From Warlord to Emperor: Song Taizu's Change Of

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

320 peter lorge FROM WARLORD TO EMPEROR: SONG TAIZU’S CHANGE OF HEART DURING THE CONQUEST OF SHU by PETER LORGE Vanderbilt University “The ruler displayed the banner of surrender on the city walls, I was deep in the palace, how could I know this? One hundred and forty thousand soldiers all took off their armor, How is it that there was not even one who was a man?” Lady Fei1 Introduction On February 23rd, 965, Meng Chang 孟昶, the king of Shu 蜀, surrendered to a Song army under the command of Wang Quanbin 王全斌. The Song army had conquered the Shu kingdom (modern Sichuan) in a month, a surprisingly short time given the natural bar- riers that protected it. Although the Shu government fell quickly, the depredations of the Song army that followed instigated widespread rebellion. To make matters worse, part of the Song army mutinied when the generals imposed new discipline on it. In order to protect Chengdu 成都 from the rebellion, Wang ordered the massacre of 27,000 surrendered Shu soldiers camped within the city. A further 60,000 Shu men were killed in the course of suppressing the rebellion and putting down the mutiny. My focus in the discussion that follows is on the effect that conquest and rebellion in Sichuan had upon the Song court during the reign of the first emperor, posthumously known as Taizu 太祖. The course of the rebellion brought home to Song Taizu the difference 1 Houshan shihua 後山詩話, cited in Wang Shizhen 王士禛, Wudai shihua 五代詩話, Beijing: Renmin wenxue chubanshe, 1998, 301. © Brill, Leiden, 2005 T’oung Pao XCI Also available online – www.brill.nl tp91-45_lorge.indd 320 11/18/2005 11:51:56 AM from warlord to emperor 321 between pleasing the army and being a good ruler. This is not to say that he swore off force as a means of conquest, far from it as he was just beginning a decade of campaigning, but rather that there were other considerations involved in establishing enduring rule than just military ones. Taizu was less concerned with the political effects of the rebellion, which could be easily discounted as a minor annoyance, part and parcel of the process of conquest, than with the depredations of his soldiers. Shu was actually the first major state conquered by the Song (the previous conquests of Chu and Jingnan in 963 being a rather minor affair), and Taizu was confronted with what it really meant to be emperor for the first time. Whatever his motivations, it is to his credit that he took real, costly steps to diminish the negative actions of his soldiers. In so doing, he chose to become an emperor in more than name, rather than a warlord with a grand title. tp91-45_lorge.indd 321 11/18/2005 11:51:57 AM.

Copy Link

Recommended publications

The Publication List of Chinese Forest Biodiversity Monitoring Network（2006-2014）
马克平. 中国生物多样性监测网络建设: 从 CForBio 到 Sino BON. 生物多样性, 2015, 23(1): 1-2. http://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=9968 The Publication List of Chinese Forest Biodiversity Monitoring Network（2006-2014） 2014 1. Bai XueJiao, Brenes-Arguedas Tania, Ye Ji, Wang Xugao, Lin Fei, Yuan Zuoqiang, Shi Shuai, Xing Dingliang and Hao Zhanqing. 2014. Dynamics of two understory shrub species in old growth and young secondary forests. PLoS ONE, 9(6): e98200. 2. Feng Gang, Svenning Jens-Christian, Mi Xiangcheng, Qi Jia, Rao Mide, Ren Haibao, Bebber P. Daniel and Ma Keping, 2014. Anthropogenic disturbance shapes phylogenetic and functional tree community structure in a subtropical forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 313: 188-198. 3. Feng Gang, Mi Xiangcheng, Bøcher PK, Mao Lingfeng, Sandel Brody, Cao Min, Ye Wanhui, Hao Zhanqing, Gong Hede, Zhang Yutao, Zhao Xiuhai, Jin Guangze, Ma Keping and Svenning Jens-Christian. 2014. Relative roles of local disturbance, current climate and palaeoclimate in determining phylogenetic and functional diversity in Chinese forests. Biogeosciences, 11:1361-1370. 4. Hu Yuehua, Kitching L. Roger, Lan Guoyu, Zhang Jiaolin, Sha Liqing and Cao Min. 2014. Size-class effect contributes to tree species assembly through influencing dispersal in tropical forests. PLoS ONE, 9:e108450. 5. Huang Jianxiong, Zhang Jian, Shen Yong, Lian Juyu, Cao Honglin, Ye Wanhui, Wu Linfang and Bin Yue. 2014. Different relationships between temporal phylogenetic turnover and phylogenetic similarity and in two forests were detected by a new null model. PLoS ONE, 9(4): e95703. 6. Kang Meng, Chang X. Scott, Yan Enrong and Wang Xihua.
[Show full text]
Mating-Induced Male Death and Pheromone Toxin-Regulated Androstasis
bioRxiv preprint first posted online Dec. 15, 2015; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/034181. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Shi, Runnels & Murphy – preprint version –www.biorxiv.org Mating-induced Male Death and Pheromone Toxin-regulated Androstasis Cheng Shi, Alexi M. Runnels, and Coleen T. Murphy* Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and Dept. of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA *Correspondence to: [email protected] Abstract How mating affects male lifespan is poorly understood. Using single worm lifespan assays, we discovered that males live significantly shorter after mating in both androdioecious (male and hermaphroditic) and gonochoristic (male and female) Caenorhabditis. Germline-dependent shrinking, glycogen loss, and ectopic expression of vitellogenins contribute to male post-mating lifespan reduction, which is conserved between the sexes. In addition to mating-induced lifespan decrease, worms are subject to killing by male pheromone-dependent toxicity. C. elegans males are the most sensitive, whereas C. remanei are immune, suggesting that males in androdioecious and gonochoristic species utilize male pheromone differently as a toxin or a chemical messenger. Our study reveals two mechanisms involved in male lifespan regulation: germline-dependent shrinking and death is the result of an unavoidable cost of reproduction and is evolutionarily conserved, whereas male pheromone-mediated killing provides a novel mechanism to cull the male population and ensure a return to the self-reproduction mode in androdioecious species. Our work highlights the importance of understanding the shared vs. sex- and species- specific mechanisms that regulate lifespan.
[Show full text]
Ar 18 Eng.Pdf
6SRNHVSHUVRQ'HSXW\6SRNHVSHUVRQ 1DPH&KXQ/XQJ&KRX<HQ0DR/LQ 6SRNHVSHUVRQ'HSXW\6SRNHVSHUVRQ 7LWOH([HFXWLYH9LFH3UHVLGHQW 1DPH.XDQJ+XD+X0HL7VX&KHQ 7HO 7LWOH6HQLRU9LFH3UHVLGHQW *HQHUDO0DQDJHU (PDLOVSRNHVPDQ#WFEEDQNFRPWZ 7HO (PDLOHYSBGDYLGKX#WFEEDQNFRPWZHYSBFKHQP]#WFEEDQNFRPWZ +HDG2IILFH $GGUHVV 1R 6HF &KDQJಬDQ ( 5G 6RQJVKDQ 'LVW 7DLSHL &LW\ +HDG2IILFH 7DLZDQ $GGUHVV1R*XDQ4LDQ5G-KRQJMKHQJ'LVW7DLSHL&LW\7DLZDQ (ᣂ߻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ಬV&RUS .RZORRQ+RQJ.RQJ $GGUHVV8QLW/HYHO,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RPPHUFH&HQWUH$XVWLQ5RDG:HVW 7HO .RZORRQ+RQJ.RQJ 7HO Taiwan Cooperative Bank &KDLUPDQ Notice to readers This English version annual report is a summary translation of the Chinese version and is not an official document of the shareholders’1RWLFHWRUHDGHUV meeting. If there is any discrepancy between the English7KLV(QJOLVKYHUVLRQDQQXDOUHSRUWLVDVXPPDU\WUDQVODWLRQRIWKH&KLQHVHYHUVLRQDQGLVQRW version and Chinese version, the Chinese version shall prevail. DQ RIILFLDO GRFXPHQW RI WKH VKDUHKROGHUV¶ PHHWLQJ ,I WKHUH
[Show full text]
Historical Romance and Sixteenth-Century Chinese Cultural Fantasies
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2013 Genre and Empire: Historical Romance and Sixteenth-Century Chinese Cultural Fantasies Yuanfei Wang University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the English Language and Literature Commons, and the History Commons Recommended Citation Wang, Yuanfei, "Genre and Empire: Historical Romance and Sixteenth-Century Chinese Cultural Fantasies" (2013). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 938. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/938 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/938 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Genre and Empire: Historical Romance and Sixteenth-Century Chinese Cultural Fantasies Abstract Chinese historical romance blossomed and matured in the sixteenth century when the Ming empire was increasingly vulnerable at its borders and its people increasingly curious about exotic cultures. The project analyzes three types of historical romances, i.e., military romances Romance of Northern Song and Romance of the Yang Family Generals on northern Song's campaigns with the Khitans, magic-travel romance Journey to the West about Tang monk Xuanzang's pilgrimage to India, and a hybrid romance Eunuch Sanbao's Voyages on the Indian Ocean relating to Zheng He's maritime journeys and Japanese piracy. The project focuses on the trope of exogamous desire of foreign princesses and undomestic women to marry Chinese and social elite men, and the trope of cannibalism to discuss how the expansionist and fluid imagined community created by the fiction shared between the narrator and the reader convey sentiments of proto-nationalism, imperialism, and pleasure.
[Show full text]
Two Studies on Ming History
THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN CENTER FOR CHINESE STUDIES MICHIGAN PAPERS IN CHINESE STUDIES Ann Arbor, Michigan TWO STUDIES ON MING HISTORY by Charles O. Hucker Professor of Chinese and of History The University of Michigan Michigan Papers in Chinese Studies No. 12 1971 Open access edition funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities/ Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Humanities Open Book Program. Copyright 1971 by Center for Chinese Studies The University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104 Printed in the United States of America ISBN 978-0-89264-012-6 (hardcover) ISBN 978-0-472-03811-4 (paper) ISBN 978-0-472-12757-3 (ebook) ISBN 978-0-472-90152-4 (open access) The text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ CONTENTS Map opposite page 1 Hu Tsung-hsien's Campaign Against Hsu Hai, 1556 [Prepared for an August 1969 research conference on. Chinese military history sponsored jointly by the American Council of Learned Societies and the East Asian Research Center of Harvard University; to be included in Frank A. Kierman, Jr. and John K. Fairbank, editors, Chinese Ways in Warfare (in preparation)] 1. The Nature of the Military Problem . 1 Traditional Chinese patterns of response to military threats . 1 The unprecedented challenge of Japan-based raiders 2 . Military defense in the southeast through 1555 5 2. Hu Tsung-hsien: His Problems and Policies 7 Defense forces available in Che-hsi 10 3. Hu versus Hstl Hai in the Campaign of 1556 13 Phase I: HsU HaiTs Initial Assault 14 Phase II: The Thrust Inland 16 Phase III: The Siege of T'ung-hsiang .
[Show full text]
For Building Integration Based on BIM Concept
8th International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE 2016) Energy Procedia Volume 105 Beijing, China 8-11 October 2016 Part 1 of 7 Editors: Jinyue Yan Fengchun Sun SK Chou Umberto Desideri Hailong Li Pietro Campana Rui Xiong ISBN: 978-1-5108-4237-3 Printed from e-media with permission by: Curran Associates, Inc. 57 Morehouse Lane Red Hook, NY 12571 Some format issues inherent in the e-media version may also appear in this print version. Copyright© by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Printed by Curran Associates, Inc. (2017) For permission requests, please contact Elsevier B.V. at the address below. Elsevier B.V. Radarweg 29 Amsterdam 1043 NX The Netherlands Phone: +31 20 485 3911 Fax: +31 20 485 2457 http://www.elsevierpublishingsolutions.com/contact.asp Additional copies of this publication are available from: Curran Associates, Inc. 57 Morehouse Lane Red Hook, NY 12571 USA Phone: 845-758-0400 Fax: 845-758-2633 Email: [email protected] Web: www.proceedings.com TABLE OF CONTENTS PART 1 Design Strategy of a Compact Unglazed Solar Thermal Facade (STF) for Building Integration Based on BIM Concept ................................................................................................................................................................................................................1 Jingchun Shen, Xingxing Zhang, Tong Yang, Llewellyn Tang, Yupeng Wu, Song Pan, Jinshun Wu, Peng Xu Effect of Divergent Chimneys on the Performance of a Solar Chimney Power Plant................................................................................7
[Show full text]
Proquest Dissertations
INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from tfie original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis arxj dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or irxJistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print t>leedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black arxl white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Artx>r, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 UMI STRATEGIES OF MODERN CHINESE WOMEN WRITERS’ AUTOBIOGRAPHY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Jing Wang, M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2000 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Xiaomei Chen, Adviser Professor Kirk Denton ______ Adviser Professor Patricia Sieber East Asian Languages and Literatures Professor Julia Watson UMI Number 9983003 UMI UMI Microfotm9983003 Copyright 2000 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company.
[Show full text]
Ant( A'ctrejjej
~ ~ t · Z~nJ'reJJe" N"un" ant(A'ctreJJeJ Empresses and Palace Ladies As mentioned before, up until the end of the Tang dynasty the women of the Inner Palace played a central role in the tradition of women's litera ture. Following the spread of literacy and the increased availability of books from the Song dynasty onwards, though, the Inner Palace lost its privileged position. While the palace ladies remained as literate as before, few of them made a name for themselves in literary history. There was, however, still one genre of poetry in which empresses and palace ladies were at an advantage: the ''palace songs" (gongci). The genre was invented by the mid-Tang poet Wang Jian (766-ca. 835), who composed a series of a hundred quatrains on the topic of life in the Inner Palace. These poems were very much appreciated, but suffered in the eyes of traditional Chi nese critics from one major weakness: Wang Jian had no personal access to the Inner Palace and had derived his information secondhand from palace eunuchs. As poems should be based on personal experience, only a resident of the Inner Palace was truly qualified to write authentic palace songs. In due time, emperors, empresses, and palace ladies obliged. The art-loving Emperor Huizong (r. IIOI-n26) is credited with a series of no less than three hundred palace songs (of which many may actually have been written by his courtiers). The popularity of the genre at Huizong's court may have been spurred on by the discovery in the archives a few Empresses) Nuns) and Actresses 293 decades earlier of a set of palace songs attributed to Lady Huarui.
[Show full text]
Local Worthies Provincial Gentry and the End of Later Han
LOCAL WORTHIES PROVINCIAL GENTRY AND THE END OF LATER HAN RAFE DE CRESPIGNY THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Introduction: By nature and design, traditional histories of China pay chief attention to the concerns of the state and the politics of the capital. While it is well recognised that the success and survival of each dynasty depended upon the support it received from the gentry of the provinces, it is more difficult to obtain comparable information on their interests and outlook. During the reigns of Emperors Huan and Ling, in the latter part of the second century AD, the government of Later Han faced a loss of support amongst its customary allies. Local gentlemen, secure in their territories, with wealth gathered from their estates and with fine ideals of Confucian conduct and scholarship, had small regard for the great problems of state, while the very means by which rulers at court sought to strengthen their authority served only to offend these leaders of the provinces. This essay considers some aspects of the division between the capital and the country, the conflict between official and local religion, the problems of personal loyalty and public duty, and the differing ambitions and moralities of the gentry and the rulers at court. The two contrasting approaches, of the central government and of the local community, existed through all of Han and indeed through traditional China. The end of the second century,, however, was one occasion that the tension between them became critical: the lack of faith which developed and the conflict which followed destroyed the dynasty, the state and, for a time, society itself.
[Show full text]
Reperfusion Injury in Rats Via Inhibiting the Activation of NF-Κb P65 and P38 MAPK
548 Original Article Page 1 of 12 Lidocaine mediates the progression of cerebral ischemia/ reperfusion injury in rats via inhibiting the activation of NF-κB p65 and p38 MAPK Rong Jiang1#, Juan Liao2#, Meng-Chang Yang1, Jia Deng1, Yun-Xia Hu1, Peng Li1, Mei-Ting Li1 1Department of Anesthesiology, 2Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China Contributions: (I) Conception and design: R Jiang, P Li; (II) Administrative support: YX Hu; (III) Provision of study materials: MT Li, J Deng; (IV) Collection and assembly of data: J Liao; (V) Data analysis and interpretation: MC Yang; (VI) Manuscript writing: All authors; (VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors. #These authors contributed equally to the work. Correspondence to: Mei-Ting Li; Peng Li. Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China. Email: [email protected]; [email protected]. Background: Lidocaine is a commonly used local anesthetic, and low-dose lidocaine has neuroprotective effects on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (CI/R) injury; the mechanism for this, however, is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the role and the possible mechanisms of lidocaine on CI/R injury in rats. Methods: We constructed a rat (male Sprague-Dawley rats, 6–8 weeks old) model of CI/R injury induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Histopathology, neuronal apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response were evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, Nissl staining, enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blotting, respectively. In addition, brain water content, infarct volume, neurological deficit score each evaluated.
[Show full text]
Adolescent Political Exposure and Gender Preferences in Adulthood:A
No.E2018001 2018‐01‐02 Adolescent Political Exposure and Gender Preferences in Adulthood:A Study of Chinese Counties during 1950‐1990 Yang Yao Cheung‐Kong Scholar and Boya Chair Professor National School of Development, Peking University&China Center for Economic Research and Wuyue You Assistant Professor School of Finance, Central University of Finance and Economics Abstract Adolescence is a critical stage for people to form their worldviews. This paper studies how exposure to female political participation in adolescent years affected people, particularly women’s fertility and nurturing decisions in their adulthood, using data from Chinese counties for the period 1950‐ 1990. A causal relationship is established between more active female political participation (FP),measured by female membership in the Chinese Communist Party in a woman’s adolescence, and a more balanced gender mix of her children, as well as a weaker tendency of her family’s gender selection under the One‐child Policy. Further analysis suggests that this had happened by changing adolescents’ gender preferences, particularly through high school education. In addition, the positive role of adolescent FP is found not to be channeled through by contemporary FP. Keywords: Early life experiences, female political participation, sex imbalances JEL classification: J16, N35, P35 Adolescent Political Exposure and Gender Preferences in Adulthood: A Study of Chinese Counties during 1950-1990* Yang Yao Cheung-Kong Scholar and Boya Chair Professor National School of Development, Peking University & China Center for Economic Research and Wuyue You Assistant Professor School of Finance, Central University of Finance and Economics Abstract. Adolescence is a critical stage for people to form their worldviews.
[Show full text]
Essays on East Asian Religion and Culture
Essays on East Asian Religion and Culture Festschrift in honour of Nishiwaki Tsuneki on the occasion of his 65th birthday Edited by Christian Wittern and Shi Lishan Editorial committee for the Festschrift in honour of Nishiwaki Tsuneki Kyoto 2007 Didactic Paintings between Power and Devotion The Monastery Dashengcisi 大聖慈寺 in Chengdu (8th-10th c.) Evelyne MESNIL 1. Introduction In documents from the Tang (618-907), Five Dynasties (907-960) and Northern (960-1127) and Southern Song (1127-1279), the Monastery Dashengcisi 大聖慈寺, is a recurrent theme in relation to politics as well as religion and art history. Its tremendous scale and crucial role, not only in Shu 蜀 (modern Sichuan Province), the strategic region in which it is located, but throughout the Chinese Empire is clearly documented. Nevertheless, between the 13th and 15th centuries nearly all of its treasures vanished, and its restoration and study were long neglected. Only recently has awareness of its cultural value re-emerged and has it become the object of renewed interest and research. In 1981, its vestiges were classified as Protected Cultural Properties. Although its restoration and study of its cultural, political and religious significances were long neglected, a few researchers have begun to analyze its various aspects. The most extensive work of Wang Weiming’s 王衛明 takes mainly a philological, iconographic and aesthetic approach to its Buddhist paintings. While working on my doctorate on Shu Kingdom painting, I became particularly interested in this monastery, because it was one of the most important depositories of that era. The present study analyzes the degree of involvement of three main protagonists; politicians, the Buddhist community and artists, focusing on the polyvalent overlapping function of the Dashengcisi and its paintings as well as on political instrument, and doctrinal support, the paintings being the interface.
[Show full text]