peotore.l region 1 removed fl'Qlll the trap, and ba.wUed to the laboratory a.11Te by plae1ng each in a sack, trap and all. In a tew oases rats were taken with a .22 rifle, or reJUOvedfrom the burrows by dmwning. Oollec,:\&op.ot, nesta.-several nests were retr1eTed by moviDg waste :ma:terial such as lUl'llber, etc., near rat•intested areas, and w• covering their neats. All nests were picked up in a shovel or bf hand and placed in a sack aud closed. On return to the la.borato17 these were :p11tinto a Berlese tunnel, ed the couortes removed. and preserred in '10'.'alcohol• Ectocouortes 15 tollowi11g method t the bags containing tbe rats were placed in a wide oouthsd gallon jar to mrl.ch had been added a Slilall wad of cotton or ab• sorbent J;)6.;r8r:30aked ill chloro:toim or ether, a1lLl the jar closed. This stood tor five minutes to k1l1 the conoortea, the bags were removed, the aaok \llllmotted, and the con.tan.ts dumped into a deep wMte enamel pan. The sack was everted and any cl.11181~ oonsortes were removed. The carcass was then combed or beaten to dislodge ranaining coiisones. All coneortea were sorte The ectoeonsortes we:re bandl&d in ditterent ways with respect to mounting aDd ident1f'1cat1on. For this study only the t'leas and repre- sentative 198.lllPlesot the mites were munted as the large number of mites • Siphonaptera (mounting teehll.ique) The fleas were preiared for mounti.Jlg as tollow1n l. Beirove t:rom 701, alcohol into a ser.l.es of sttmder dishes, the :t1rst ot mu.ch contain 2%potassi\ml b7- drox1de 1n which 'they remain l to 5 4a;ys until ole&l"ed. 3. Acid 50% alcohol tor 24 hours. •• 'I~ alcohol tor 24 houra. 5. 9~ alcohol tor 24: hours. 6. Absolute alcohol tor 24. hours. 16·1; v. Oil of wintergreen tor 24 hours. a. Mount in clari. te on Jd.oroscope slide. 9• Dry for at leat>t 3 weeks at 850c. A.oarina (mites) (mounting techuique) The mites were handled as followst 1.. Remove tra.o.V~ alcohol to a solution ot sodium b;Vdl'OXidein "°"alcohol tor 12 hours or more, UBtil cleared. 2. lidollnt 1n mc:41fied. Berlese '• medium on microscope slide. (See appendix). a. Extend legs by one of two methodet -.. Heat the slide gently over a ama.11alcohol or bunaen flame until extension takes plaoe. Boiling is to be avoided• partiou.larly violent boU.1ng. The slide can be cooled rapidly by blowing on the cover al.ip. .Atter enans1on occurred 1t was placed ill a 600 oven tor several days. b• Place th• slide 1n a. temperatu.re-controlled. oven at 88° to 9rl' o. tor three hours. No turther tree:tment was necessary. ED.dooonsortes !emiP:!i1smot the Bost 9PflRep>yal ot Selected Tiseues.--Atter the removal of ~e eotooonsortes 1 the ea.roass as made ready tor dissection to loca.te end.oconsortes. It was placed ventral surface upper.moat in the dissecting pan. The tollowi!l8 dissection was then pert'ormedt l. The skin ot the ventral surface was cut trom the poiD:t 17 of the jaw poster1or:t.Y to the genltfal.ia. ,POStorlo:r comer of the eye AOmss the &Jlgle ot tlle jaw to the mid.line cut• 3. The skin wus peeled back: exposing the large bulbous '' muscle at tho aJJgle ot the jaw-the ma.sseter. 4. TWotransverse outs nre ms.de a.cross the mscle followed by a separating cut made e.loll6 \hi, jawbone to connect tlle two prev:tous outs. ·"!-,• 5• A square ct musclo about 1 centimeter in size end between i to ¼centinleters thick ¼U removed, 6, 'l'h1s was placed in a 2 d.rmn. vial with a label bearillg th~ t!eJ.d collectiOJl number and the lettE.'l" 9 A."..• wbioh was the 1dent1t1eation letter tor masseter mueele, ' '• A cut was made el.ens the interior a»gle of one jaw- bone fl'0m the anterior angle pe>stenorl7 as far into the throat region as possible• and 4eep enough to penetrate the bucoal. nrl ty, e. With a probe, the toi:ague we.s evened tb.D)ugh this cut, ' 9, The tomgue was grasped. with a pair or toroepa ad cut along the other side to free the toDgUe, 10. A t:ratunrerse eut we.amade e.s tu posteriorly u :possible to tree the tongue. Another trans:verse out was made ·'\ across the tongue to separate 1t into anterior and posterior halves. ll. The posterior halt was pla.ced in a 2 dram vial w1th a label bearing the tiel.4 collection number and the 18 letter "B", which was the 1dent1f1oat1on letter tor tongue muscle. 12. Both vials were col'k.ed and placed in the refrigerator. 13. The skin was then pulled laterally a.-.y fratll the v-entral midlin.e ot the abdomen.and ohest. 14. A out was made through the nusola and peritoneal walls f'ran the gent talia to the 6th or 7th :rib 1 aTOiding the organs imnediately undemea1ih. 11. A peJ.r ot curved tonepa with the points down is in• saned. along the posterior race of the diaphragm &D4 anterior to the 11v•r• 'I'he toroepa were retracted posteriorly to separate the diaphragm and the 11Ter, except at the connection ot the hepatic ponal veh and the esopbagua with the diaphragm. 16. With a aealwl a do:rsad out was made through the hepatio Pol'b.l. and esophagus. 1,. A s1m1lar cut was then made on the anterior taee of the diaphragm to tree the hepa.tio portal end esophagus. 18. 'l.'he diaphragm was grasped with forceps and a cut •s made aro\md it at 1ihe peripheral ju.nation with the body .U w tree 11. 19• Using a 5' by 4 inch +u,tern slide. oover Slip, the diaphragm was placed on 1' end extended to insure there were no told& or wrinkl••• 20. A am.all 14entitioation label •s pnpired and applied to the diaphragm. n. .A:Dothercover e11p was placed en top ad the pe.ir 19 placed 1n Bou1n •s t1n.t1ve. 22. After 15 to 20 minutes in tbe fixative, the bottan. cover 8l.1p was removed (so the label was m:otected). 23. '1'he diaphragm was len in the tixati ve at lea.st over- night or tor such periods as needed tor storage. u. The liver, k14neya, lungs, &4 other organs wre e:xa.mtnedtor g>:oss patbologioal oom1t1ons suoh as abnomal color• spots. and e:sr.,other e:x:traol'dina17 appearance. 25. If either of abOV'e(see No. 24) appeared. abnoxmal both were dissected ou.t an4 plaoed in l&,t,formalin. 26. The sexual a.cti'rtty of the uterus of the females was examined end, 1t embryos were present, 1ib.e number in ea.Oh horn was oounted aad measured tor length, a.Ild reoordad. ft!aation ot Hop ftssv.es tel !Jlm!Mt1on.-DJ.pst1on. proce- !tAE!.*the 'fiale containing the masaeter and tongue DJ180letissue were remared mm wtrigera:Uon am subjected to the following p>:ocedures 1. Add tour to six mill111ters ot synthetic pep-Uc d.1• geat1ve tluJ.4 (see Appendix) to eaeh vial. a. Reool'k the nel.s e.D'l,,.place 1n an oven at 3?0 c. tor 5 to 8 hours. 3. Rem:>vethe Tials from the oven a.t the cmd ot this time• shake, and remove the undigested gross. "• Removethe label, note the number and letter, and pour the contents ot the vial into a numbered oen"tri• .. tuge tube whose number has been recorded with the 20 collection nmnber. 5. Place tube 1n the centrttuge, tUJ.21the latter cm and l"Wl at low speed tor 10 minutes. &. Take samples ot the sediments in each tube aild place on a corresJ)Olldingly numbered cancan microscope slide . , and cover with a cover Slip. Jy.,stolpgicaA Proced.ure.-M.e.nydifferent processes were tried. on the diaphnms• Some wen e.x.amined41l'eetl.y from the Bou.in'& tia:t1ve w.t.th just a mhdmum ot watiJlwl.g in t-ap water, some were stained. with either Delatiel4 •s hanato~lin or hematein, aDd cleared in beechwood creosote or oarbol•turpen:t1ne. Hematein seemed give e. somewhat • better detin1t1on. Cysts are end.~n:~ 1n even unstained and uncleared material. The f'ollowiDg procedure of 8'ain1ng with hf!IM.tein was finally worked out and adopted1 1. Leave the tissue in Bouin.'s at least ovem1gh1;• 2. Ranove the :yellow color by placing 1n a 2j atm10nium hydroxide solution in 'I~ alcohol until the oolor disappeared. Twelve hours was about m1n1l'llumfor this. It was tound that I hours was satistactory though tbe , yellow leached into the following steps of tbe tecbJ:dque. It wa.s:l.'8m)Ved, however, 'by the t1me the staillill3 stage waa :reached. s. RinH u. alcollol for 30 minutes. •• RJ.nae in 3~ alcohol for 30 minutes. 5• Rinse 1n distilled water tor 30 minutes. 6• Place 1D..hematein stun tor 1 hour. 21 'I. Rinse in rwm.1ns tap water for 15 minutes. a. Change to acid~ alcohol until the blue changes to a deep red. 9• Obwlge to running tap we.ter tor 3 hours. 10. Change to alcohol for 30 minutes. u. Change to 5~ alcohol for 30 minutes. 12. Change to 'lo,£ alcohol tor 30 minutes. 13. Change to 95% alcohol for 30 minutes. ltYP!inat1on or Preared S;P!ci.mena,-The fleas and mites were examine4 under lOOX or 400X powr t;f a compoundmie:mseope, whichever was necessary-. The temporar:, slides ot the digested material was examined under the lOOXot the oompOt\tldmicroscope. Tba 1n toto mounts ot the diaphragm were mounted between two lantern cover slips in the clearing m.edhmi aDd examined under the lOOX ot the oom:pou.nd microscope. Interpretation ot De.ta The date. ot this study are presented in tabular form. In Tables 1 to 6 1 the iD.toDlation on the following is avallablet (1) the number ot :rats u4 rat neats collected• (2) the nwnber ot each sex collected, (3) the number ot rats a.tested with each g:oup of coneortes-tleas, ' lieu,, a.nd mites. and. (4) the percentage of the rats colleeted whieh were :tound to be 1nteated with each group ot consort es. In addition• "the total number ot conso:tee in each grou.p 1 a tabulated as are the aven.ge inf'ena• tion per rat caught and the average intestation per in.tested J."at. Much ot the po.st intome.tion on consortea has been given as the averase 1ntestat1on per animal ot tbe total hosts collected. It seems 22 more sio,1f'icant, however, to express the inteata.t1on 1n two valuest (l) the peroen.tage ot the population intested, and (2) the average number of eonsones per infested animal. In this way, a s:b:lgle large collection will not g1 ve an ermneously high figure for the eonsorbes population from a large sem.ple of hosts. Tables 'I and. 8 give the species of cmsones as determined tor the tive types of' habitats, and an overall total ot dt:ittermined specimens tor all coUect1oz,.s • It should be noted that the percentage ot sampling is not known,1•••, f'rom a collection of' several hundred mites the eact percentage ot oouortes which have been zoounted and detennined ie not' known. By the same token• whether each species, a.a mounted and detem.ned, represents the same ratio with otll.;;r species in the total eollection 1a not 1a1o1m. It can. be said, however• that usually, at lea.st, the more cODDOnspecies appear zoore o:t'ten in the mounted and determined specimens. Every attanpt was made to include all types 1n the mol.Ulted SfllllPl••• Tables 9 to E9 sumnarize the colle~t.a: data by the collection sue giving the number ot traps used, the number ot rats caught, ed. tba trapping ett1c1enoy. Trapping ettie1en07 ts the number ot rats caught divided by the number ot traps set. rus figure gives same measure ot the genera.l population density am success ot trapping ot the Jiol"W8Ynt in a particular locale. In addition, these tables list ea.eh collected rat by field number aD4 sex and give the num.l)en-of each consones type nmx,ved tJ:Om eaeh rat. Where applicable, the Project ten collection number is given so that future references to a particular collection oan be ma.de. Collections l th.l'OUgh84 were ma.deby the author. 'l'.bosecollect- ione lettered with "B" were made by Mr. Douglas Brown 1 and those of the 23 "1000" series were lll8.deby Mr, Keit.h R1chard.aon, '!'hose oollections made before J"1un1ary, 1951 were incorporated from. the records ot Project X, but have no number other than that ot the Projeet X eolleotion number. The d1seuss1on ot data is presented ill two groups: (l) ectocon• sortes infestation or the Norway rat discussed by host habitat a1ld boat sex, a%ld (2) the species ot eotoconsortes fo\U'ldat each oollection site, and at each habitat type. ,. OBSERVATIONSAND DISCUSSIONS EDdoconeortee 'l'richinella SJ>iralis r In all, digestions of the masseter am t.mgue muscles ot 94 nts quenq ot the infection ot rats by!• s:piralis, No JX>Sitive timings resulted. A kno\lll infected laboratory rat was obtained trca a biological supply house. Various techniques ot preparation am examination were tried on each tfpe ot muscle tissue. In all cases• strongly JX>S1t1ve resul:ts wre obtained tor knos infected a:n.imals• Although the evidence tram this' study indicates the absence of Triobip.ella !PAl!l1•in the ra.te of Utah COW1t71 it should not be con- cluded that ccmp1ete treed.cm t:rcm the inteotion now exists. As long as the rat «dsta, one Gt the linkl in the chain of 1nfeot1on remains, The deoreaae ot the mt population would decrease the ciumoea of inteot1on by !.• SP1aj1s. 'l'hia can best be aooomplished. by improvements in environ• mental sanite.ti=• Buch methods as el1mi11a.t1on ot tbo open•tace4 dumps and conversion to a sam:tary land-till type d1spoaal system; ind.in.dual projects such u cleaning up accumulations of jW'lk and material around tbs home• the business, and the farm; 8lld the 1solat1on of possible tood supplies such as garbage, grain Gnd teed a.re of prim,u.7 1mponance and teaaib111ty in reducing the mt population, TABLEl EC'.OOCONSOR'BSINF.ES'l'ATION OF BATSBY HABITAT No. of Sex Fleas 2} Lice (21 KS.tea 2) locale Rats (1) l) E F G :e: D E F G JI D E f G H 15 )( '1 4f 25 1.5 3,.3 7 47 89 s. 13. l 'I 5 .s s. Garbage 19 ., 3 16 4 .a 1.3 6 31 35 1.a &.o 2 10 15 .e V.5 Dumps 34 T 10 29 27 .a 2., 1.5 38 124 3.7 9.5 3 9 20 .a ,.o 6 0 0 ... 2 33 34 s., 17.0 0 0 City 6 •F 0 - 0 - 0 0 0 - 0 - - Commercial T 0 - 0 - 2 17- 34 --l'l. 0 0 l2 - - - 2.s - - - 10 Ji 0 0 70 5l 5.1 'l.3 8 80 28 2.a 3.5 18 F 0 - 0 - -... "'8 45· 31 1.'I 3.9 10 56 4'1 2.a 4.'l By•pro4uot 5 NR 0 - 0 - mt HR (JI Plant 2 lf 0 - 0 - - 0 - ·-0 - - 2 100- -... -.. - "' 35 0 - 0 - 15 45 82 2.5 18 55 '15 2.3 4.2 - - - - - 5.5- 5 2 40 16 3.2 a. 3 60 30 e. 10. 1 20 4 .a 4.0 Rural 8 •F 2 25 4 .5 2.0 5 38 31+ 40- lilt 2 25 8 l. 4.0 Commercial 13 '! 4 31 20 1.5 5. 6 46 :fl+ 3 23 12 .9 4.0 10 2 20 4 .4 2. 5 50 Uk 10. 2C+ 2 20 xoo10+ 50+ l •'E 0 0 l 100 l l l 0 .. 0 Res1den.t1al 45 mt 3 -'I 4 -.1 l.3- NR • tm - - & Farm 5 !i 0 0 2 40 NR- - -• 5 100- 5<11+- le'I& - l INJ'ESTATIONOF RATS IN GARBAGEOOMPS No. ot sex l L9a8 21 Lice 2) Mites l 2) I.oe&le Rats {1) l) E ., G H D E F G :a: D E 7 G :a: .American 6 )I.,. 3 50 3 .5 1. 4 6'1 10 1.s 2.5 l 1'1 6 • a 5 • Fork 8 0 - 0 - - a 25 21 2., 10. 0 - 0 - .. 5 0 0 ,_ l 20 50 10. 50 • 0 0 .. Spr.lngnlle •F 0 - 0 - - 2 28 6 • 9 3 • 2 28- 15 2.- '1.5 Spanish 4' 4 100 20 s. s. 2 50 29 ,.2 15. 0 0 J'ork 3 ., 3 100 4 2 6'1 8 2.? 0 0 • 1.3 1.3 ,. - - - 16th so. & D& R G ., 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 ------Old Orem Dump l )( NR - --- N1l - - - - HR - - - - en"' 014 Pl'o'VODwnp 4 D 0 - - - - 0 - - - - 0 - - - - 15 J,t ? 4ll 23 1.5 3.3 7 47 89 e.o 13. l 5 .3 s.o 19 r 3 16 4 .a l.3 6 31 35 1.s &. 2 10 15 .a '1.5 Totals 54 'f 10 29 2'I .a 2., 15 38 124 3.'I 9.5 3 '9 '20 .6 ,.o Column D c number of rats infested w.1~ a partioular group ot oonsortes. Colllmll lt • per cent ot rats Wested. Column 7 • total number of consortes ot the group. Column G : average number ot oon- sortes per rat caught. Column 1i: average number of COWBOrtesper infested rat. (1) M • male• 7: fe- male. NR • not recorded., Ii • nest. 1? • total. (3) - : not calculabl.e; • : present,, no count available; XOO =several hundred• NR = not recorded; :M • tbousand; I&+• tboUB&Dd pl.us. C = hundred. TABLE3 INFFS.l'ATION 07 RATS IN OITY C~LU. HABITAT No. ot Sex neaa ,21 Lice I 21 mks t 21' Be.ts {l) D E F G B D ., G D .I J' D H Locale • lI Provo Hide 6 lit 0 0 !, 33 34 5.'1 1,. 0 ... 0 Fur 6 F o; - 0 - - 0 0 0 0 - ...- • - - - -' - - - - Tote.la 12 • - 0 - - I l.T 3' a.a 1,. 0 - 0 - - TABLE 4 INFJ\STAfIONOY RAm A! Bf-moIUC'!'S PLARf No. of Sex J'J •a.a {2} Lice 1 2) Mites I BJ locale Rate fl} l) 1£ ., G 1l D E F G H D E J' G !{ = Xulm1 Bros. 10 0 0 'l '/0 51 5.l v.5 8 80 28 2.a 3.5 18 •1 0 - 0 - - 8 45 31 1.'1 5,9 10 56 47 2.6 4.'1 5 NR 0 - 0 - - NR tm ... • 2 N 0 0 - - 0 - 0 - - 2 100------• • Total. 33 0 - 0 - - 15 45 82 2.t> 5 .•5 18 55 '15 2.3 4.2 Column D : number ot rats infested w1th a :panicular group of oonsortes. Column .I =per cent ot rats infested. OolUJ:IJlll • total number or consones of the group. Co1umnG • average number of consortes per rat caught. Column H: average manber of eonsortea per infested rat. {l) M • male• J • female, NR • not :recol"ded, li • neat, 'r: total. (2) - • not 08.lcul.able; • : present. no count evailable, XOO: several hundred; NR • not recorded; 11 : thousand t M+ = tilousand plus; e • hundred, I / TABLE 5 INFESTATIONOF RATS IN WR.ALCCMJERCIAL HABITAT No. ot Sex Fleae 2} Lice I 2) M tes 2) locale Rats (1) D E :r G H D E ., G H D E F 0 H Lehi Roller 2 2 100 16 a. a. l 50 9 4.5 ,. ti. 50 4 2. .... 111.lls 2 •F l 50 5 1.5 3. 0 - 0 - - 1 50 2 1. 2. Anarioan Foa l )4 0 0 0 .... 0 D 0 Slaughter 5 ., l 20- 1 -.2 1.- 2 40 3M+ - l.50t- l 20- 1.2- 6.- ' l J4.., 0 0 l 100 14 14 14 0 0 Clutt•s Feed 1 0 - 0 - - l 100 19 19 19 0 - 0 ..- - Utah County )I 0 0 "I 'I ,, 0 0 Packing l - - - l 100 - - - I 5 )( 2 40 16 5.2 a. 5 60 50 6. 10. J. 20 4 .s 8 :r a 25 4 .5 2. 3 38 S!-t 4C- lK+ 2 25 8 1. 4."· Total 13 ,.. 4 31 20 1.$ 5. & 46 50+ 5 25 12 .9 4. Column D :: munber ot rats intested with a partieular group ot consortes. Column JC = per cent ot rats 1nteate4. column F = 'total number ot conaortes ot the group. Column G • average number ot oonaortes per rat caught. Colunm.H : average number ot oODSOrtes per infested re.,.(l) M • male. F • female. BR= not recorded• Jf = nest, T • total. (2) - • not calculable; = present, no count available; XOO = several hundred; HR • not recorded; • • thousam; =thousand plus; C • hundred. TABI.:E6 INn'SrATION or RAm IN BESlDENTIAl,.AND FA.RM BA'BITAT No. or Sex J'leu (21 Lice an Id. ;u ,. } Locale hi..EL tl) D I r G Ji D E 1 G H J) I: r G R 4 K 0 • 0 1 25 l .3 1. 0 0 12th No. &. l 1 0 0 - - 1 100 l 1. 1. 0 - 0 -... .,,- 5 N 0 0 - 0 0 3 100 50M:1614 16M 1st E. • P.rcm> ..- - - - .. - - Wash Hardy J'am, Provo . 2 K l 50 2 1. 2. 1 50 11k 00... lJ4+ l 50 xoo XOO+ tlte.h state Hospital 5 )( 0 - 0 - - a 6'/ 180 60 90 l 33 2 ., 2. KerrUl 41 Ni 0 0 Nll .. .. 1ffl .. Mecham Farm 1 N 0 0 - l 100 • • l 100- " •+ N - - - • .. • U) Provo Boat 2 NR l 50 2 1. 2. 0 0 0 () 0 ... Harbor l B 0 0 1 100- l 100------+ + • • 363 N. 3rd J:. Lehi l • l 100 1 l 1 0 - 0 - - 0 - 0 - - Danny EvaJl8 Farm. Lehi 1 HR 1 100 l l l l 100 + 0 0 ' • • - - - Clayton lams- worth, Garter- ,., ville 1 ER l 100 l l. l 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - - TABLE 6--Con)inue.d No. ot Sex neas t21 Liee {2} lO.tea {2) Local• la.ts (l) D E F G ll D E 1 G R D E l G H 10 ll 2 20 4 .4 2. 5 50 114+ lo.t 20+ 2 20 xoo 10+ 50. 1 ., 0 0 l 100 1 l l 0 0 Total 45 D 3 - 4 -.1 1.3- NR NR ""' - NR - - 5 N 0 0 2 40- - •5 100- 5(14+ - 10,t+- ' .1 •Ilk "let.a • 54 T 5 -9 8 - J..4- 6 10 -· L6f 2 4 xoo 2-ot 50,t Column D • number ot rats :lnfested with a :particular group of eonsortes. Column E • per cent of rats intested. Column F • total number ot eQllsortes ot the group. Column G • average number ot conaortes per rat caught. Column H • average number of consortes per Wested rat. (1) ll • male, F : tamale, BR =DOt recorded, R • neu.Jt., T • total. {2) • : not 08.lculable; • : present, no count available, XOO: several hundred; D :: not recorded; ll • thouaand; JI+ : thousand plus; e • hun.clred. g 3l Taenia taeniaeformis Du.ring the dissections 8Dd. the ensuing observations, white lesions were noted on the kidneys 8.lld. livers or some rats trapped at the Sprii,gville garbage dump. Subsequent determinations identified these to be the strobllioercal stage of the oat tapeworm, T9~nlia taeniaeformis. The percentage ot 1D:teste.tioa 18 not known. This was the onl;y loca.le sboWing 1ntesta.tion by .!• t15aeto!!4s~ There 1s no apparent expl.e.ne.tion tor the ocourrenae ot this tom. in the SpriDg,ille dump alone. Cate and dogs were present 111 three ot tb.e dumps examined. All three dumps had water at tbs bottom ot the ta.oe, and all Noeived the same type ot retuae and garbsge :ma:tertal. The Spring• Tille dump is the yoU11gest as tar as establlshwlnt is concerned but this t t t, :, 1• an unlikelr oorrelat1on. J:fuman1ntect1e». by the stages ot this oestode is not known. Ectooonsortes Babita:\ and Bon Sex Relatimisbipe ot Ectoconsortes (Tables l to 6) 9!!e£il:.-'l.'lle oven.ll picture ot the c01l80rtes on each sex of the rat sbows that males had tlee.s two and one-halt times more often than the tmnal.es• 8lld three times as mu.y- tleas per intened animal e.s the females. The males had mites about as of'ten as the females but bad an average number about one and one-halt times that ot the teme.les. Thirteen per oent ot the rat :population had an average of 2.9 tleas per infested animal; twen111-•1Sht :i-r cent of the rats bad an avenge ot 95+ lice per infested anhnal I and eighteen per cent ot the ra:ta had en average ot ff mites per in.tested eu1:mal, 32 Fleas were found on rats collected trom the garbage dumps, the rural ooll'.ll18ro1el.habitat, and the residential ad tam habitat. All habitats had lice• and all habitats but the cit1 comereial had mi:ies. Siphona:pten..-The peroenta.ge ot rats t'r Ot the ten me.las 1n the residential and farm habitats, twenty per cent were infested wUh an average of 2 fleas per u1Jnal 1 while the 01'18 and only tamale caught had 110 neas. In the garbage dumps, the males, which were 4'1 per cent infested, showed three t1.-s as maJtY mtested as temalea, e:nd had twice the average number ot neas with 5.3 tleaa per infested male. 'lhe males ot the rural OOillneroial l:labitat have one and one-halt times the percentage 1.nteated as the tanales which was 25 per cent. The males carried tour times the aveage number ot fleas than the females did with an average ot s.o fleas per intested male. Only the .American Fork dump and the Spanish Fozk dump had tlea Westations. Only the male ra1u1 tl'Ol!l the Amer.loan Jork dump had fleas with an average of 1 flea per intestet aJlimal. In the Spanish Fork dump both males and tanales were one hundred per cent infested. The males averaged almost 5 times as lllaDY flee.a per infested animal as the female 111th 5 fleas per :me.la. 33 J\lllOllg the rural comnel"'Cialcollections, the rats from the Lehi Boller Milla had all the males and one-halt the females in.tested With fleas. The males had two and one-halt ti.Illes as 1l'.lt11l1i'leas per intest~ an1mal as the temalcu,. wb1eh had 3 f'leas per female. The rats from the Jlmerioc :Fork Slaughterhouse had only teal.es 1ntened With fleas with an average of l flea per infested female. In the residential and tam collections} only males were caught at the Wash Bardy Ohioken Fam w.tth half of them :tate,irted with an a'V'era.ge o:t two fleas per ma.le. At 363 North 3rd East• Lehi, onl.7 one male was caught ha.Ting one flea. The same oaa.d1t:1on ot one n:t caught with one tlea occurnd e.t Carterville eJ.14 at the n.:o.:n:,,Evans J'IU'm at Lehi. One rat ot two oaught at the Provo Boat Harbor was infested With 2 fleas, the other had none. The reasons tor the higher percentages of iatea1ie.tio:n. and the higher number of fleas at the rural comneroial habitats, oTer the dumps, and these in tum over the residential and ta:rms collections are unlmow.n. Pan ot the higher oonsortee population may be due to the si~e and the conoeutration ot rat population 1a the dumps and rural commercial areas. Density ot population 1'0Uld sean to apply at the residential and f'um areas also, bu• seldom do the mmt;ers ot rats reach those ot the dumps. In exarn.mtngthe d1tterenees in the infestation percentage in various dumps, the picture is even less olea:r. All the dumps seem to be similar 1n construction, materials preaeJl1i• eel the e.vailab111t:r ot water, yet the flea populations difter markedly• Wh;y'the percentage ot infestation and the average number ot fleas were low 1D. the residential end tam collection, end why the highest infestation per a.n:hna.lns found at the Lehi Roller mus are not sat1stactor1ly explained. A,poplJYi'l.-'l'he overall picture shows that the percentage ot moles infested with lice is om am one-halt times that ot the females with u average infestation of one-seventh that ot the females 111hichis over 220 Uoe per t-.ie. In the d'w:rlpa the percentage of -1.es 1nfeste4 w1th lice was one am one-halt times that ot the tamales• witb an average infestation ot ,., times that of the tamales, or 8l1 average of 13 11oe per male. ID the o1ty oOlllllercial colleotions • all lice C81ll8 f'rom males w1th an avere.ge ot l'l lice :per intened male. At tlle by-products pl.ant, the percentage of males 1ntes1lod was one md one-halt t1mes that ot the females. The males had two times the average ll'U11i>erot lice per fem!lle with 7 .3 lice per infested an1rnal. In the rural oonnercial collections, the peroentage of infested males was one and one-half times that of the teimales, 111h1lethe average number ot lioe on the females was 100 times that on the males mtch had. u average of 10 l1oe per maie. In the residential and tam. oolleotians, the peroentage ot males Wested was one•half that ot the females• bu.t the average number ot lioe on the males was 200 times t.bat on tu tenalea wbioh had u average of one louse per t'ema.lea In the snerieau J'ork dump there were three times the 1)$rcentage of infested males oTer :females, l;nn wi'th the average infestation of the te- , males show1ng five times the 2.5 lice per male. At the Springville 4ump, the ratio ot infested male rats to infested females was three to two• but the average number ot lice per male was sixteen times that ot the 3 l1oe per femal.•• At the Spenish fork dump, the ratio ot infested males 35 to females was five to seven. wbile the average number ot lice on the males was f'our times tbe.t on the temales which had an average ot 4 llo• per animal. At the Provo Bide and Fur Oo. in the city Carllll8rcial habitat, only the males showed an infestation with an average ot l'I lice per an1me1. Only the males were infested w1th lice at the Lehi Roller tills with the average number ot lice 'b&ing s.9 per ti.\JUlDfl.l. OX!ly. fexnalea were infested at the Ameriean Jork Slaughterhou.ee 1f1th an average infestation ot 1500+ per animal. At Clutr's Feed Mill, both sues wre one hultdred per cent infested, but the females ca.med u avenge number of one and eollected at the Utah Oounty Packing oo.,carried. 'I ltoe • .rour times as many males as teal.es trom the 12th North collecti011 1n Provo had lloe, while both had an aTerage ot 1 louse per animal. Only males were collected at the We.shHardy place but these had c average ot 1000+ 11oe per animal. Only males nre collected at the Utah state Bosp1• tal with an avenge ot 90 lice per animal• The rural oomnereial collections show the highest avenge number of lice per infested ani:mal. 'two places• which• in someways, oouJ.4be classed together eoolog ... ically't showed high louse counts. These were the Aaerican Pork Slaughter- house and the Wash Hardy Obicken Fann. Ia the garbage d\llllps, an1m.al b7•pl'Oduots plant• aDd 'the 1"\tNl OOlIIJleNial oollect1ons, tbe males wen infested. one od ozut•hal.t more times than the females. Acpjpa {mitesj.-The OTerall picture shows that the males and females a.re equally infested with mttes but that the males averaged one and one-halt times the average number ot 5 nu.tea per :lnteeted teal•• At the dumps• the zatio of inteeted :males to :temal.es W'aS seven to 'ten while the females carried one an J In the rural commercial habitat• the percentages of infested animals aud the average number ot mites per intested animal showed no significant ditterence betwau male and female rats,, In the residential and 1'8.1'211ha.b1tat 1 all .mites •re colleoted f'l'OJJlmales with an average of 50t mites per anill'lal. The only tamale collected carr:t.ed no mites. At the Amsr.t.oanJ'on: dump only one male had mi tee with an a:rerege ot 5 mi tee per animal. '-'he one caught tezra.le showed.no mi tee., At the Spr1iagv1lle dump only females were infested with a average ot ?.5 mites per intested temale. The males at the by-product plant had one aud one-halt times the percentage of the 1l11'ested females. but the females allowed one and one- th1l"d times the average number of z.5 mites per infested male. J'itty percent ot all the males and the tamales collected at the Lehi Roller Milla were in.tested With the males having twioe the average 2 57 mites per infested tamale. Onl.y' tamales at the Am.e:dcanFork Sla:ughter- bouse had mites with an average ot 6 per an:hnal. 'l'he other collection showed no l:lJ:ites. The Wash Hardy Chicken Fam., where only males were collected• allowed an average of several hundred mites per an:bna.l.. The collections at Utah State Hospital were only males Which were infested with an average of 2 mites per rat. The highest infesta:Uon percenta.ge was in collections trom the by•producta pla.nt 1 b\n the highest average lllJJm)ff or mites was trom rats collected in the residential and tam habitat, No satisfactory ex:plal'la.- • tion can be made for the phenomena shown. ~rg.-There bas been a feeling among tield zoologists that J wllen the :population of a particular gl"OU.pof ectoconsortes is high, the other PoUPS of conaone• will be low on th& same an1TIMllll. Thia hold.a tru.e 1n the data ;presented here with the W'lderstanding tllat low populations of lioe aud m1tea may-mask this difference. '!'he same number ot :tleas, lice, end mites may be a high :po:pu.l.a:Uontor fleas and yet be a. low !X)pulation for lice and m1tes., It seems that th:ree fleas per rat is a high population, 1thile twent:,-1'1ve to fifty lice seems necessary tor a high louse or mite population. In this stud:y several thousand lioe were noted per e_n1mal. However, most ot the louse and mite popllations tow:Jd 1n this study are low. Nests llave not been studied enough to determine the nomal range ot populations. Nests did per nest. The rats from the WaSh Bal'd.y collections were the only ones Which showed high louse and mite popu.lati.on•• though tll.e flea population is low. 58 The Species of Eotooonaortee ('l'ables V and 8) Noso:eszUus t.,.sc1atus Boso, a known vector ot plague and ~y:phus. The exceptional collection was one flea, Fuell.a ipgta Baker, a. nea normally fOUDd on Pocket gophers• Ot the twenty-one male Noeopszllus fasoia:tus, nine were collected from garbage d.umps, two were f'Nll the residential and tam habitat, ana, ten were from the rural OOD.111$roialhabitat. Ot the twent1•seven tamales collected, seventeen were collected tra:n garbage dumps, two from the residential and tam habitat, and eight hm the rural conmi.ercial habitat. The garbage dump collections showed a st=ns predominanceo:t tamale Nosomillus ta.soiatus, .the other coll&c'fiions were essentially equal tor the numbers ot males and females. ACarin1 lmites) ,-The C In 'the garbeg~ dumps and the by-products plant the dominant mite was Limp:ssus be.co-ti. .As just :mentioned, the mites ot the family ~- sonem1dae. ot which there seemed to be e. single species• occurred in the by-products plant, rural conmerc.ial • and the residential and. fam habitats. L@:elApsap. and Ha!!!)lp,1Jlaps gJ,a5owl were :round in all habitats though with habitat ve.ria:tions in population. Both species were low am a.bout equal 1n the garbage dumps, and slightly more but still equal 1n the rural comero1al. Ha.emolaelaps alA§owi was dominant 1n TABLE? ECTOCONSORrESBY HABITATS No. of Speci- No. ot No. ot Habitat Order lJl$U Mal.ea Females Stieciea Q&l'bage Sipbonaptera. 26 g 1'1 NoSOl}SYllus fasc1atus .tmps . Acarina 3 2 l.aala:ps sp • 13 8 IJ.ponyssus bs.ooti lO L1ponyssus bacoti. protonymph l l Hnemolaela:ps glasgowi 5 Baemole.elapa glasgowi• proton,mph l Haemolaela:ps glasgowi• deutm::iymph l. Baemolaele.ps glasgow1 • nymph l Glyciphagus BP• 2 Gatnasidae i5 6 Unidentified By-~products Acar1na 56 a 46 Haomolaelaps glasgow-1 Pl.8Jlt .,, Haemolaelap:s glasgow1 • protonymph l liaemolaelaps glasgold.• deutonymph 6 l H1st1ogastor ap. 11 6 Laelaps sp. 7 7 Cheyletus sp. 18 Tarsanenidae 12 Qalnaaidae l Tyroglyphidae l Se.rcobo.toidea 4 3-logged m1tea lS Un14ent11'1ed TABLE 7-oontinued No. or 8pec1- No. ot No. of Habitat Order mens Mal.ea J'A!ITIA_l•s Snetties Rural Siphone.p\ere. 18 10 8 Noeopsyllus i'aseiatus Commercial Aca.rina 3 3 HaemolaelatB glaagow:l 3 2 Laelaps ap. 1 Tarsonemidae l Oribatidae 1 Un14ent1tied Residenti&l. Siph.onapterc. l Fo:xella ignota and Fam 4 2 2 Noso:psyllWil taseie.tus Ace.rine. I 2 4 HaEGlaelaps glasgowi 1 Baanolaelaps glasgowi• protonymph g 1 Haemolaele.ps glaagow1• deutony:mph l I:Iaemolael~peglaegowi. tll'l!lph 10 5 15 La.ela:ps sp. 30. Glyciphagus •P• 2 l H1st1ogaster sp. 18 .., 11 Radfordie. SJ>• 9 Oama.aidae 5 Tarsonemidae l 'i'yroglyphidae l Cytoleichidae 2 Oriba'tidae l Eupod1dae 4 Uropodidae l 1 Liponyssus bacoti 14 Unidenti:t'ied 41 the by•producta plant hab1ta1; 1 while J.:l•l!:'!R!ap. was dominant 1:n.the dump am the residential and tam habitats. The residential and farm habitat snowed.a domiJUULeeot G;J_.yei~ ap. • wb1ch C8111e mostly from nest oolleotions. SWEan:•-Th• tlea NosopaylJ.us tasciatus had a high population ot 5 _per animal 1n the rural connercial. The mites were generally low 111 this llabitat but ijaea>laelaps sJ.a.Mfw1and :taslaJ?! sp. domh>ated the acarine colleot1ona. T.be residential and ta.rm habitat showed relatively low nea pol,'Allation with one J'oxeUa 1ppts aDd 4 NosoJ?g;llus tascia:tus. The mites were generally high w1"11Gl7cipbtlS:9a sp. tran the nests. am Lae±9PB sp. am Radtord1a •P• be11'J8plentiful. 'l'he widest varie'7 of mites came trom. this habitat group. In the garbage clump habitat• the f'lea population was high 'Vd.th twenty-six NosowlJ.ue taso1aws being touad. 'l'Jle 1d:t;e .poi:w.ation averaged '1.o per Wested ,u.1.tmalwith L1129&s~ bacoti being the dominant mite. In the by-product plant collections, no neas were collected, the inite population was low with Ha9lae:l!,;ps gla5ow1 being the dominant mite. No flea.a or mites wore collected tram the olty oonmerc1al habitat. This s'tl.147 was made on ninety-tour Norway rats, Rattu p.pn51cus (Erxl.ebea), to evaluate the 1nfestat1on ot the rats by (l) Triohinelle. sJ21D1ia Ra1111et, the causative organism. ot trichir.iosis 1n huma.n,.J (2) the tleas, the lie•• and the mites; am (5) other organisms Uat might be recognized 1n a gross examination ot the internal organs. The field methods tor (1) tu selection of trapping sites, (2) trapping, (3) bagging to presene eotoconsortea, (4) transportation to the la.bo:rato rr, eJJd ( 5) storage are described. The laboratory methods tor (1) the removal ot eotoooJU10rte11, (2) the 41saeotlons to remove samples ot the me.sseter and toD.gt1emuscles and to NJDOvethe diaphragm, (3) exam:ln.ation tor other orge1mns• (4) the digestion techn1que as applied to tbe masseter and tongue muscles, (5) the sta1ning of the diaphragm, (6) the mounthg ot the ectooonsortes• (?) the examination ot all :materi&l, and. (8) the interpretation ot these data, are described. The data are 8.1'1'8D8ed1n tabular tonn to show tbs number &Dd sex ot rats caught b7 habitat and trapp11JS site, the total n'Ud)•r ot traps used, and the trapping effloienoy. In additiGn• for ea.oh habitat or trapping site, the number ot rats infested b7 either fleas, lice, or m1tes is tabulated• the peroent-se ot nte :intested. the total numbers ot eaoh oonsortes type, aad the average n-..-er ot oo».Sortes per animal both on the basis of the total number ot rats SU'lpl.ed end on the basis of the number of Wested rats. The speoiea ot fleas, aud the mites, lllhich ue d.ne:mined u tar as Possible to species, aa listed by habitat and trapping site. In addition, the pcpula.tions of consortee on individual l'a.te are given with the collect101'L number o:t' this s1nu:1y, e.n4 with the P.rojeet Ten ool.leotion numbers, where applicable. The data shows -r (l) fhe collections were grouped into five habita.ts1 (a} the garbage dumps ' (b) the city ooaercial a.bitat (c) the b:,-pl'Oduct; plat (d.) the ru.ral eomnero1al habitat, tU1d (e) the residential 8lld tam habitat. (2) No '1)1oh1nella •;e~-f!J,1awas discovered, A check examination ot a known 1nteoted rat, prepared by certain techniques and mod1t1cationa ot these techniques, yielded strong positive results in every case, (S) 'fae&a taeniaetolmif! Woltthugel, the eat tapewo:rm, was found in the livers and kidn"l"• t:rom same rats collected 1D the Sp1"111gv1lle garbaae dump. (4) Two species ot fleas were found.-one J'oxella te2ta Baker, wh.ioh 18 nonially tO'llJld on pocket gophers, and tort;v-eight Noso;eg:llus taae1atus Bon, a known pl.ague and typhus veo,or, Ot these twenty-one were males and tnnty-aeve:a. were tema.les. The largest peroentage of 1n1'ested rate were about equally d1v1ded betnen the ru.ra.l commercial and the garbage dump collections, Bo...,. ever• t!>e a:verage rmmber ot tlea.a pe:r infested a.uimal 1n the rural oommercial llabitat was almost twice that ot the garbage dumpsI wh1oh. bad 2. 'I flee.a e.s c e."Rrage per an:bnaJ• The residential and tam collections had only males infested with tleas with a average of l.4 J, ;' tleas per infested enimal.. The city COlll'll8rc1al and the by•pl'Oducts plant habitats had no flee.a. (5) Lice were collected trail all habitats, but the species and the residential and f'a:m habitats had very large populations ot 11 ce, taough the rural CODlEtrciu • the garbage dumps, and the by-pJIOduota plat habitats had the highest percentage of' infested rats. ( 6) Only the eity comeroial habitat lacked an int'esta:tion ot mi•••The :reaidentiu and fa.l.'m habitat had the highest average number ot mites with 50+ per infested animal• but wtth the lowest percentage ot animals 1n• tested ot tour per cent. The highest percentages ot infested rats were in the by-products plant and the rural conaercial hab1tats w1th about titt7•f'i ve per cent infested. 1;-iPOpYBsuabaooti (Hirst) was the commonest mite in the clump collections, Haemol&elaI>:9 &};e.§Owi (.liiwing) predominated 1a the by-prodncts plant colleot1ons 1 Ggc1pA!Q!& 8P• predominated in nest collections, the residential 1111dtam. habitat, end Radtor41• 8P• &nd Laelaw •P• were tlle cammonest mites on the rats ot the residential end f'am habitat. Fomul.ae Heme.teinstain Dissolve 26 grams of potassium alum 1:n 500 ml. or distilled water (mrdant) • Mix ½gram ot hematein w.tth 10 ml. ot 90 per cent alcohol 1n a mortar. Add to t!lOrdut slowly While stirriDg. Wash skin out ot mortar with mordant and stir mixture several minutes. Let stand tor i hour• filter. Needs no ripening and 1s usable tor about 2 months. Synthetic Peptic Digestive Jluid Distilled water • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 500 ml• Pepsin • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 13.2 gra,ns Hyd.roohloric acid • • • • • • • • • , • • • a.4 ml. Bouh •s fuative P1or1o acid (saturated aqueous solution) • • ?5 ml. Fonnalin • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 26 ml. Aeet1o acid (glacial) • • • • • • • • • • • 5 ml. Mod1t1ed Berleae•a Medium Oum acacia.•••• , , • • • • • •, • • • 8 gms. Distilled water • • • • • • • • • • • • , • 8 ml. Glycerin • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 5 ml. Chloral hydrate••,• • • • • • • • • • • 70 gm.a. Glacial acetic acid•••••• • • • • • • 3 mi. 46 Dissolve gum acacia GCGpletelyin distilled water before adding the other 1.ngredients in oi,:ter. Strain throu,gh clean muslin before use • .. f, • "'-, # . ce,mEa Eotoconsort ea . Bo. ot .Order S'C8C1me118 tt.alea J'mml.oa Snac1es of Consortes Siphonaptem l Foxella 1.gnota 48 21 27 Bosopsyllya tasciatus Acar1Jla (mites) 65 10 54 HaEll!IOlaelapaglnsgon 11 Baemolaele.ps sle,egowi , protonymph 2 Ho.mr.olaelaps gl.a.egowi, deuto!l11ZIPh 2 liaemolaolapag].D.egowi , nymph 16 12 Uponyssus bacot1 10 Uponyesu.s 'baoot1, protonymph 31 5 23 Lo.elapa BP• 24 Tarsonemidae 31 (Uyo1phngwJ sp . 1'1 1 ll1st1oge.ster sp . l8 7 ll Radfordia BP• 23 Oom,..sidae 2 Tyroglypbicm.o 3 Or1bat14ae 26 \U11dent1f1ed l sarcobat o1dea 48 I ! 0000000000000 • t p rtt.00§111trfOOOOOOO • .. •' I Orf ... 0000000000 I I• ·Pr...... )II.,...... • • I la .-~::i==§g§§§!§§ I I Nrt~f"'fri rff"I !l •• lg! 0 .. = • • \f • .... i\ • ...... I • • • • • • ...... • . ....• -•.~ I s• 49 ! .§ ! a ! I • • - t a I 1 'II ti .. Jii }l 1i !l il I J i i ii . I: -0 .. = ...... i i i 1 1 i • I • • t l I ! 1 ., ! t: ~I ! ! I! !I ,.. ... ,.. •• •Qt ,...... I ! !~. i .. ! ! ! ! '! 00 Mi . 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I ,.• •• Q 0 I a·1- e I •• i I 13 • !1 = I la =Ji I I I Is f 'di tt 10 II '1 • ~""'•o i·l • I • • • • I • • • • • I • • • • ••• ' •• rfOO • • • • a» .... ,II I 1 ', .. co~ • - • !Iii~• o I I . -I •., !iiji s '44-t I .. • ~=m• • f a 4! Hii r 'fABLE 14 ID'.IS'l'ATION li!t OLD PROVOGAm3AOE OOMP , \" 1 'f Jio. Jfo. '.Pmppi»g Ile Sez Bo. lb. Jib. P!oj. :X HQ. t&l. :r1eas Lice JU.t••o>~-- . -~u !I_ 1fov. 25. '491-(o) 4 - - D 0 0 . X:•129 la>JI e P9! J'!!ll!td, &Jt>t: tad tl!!D ga'f!A!bl•, i•l • F'lall l!l.!l!f, Total Sample • 11n~ • • • • • • 4 IDJ:NTD'IGA'i'IOR: X•l.29 mites g 3 protonymph B'aemolaelapa glaagowi l deutonp,.ph Baemolael.apa glasgolfi 11' Haemolaelaps glaagowi l aJJl.ph l'faen)lulaps g].asgo,d 5V Upoa:yuu baoot:1 a, U~baaotl 10 protouymp)l LipoJlPBU bacot:l .. .. lV l.aelapa sp. 1 Gema.aidae Mi• .....• la !!! • Gl I ii'°•• 0000000001,a ,i~.o ooo ....ofooo11· I iJ.o OOQOOOCOOfll ;• ... ij M•...... ,...... m I la .-.--===xxifi I .. ! 0 . ,R, 0 - , .... • -fl ~'°''°'° • • • • • i • ..• .• • • • 0 . . 0 • • • .• • lQ - • •••• -II fl -0 • . i}ii! .. -I I~!• !i t.. ...h:l , i i Bi ~=' A a ! -UIJ- r ii~·•- < ,~- ....; . .1..:s-• .0 i I 00000 ooooooooooooooooooa11 0. o.!. ....- i . ~::t ii• • - - -~ '-.... '·· • ¥ Mi • t . " ..... ii !!! • -0 •I- 10001110 •• - a-"°51- l ·1- i:3t! ...... 011000 1 .1- 1000111000· 1 •~e 1 1 !] =,.. ...!iii IJ ...... '" • ==-: -e iii,,,s •• ·" Ir,f 1, l!. • I 'lllt I2 i: Ii 1 ! gi t 000 .. I'°~~~ i u ..·•:., fl •·-:.,.-, • • • • • ti ·• • • • • • • • • • • It • • • • • -el• 000 ! II • • • • • ii Iii• ,.. ~i • lilt ff ...... • •co~ i iliii • It t·' t •1 :II • -1ti• llf I! l!!IS - ~~11k s J • - 1... i&! liil I TA»a l6--0ont1ffi!!4 ll>EM'D'ICA!l'IONt (Continued) X-'50 lloe •aot identified mites 4P Bumolael.aps glaa8(>W1 lt Baanolaelaps glasgowf. l 4euto~ Baemolaelaps glugowi I H1at1ogaster ,ap. lP Hiatioguter ap. 18 Tarsonemidae 1 l J' Lipo11J118WIIba.coU x-451 lice • not 14en'tU'iei X-603 mitu 2 J' Liponyaaua baooU 3-leg m1tu •8 M 81 J' Haemolaelap, glasgow1 ' protonyaph Baemolaelapa gl.asgowi l Baemolaelaps glasgowt S'J' Laelapa sp. 6 Oema81dae a un14entit1ed X-454 mites ,., ,. Oheyl;ftua ap. 20 :r Baemolaelaps gJ.aagon 3 J' taelapa ap. 9 Hiatiogaster ap. I G&maa1dae 1 8arcobato1dea a !1,14•!1rt1«1 TABLEl? ~ION AT LEHI ROI.U:R MIJ.I.S, LEHI ,, no. 11o. Trapp1Dg ne11· sex No. No. No. Proj. X ))ate Tana Bata Etticianev' Mo. ' le.l neaa Uoe lfltea Ooll. Jfo. .n.ui. 20 8 l 13 81 r 0 0 0 a 8 25 82 ., $ 0 I X-874 83 10 9 4, .X...s'l:S 8' M• G 0 0 X-8'12 6 0 0 ta>• • wt, I • taeJe, Numberof tmpa set • • • • • • H ..,.-y, Numberot nta oaught • • • • • .ft Tl'apping ett1o1.•J10J 1t • • • • • 15 g Total au:ipl.e - male• ••••• 2 tamale • • • • • I !!191:!AI IDENTll'IOAfJ.'IOlf& X-8'72 fleas s J( 31 Noaopayl.lu.sta.seiatue x-8'13 tl.eu 6. 3 J' Nosopayllu taaoiatua m1, .. s r .Ba.emolaelaps gJ.asgo11'1 1 Oribatidae 11oe • not 1deaUt1ed X-8'74 fleas a II l 1 Bo80:pqllu taaciatua lld.tea 1 r Iaela:r;B •P• 1 Laelape !Pt 59 .... • • • • • • • •* • • • • • • • iJjjj I• ....liE! a t:t I I HIJ TABI.& 19 ntnS'l'AfiON A'1 .AMERICANroar SLAUGHTERHOUSE No. -ce' {b 1-. 23 8 l 1S 18 ., l l 6 X-448 3 0 0 ~an. 25 • (o) 4 15 K 0 0 0 - 16 7 0 0 0 1'1 ., 0 0 0 18 r 0 0 0 Ii JO ., 0 0 " ··~ (a) • =ma1e., J. a tsale; (b) • c ~. exact «Jl1Dl unavailabl~; (c) • • traps »l.!!h ' $ ltamber ot t~ps set •· • • .. • • 16 »umber of rats cal1Sht • • • • • 2 Trapping Mfl.cieacy • •••• 13 Total sample • mate • • • • .. • l ftlllale • • ... , 5 reea1 D»mTD'lOATIOllt X-448 flea. 1 Y Nosopayllua tasciatua lice • not 1dent1t1ed mites 1 Tarsonemidae 1 r Lael.a.pa ap. 1 uidet1f1ed &:Ml . ua - mt Hs»tJ.• 61 H . --...,,,, it) .. • ::t 8 !l • 00 a-51 j ·1 ; 00 a M ... i ,B ~' t i ti • I . .. ta a• ~:'" 0 - 0 000= - 100 .... rt .. .• • • • .. !It. I • • • f t Dl'ESTAi'ION Kl '1'WELJTBllOlll'lI Alm J'IlfJ'J.' EABr, PROYO lk>. I I Tre,'ppiDg I F1el.4 I Bez I •• I Ro. I P.mJ. X •• b -~- *· A:P1".11 1 a f5 0 0 .o. Apr. 18 s • 96 •r 0 l. 0 I X-637 1-1.,I 0 0 o, '8 •M 0 0 ' .o' s.a.enal I " 0 0 0 0 . a00t. X-MlX-5'0 0 -4G ' , 1X-542 0 l!L -~-J_~_JLl ll_L_O _ ___l ---- Q __ - - - . ~i i-eta.1.ned (a) l(: mal••i : temale; (b) U'.: tllOwland• • exact eotmt unavailabl.6; (cl •.; traps not OJ II!!!& !'I, Number~ tftl)S set.••••• 15 B\m1berat rats oal:lghs • • • • • 2 Tn.ppiq Ettleienq - • • • • • 13 amn.pl.e- male • • • • • • 4 taaale • • • •. l \lDND4 ' Nd• I ' I t l _I '.;. Il>Elf1IFIOATIOlf: X-537 liee • »ot 1d.cUt184 X-540 mites 4, Tarsonemidae l Glyc,1pbagus •P• 10 r laela.1)8 ap. BF Baslolaelaps glalfgow1 1Jl1'1.Ph Baemlael.apa glaagow1 I Oamaaidae a v.n1cleat1t1ecl TABLB21-Continued . IDEm'IFICATIONs (Continued) X-541 m1tes 111 l'f Baem:>laelaps gle.agowi 1 protonymph llaeirolaelaps glasgon 3 Gsmasidae l H1stiogaster ap . 1 Glyoiphagus sp . 3 14 5 Y La.e1aps sp. 1 'fy1'0811Phidae 2 unident i fied X-542 mites 1 Tarsonemidae lY Eaemolaele.ps glas~owi lM Bist1ogaster ep .. en 28 01.yciphagus sp . Ci,! l ,2ttol~ichidae TABLI 22 INDSTATION WASHHARDY CHIOKm FAIM• PBOVO No. No. Trapping Field sax No. Bo. No. Proj. X na,te Trans Rats Ett1cienav S No. (a) neas Lice (b) lUtea {b) Coll. lfo. Feb •. 'I 8 a 25 2l. l( 2 Jlh, XOO X..i45'7 22 14 0 0 0 X-4.58 (a) • =PP:+•• 1 = tel•; (bl XOO : aevenl mmdre4 1 + _: e:1tct count ~TaUabl•• Numberot traps set• • ., ••. • 8 Number ot rats caught • • • • • 2 Tl'apping Etticienq • • ••• 25 Tolel sample • male • • • • • • 2 tamale 0\ !!!Ed tSl,, IDENTIFIOATIO!it X-43'1 tled lK l "I Nosopsyllua taaciatus l1oe • mt 1dentif'1ed Jnites ,u 11 F Radtordia ap. s Gamasidae 10 ,~~1i.!!!1~1e4 TABLR 23 INJ'&STAfl:ONAT UTAHSTATE WSPITAl.• PROVO lio,. No. Trapping nel4 Sex No. No. No. Proj. X Date -... Bats Etf'1CiMlftv i No. (a) Fleas Uoe (b) Mites Coll. No. Apr. 2 2 0 0 2 2i 68 i( 0 J.eo. 0 X-621 0 l 0 X•520 Apr. 9 9' 0 0 • Apr. 24 8 0 0 Nov. 20. '5 O im (c} l . '· ,.. : 0 B- M 0 0 2 X-4.'ll {a) K =nel•s I !tlB?l!i (b) + • exact oouat unaftilable; (c) ft• 110 record, ., . Number of traps set • • • • • • 26 Number ot rats caught • • • • • 2 (JJ Trapping Efficiency i. • • • • 8 Total sample - tnale • • • • • • 0 female• • • • • 3 IDEN'l'IfiCATION: X....ft7l - J!il!I •• Mt a1J1labl! TA13LICU DU'ESTA.TIONAT MERRILLDCRAK FA.II!• ORIM No. No. Trapping J'ield Sex No. No. Bo. Pl'oj. X - (a) Uce (b) Date .r._--~Bata 11:ttici eztCV ' Noa neas M'itu (b) con. )Jo • .A:ug. 10. t4i9 Im (c) 1 NR BR 0 0 X-61 :rm 2 JlR - NR 0 3 0 X-62 .Aug. 18, '49 nest .. -· 0 0 • X-68 - 38 - D- 0 .. x-71 A'M". !L '51 3 0 -0 - • (a) NR :. not recorded; (b) + : present, no cou.nt available; {o) - • traps not used, HR = no 1'!2Sl4• Number traps set • • • • • • 3 ot O'> Number of rats caught. • • • • • 0 Ch 'l'rappillg Ett1o1enoy 1/1• .. • • • o Total sample - male•••.•• 0 female•• •• • O Vi!!MA , • t , IDEN'l'll'IOA'l'IONt X-61 mites l lupodidae (Eu.pod.essp.t) X-GB lice - m>t iaent1tied X-68 1111.es l. r l.il)OllYSSUS ba.ooti lK Baemolaelaps glasgowi 1 deu'toJQm.ph Baemolael.a.ps glasgowi 4 Uropod1dae X-?l lioa - DOt 1dentit1ed IU• - not avsP,-.b.l• • 'tABL'i25 INFESTATIONA'l BOATHARBOR• PROVO No. Ho. Trappil:lg 71eld Sax No. No. Proj. X na,,t_e_ 1'1'8.s Bats Ett1c1e No Kites b 001 No. Apr. 1, •49 I •(e) .nest & NR 2 0 XOO X-4 animal - - l-•49 l - I l I - I - _J__NB I 0 L_:t --~J.__ • J X-24 (a) NB : not recorded; (b) XOO: several hw:ldred• : present, no ooun.t available; ,c>- : UAP! not•«l, _11 Total sample - ••un.sexed. , ••. • • ,,,1••• l. IDENTIJ'IOATIOli: Q'> X-4t neaa-ualtnown .... mites• 2 available 2 Or1batidae (probably Phtharaca:rus ap.} X.•24, lice • not 14eat1:t'1.ed !UM - 91vallable 'l'ABLE 26 INFFS'l'ATIONA"t 363 NOR.riiTBIBD EAST, LEHI No. No. Tra:p:ping J'ield Sex No. No. No. Proj. X na-te Trana Rats JtticiemtY S No ... {a) nee.a Uoe Mites Coll. Xo. Dec. 21. • (c} l • K 1 0 0 X-392 1950 - (1) • =IN!, {c) •• =12 _,, u,a. ~iJa sample .•, w• , , , , , , l - lDINTD'IomONt :X-592 tlee.s liOIIPP!fllUS l...l fe.111!.11' • - 1.~ . ~· .. ' Ol 0) 69 ~a• ...... • • i !a >'4 .1 lg 0 I -e a:• :I • ia·= .... !1 ffi ....1:f . !• ~i • l1• '1ft ! .. ""' u m • ig ,Jl • Ill .... i iJ t: rci. I .... • 0 • ... ,g - ~("' I -Ci = tll S! Q)• s• --:i s 8~ I TABLB 28 INl'ISTATIONAT CLA.Y'.t'ONJ'ARNSWORTH PUCE, CARTERVILLE Trapping Ko. ProJ. X J!t"ti.,,e '~:4L1: ,t~J J:; ~ll. l1Q Nov •. l6.'4t9J ?m - NR l 0 0 x-a~ {a) NR =not recorded, (c) BR : not reco:rded1 Trapping UDknown 'tot4Y.. sanp1e - unaexed • 1 • , l Iumtll'IOATIOB: :x-165 fleas l Fgplla igpottl ..;:t 0 TABLE 29 INJ'l!'STA'l'IOBAT Y VllW MAa.B'f, PROVO No. No. Trappiag Yield Sex No. No. No., Pro3. X Date 'l'ra.TIA Rats Ei'°ticienov, No. J'leas Lice Mitea Coll. llo .. Avr. 17 6 0 0 LI'.l'ERATIJRECl1'ED Alll'ed, Donld II. 1951. "A Prel1m1»8.1'7 Stu.cl7 ot the Distribution of nea.s 1n Utah XDoWllto be Oapable and Potential Vectors ot Plague." Vnpubltsbed Master's 'l'hes1st l)epanment of ZOOlogy am Enwmology. Brigham YounaUm.Yersity. Anthony, R, B, 1928, neldboolt ot North .American Mammal••Nn Yorks a. P. Pu.tuam & Sons. 1949• "A Review ot the Mites ot the Family Oheyletidae 1n the United states National 1'.uteum..•Proo, u. s, Nat. Mus. 99 (3238h 267-320, 190&. "A 'h'eatise on the Aoarina, or M1tes.• Proo. U, s. Nat, 1ma. as (1382 h 1-114. Belding, De.Yid t. 1"2. Textbook vt 0111110&1Paaa1tol087, New Yor.t, Appleton- Century-O:rogts1 Ino. Eaton, P, end C, S, st1.r.ratt 1928. "Rep:roduction Rate 1n W1ld Rate•• Sc1ence 6'h 555-556, Emlen, J'olm. '1'.,1r. am D, 1, De.vis 1948, "llatenn1nat1on ot Reproductive Rates in Rat Populat1oaa by Examination ot Oarcasses,• Fhys. Zoology 2lt 59-65, Eakay1 0, R, a,m V, li. Rad 1940, "Plague 1a the Westem Part ot the Unite '11 ?2 Hanuton• Fred c. 1951. Data f'llm1sbed by correspondence. 1936. "Triehillosis 1n Louisiana.• New Orleans M. and s. 1. 881 445-44ie. 1951a. The Invertebrates: Platyhelminthes and Hbyncocephal.a. New Yol'k J MoGraw-Hill Book Oo. 1 ho• 195lb. The Invertebn.tes: AOanthocepbala. ASohelminthes 1 and Enwprocta.. New Yost MoGraw-H1ll Book co.• Ine., :McNaught, lames B. and Eugene v. Anderson 1936. "The Incld.ence ot Triohinosie ta &m Franciseo." 1our • .All. Mede ASSOC• lO'ls 1446•1448. .. ' Merr1ll, B. w. 1941. • A survey ct the Inoiclenoe of 'fr1chinoe1s in Northern Utu. a.a Indicated. by the Intra.denial. Skin 'feats and Poat• Jl'llOrianExaminatiou of Diaphragms.• P.roe. Utah Aoa4. of Sciences, .Ans• au4 Letters. 18: 35-39. M)Uebust, RoJ'1. 1948. Unpublioed field notes. J Myklebust, R. 1 •, 1 • 0 • Ha.rmstont Uld D. R. Ma4d.ock 1941. Sylva.tie Plague InTeet1gations ia Utah. Atlania• Georgi.al Cc:mmmioable D1sease Center Eull •• Fe4eral seour1t1 Agency (mimeographed)• Nole.n.1 •• o. and J'ohn Bozicevich 1938. "Studies on Trichinosis. v. The Ino14ence ot Trichinosis as Indicated by Post-mortem Examinations ct 1 1000 Dia• phragms." Public Health llepons 53 (17h 652-6'13. Pattcm, Walter Scott and. Alwen K. Evans 1929,. Insects, ftclu.i• tites, Gd Venomous A:llimal.sof Medical and Veterina1'1 Importanoe. Great Britain: H. B. Gould, Ltd. Croydon. Pee.rae. .A.. s • 194.2. In'tl"Od.Uctionto Paraaitoloa. SpriD.gf1eld, lllillD1&: Charles a. 'rhome.B '13 Pu.blio B8a.l.th Sefl'ice 1949• Rat-borne Disease Prevention am eontml. Atla.ta, Georgiat hderal Security .Agenoy1 Pu.bile Health semoe, , ; , Coummnioable Disease center. 1934. "'friehinosis ot Mau, a CQJ111:10nInteot1on.• lour. Am. 1484. Assoc. 1oa i 1217•1218. , ' 1944. "Balmonellosis as a P\lbl1c Health Prob le 1a wartime.• . •• lour. ot Pull. Health Mt 81U-53. stramtmann, a. w., 1949. "'l'lte Blood-sucld:Dg m.tes of tbe Genus !f!encla•llff (AO&rina: Ia.elapUdae) in the United States.", lour. Parasitology 36 (3)1, 325-362. Tipton, V,, 1 •• 1949. "A Prelim.nu,- study ot the 81:phonapberoua Eotoparasitu Found on the llamnela of the Families Oricetida.e and · Muridae in Utah County," trnp.Jbl1she4 NAnerts Theais, Deparlment ot Zoology 8.ild Entomology• Brigham Young University. Wright, Wlll.ud B. 1939. "studies on Tr1Ch1noa:la-the Ep14aniology ot TricMBell!l • Qin,J.ia Inteetion and Measures Imioated tor Control ot Trichinosis.• -. :our. Pub. Beal.th 2th llt-12'. ' . .•-~ .~· .. :. ·,: "' ,'. '. . .. AH ABSTRAOTOF A 'l'BESIS SUBaffED TO.THE FACULTYOF .'rBE DEP.ARl.m.ffl.'or ZOOLOGYAND ENT<.1(()1,0GY AND THI GRAJlJAlf.ESOBOOL OJ' BRIGIW4YOtJm UNIVJ:RSlft IM PABTIAI.J'UU'ILLMERT OJ' THI .. BY ROY Z • tml,lfflllS'l' AUOUS'ltltll In ol'der to study the relationships ot the BOZ"lla7rat• S@;ttus p.gneeJ.cug (Enl.eben) and its eonsol."tes, a. tra;ppi.ng program was initiatfld in t1Te types of habitats in Utah Oount11 (a) garbage dumps~ (b) animal by-pro4Ucta plan"- (c) city OOJ1111e.rcial•(d) ru.ral com.uero1a1, awl (e) residential and tam. areas. Ninet7-1'our nts were collected t:rmn1anuar;r to .rune,1m. The :inasseter and tongue mw,cles ot these ate, were dis.seoted,-,,~u.... gestod by me:ansot added synthetic pepUo juice• am examined tor Weotion by the causative organism of triclunosia• t£1.chin!;Lla sJ2&f!}.is Balll:l•• In addition, the diaphragms ot these rats were removed, stained, and uam:lned tor J.• s»it'@lia• No oases ot Wection were tow:id. 1'm strobi• lioercal stage of Tami§ t:aeniaetol'mis Woltthugel was to'UJldin some lddneye am.11 vers ot rats tnpped in the Spr1ngfille garbage dump. The two helminth toDDS• Tf1cpinella SP1aj1a and held.a ta!!ilefo±mis, were ·.~ the only endoconsortes observed. Ecttoconsortes studied included the neas ot tbe insect order, Siphonaptera, the lice ot the order• Ano:plura, ed the mites ot the araolmoid order, Aoarina. 'l'he only t'leae tound were Noaopsyllue tasc1atus Bose, a known vector ot plague u4 tJl)hu• except one eolleet1oa ot :roalla Baker• which is OO?illlOn..q fOUDlion pocket gophers. '!'he largest :perceatqe of rats Wested with nee.a, thirty-one per cent, •• to'UJld ill the rure.J. comn.eroial habitat. 'l'he rats trom the rural conmero1al area had more flea.a {S.O) per iuf'ested aabal than those tram other he.b1te.~a. 'this was nearly tdce the intesta.tion on rats tram the gubage dumps, and tour times that of the residential and tam habitat. resident:141. a:nd. tam. habitat had olll.7 males infested (twenty per cent of the total caught) with an average ot 1.4 f'leas per 1nteste4 cimal. The other two habitats, tho city col1milroial and the an:t:rnal by.products plant habitats, snowed no rats with tleas. Lice were oolleoted on rats fl"(lll all tive hab1 tats, w1th yery large popuat1oDS found in the rural. comnercial (500. lice per infested an1mal ) a.ad the ns14en:UaJ. and ta.zm babi'te:t (l6f+ lice per im'ested ammal ). 'lhe high.en :percentage of ill.teated rats (torty-tive to tort7• super cent; was toUJ'Jd in tho rural cm:mereial and tbe animal by-products industry. Only the c11.y cammeroial habitat lacked mite infested n.ts. The residenUal and ta:z:mb&bitat .bad an averase ot 5o. mites per inf'ested an:tmaJ tor the highest average• but bad tlle lowest percentage at &D3mala 1.ntested (tou:r per cent). With :percentages o:t titty-tive per cent, the animal by•p.l"od.ucta plant end tho rural eOlllr.l8ro1al habitats had the highest percentage or rats 1.ntested with mites. I4:l'9WSau&bacgti (Hirst} was the commonest mite :tOUDd on the rats :t"l'OJDtbs garbage dumps, Haemol.aela;rua Mf!!6RWi(J:111.ng) pr&doninated in the oollectiona made at the by-products plant. Glzo;.~ sp. dminated the nest collections in the residential and tam. habitat, and Ri,Af'ord&1sp. encl ld!eJ.ais sp. were the c0Jml011eat mites on the rats ot the l"'Hidential llll4 tum habitat. !he ru.ral commercial habitat showed a b1gh percant&8e ot infesta- tion ot all thne groups ot ectooonaortes, aeeompauied by high populations ot fleas &ndlioe (5 fleas and 500+ lice) end a :population ot 4 mites per nt. 'l"he city oormnercial habita:t: W a population ot 17 mites pe:r an:hnal but no :t'lea. or lice populations. J'ield methods and laboratory- teehniques used tor the preparation aDd e:mmination of the various consortes end tissues a.re gi:vea.