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A Gedstatistical Approach to the Mapping Of A GEDSTATISTICAL APPROACH TO THE MAPPING OF ACID SULFATE SOILS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISIC»J OF THE UNIYERSITY OF HAWAII IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN AGROMOMY AND SOIL SCIENCE MAY 1985 By FaricSah Hj Ahmad Thesis Canmittee: Dr. Russell S. Yost/ Chairman Dr. Goro Uehara Dr. Richard E. Green 11 We certify that we have read this thesis and that/ in our opinian/ it is satisfactory in scope and quality as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science in Agroncxny and Soil Science. THESIS COMMITTEE Ill ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank the Government of Malaysia for the financial support and the Director General of the Department of Agriculture, West Malaysia for extending my study leave. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Russell Yost, my major advisor for his dedication and encouragement, members of the comittee. Dr. Richard E. Green and Dr. Goro Uehara for their valuable suggestions in the revision of the thesis, the staff of the Department of Agriculture, Northwest Selangor Integrated Project area and Mr. Shahruddin of the Drainage and Irrigation Scheme, West Malaysia for their assistance in soil and foliar sampling and analyses. Appreciation is also extended to the soil survey staff for providing additional data and managers of Northwest Selangor Integrated Project and oil palm estates in the area for their cooperation. I would also like to thank Dr. Bruce Trangmar and Mr. Keith Hayashi for their help in computer progremining and lastly but not least to my family and friends for their moral and emotional support. 'Terima Kasih'. iv I would like to dedicate this study to all farmers of the Northwest Selangor Integrated Project Area# West Malaysia. ABSTRACT Acid sulfate soils are cotraion along the west coast of West Malaysia. These soils occur in small isolated areas and are difficult to locate. Cne approach is by analyses of spatial dependence of some soil properties typical of acid sulfate soils determined on samples in those areas. Geostatistics permits analysis of spatial dependence and interpolation of soil properties at unsampled locations. These methods were used to analyze soil properties in the Kuala Selangor area/ West Malaysia which are usiially characteristic of acid sulfate soils. Spatial dependence was observed in soil pH/ extractable Al/ soluble SO^ cind electrical conductivity. The surface 0-15 cm of oxidized soil/ had approximately equal ranges of spatial dependence of soil pH/ extractable aluminum/ soluble SO^ and electrical conductivity. At the 15-30 cm depth/ extractable Al had a greater range of spatial dependence than did soil pH. Extractable Al is an important characteristic of acid sulfate soils especially when considering soil acidity and liming. Range of spatial dependence of extractable Al is useful in determining the sampling distance. These data suggest that there should be no more than 4 km between sanples and preferably much less. The map of individual soil properties was useful in indicating location and extent of acid sulfate areas. The coincidence of isarithms of soil pH/ extractable aluminum/ soluble SO^ cind electrical conductivity at 0-15 cm and VI 15-30 cm depths indicates acid sulfate areas. Sanpling frequency was probably inadequate to reveal spatial dependence in nutrient concentrations of oil palm in the Kuala Selangor area. Detrimental effects of acid sulfate soils were evident in lower P concentrations in oil palm fronds. In the wetland rice area/ pH of dry soil was used as an indication of possible acid sulfate soils. Using this criterion/ areas of potential acid sulfate soils were greater than those indicated by the soil survey map although there were large estimation variances. Low density sampling in some areas may account for some of the reasons. Thus spatial dependence analyses by the geostatistical ajproach is useful in providing base information for the soil survey and also in mapping specific soil constraints. Locations and extent of soil constraints were napped with a known precision. Vll TABLE OF CCOTENTS page ACKNOWLBGMENTS........................................... iii ABSTRACT................................................. v LIST OF TABLES.......................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES......................................... xii LIST OF APPENDICES.......................................xviii I. INTRODUCTION....................................... 1 II. LITERATURE REVIEW.................................. 4 III. MATERIAL AND METHODS............................... 26 3.1 Area under study.............................. 26 3.2 The soils..................................... 27 3.3 Soil Sanpling................................. 27 3.4 Soil Analysis................................. 29 3.4 Foliar Sanpling and Analysis of Oil palm....... 35 3.5 Statistical and Geostatistical Analysis.......... 35 IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION............................... 41 4.1 SITE 1........................................ 41 viii 4.1.1 Soil Analyses.......................... 41 Soil Description....................... 41 Statistical Analysis................... 43 Spatial Analysis....................... 49 Soil pH......................... 49 Ex tractable Aluminum............. 53 Water Soluble Sulfate............ 53 Electrical Ccxiductivity.......... 56 Kriging................................ 60 Summary of Soil Properties of Site 1.... 70 4.1.2 Oil Palm Analysis...................... 72 Nutrient Levels........................ 72 Nitrogen........................ 72 Phosphorus...................... 77 Potassium....................... 80 Calcium and Magnesium............ 80 Manganese....................... 81 Iron............................ 83 Copper and Zinc.................. 83 Boron........................... 84 Spatial Analysis and kriging........... 84 Sumnary of the Nutrient Analysis....... 88 4.2 SITE II....................................... 89 4.2.1 Soil Analyses.......................... 89 ix Correlation Matrix..................... 89 Spatial Analysis........................ 95 pH............................. 95 Extractable Aluminum............ 98 Percentage Soluble Sulfate....... 98 Electrical Ccaiductivity.......... 98 Kriging................................ 106 Sumnary of Soil Properties of Site II.... 126 V. GENERAL SUMMARY......................................... 129 LITERATURE CITED.......................................... 133 APPENDICES................................................ 141 LIST OF TABLES Table page 4.1 Means and ranges of some soil chanical properties related to acidity/ site 1, Kuala Selangor............... 42 4.2 Correlation coefficients of some soil chemical properties related to acidity/ site 1/ Kuala Selangor............... 44 4.3 Regression coefficients of sulfate ions and hydrogen ions (itinolkg” )/ site 1/ Kuala Selangor...................... 45 4.4 Regression cinalyses of soil pH with some variables related to acidity/ site 1/ Kuala Selangor...................... 46 4.5 Regression coeficients of some variables related to soil pH/ site 1/ Kuala Selangor.................................. 48 4.6 Parameter estimates of isotropic semi-variograms of seme soil chemical properties/ site 1/ Kuala Selangor.............. 50 4.7 Means and ranges of nutrient concentrations in oil palm frond/ site 1/ Kuala Selangor.......................... 73 4.8 Nutrient concentrations of oil palm frond in Malaysia - dry matter basis............................................ 74 4.9 Correlation coefficients of nutrient concentrations of oil palm frond with soil nutrients/ site 1/ Kuala Selangor 75 4.10 Regression analysis of P concentration in frond and soil factors related that are to acidity/ site 1/ Kuala Selangor.................................. 78 XI LIST OF TABLES (continued) Table page 4.11 Correlation coefficients between nutrient concentrations of oil palm frond/ site 1/ Kuala Selangor........ 82 4.12 Isotropic semi-variogram parameter estimates of nutrient concentrations of oil palm frond/ site 1/ Kuala Selangor.. 85 4.13 Means and ranges of some soil properties of site II/ Kuala Selangor.......................................... 90 4.14 Correlation matrix of some variables related to soil acidity/ site II/ Kuala Selangor........................ 92 4.15 Probability values in regression analyses of electrical conductivity (dependent variables) against some soluble salts/ site II/ Kuala Selangor.......................... 94 4.16 Parameter estimates isotropic semi-variogram of some chemical properties/ site II/ Kuala Selangor............ 96 Xll LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 2.1 An ideal semi-varicjgram model where the curve passes through the origin (Adapted from Wilding and Drees/ 1982)................................................ 10 2.2 Linear/ spherical and mitscherlich semi-variogram models (Adapted and modified from Wilding and Drees/ 1982)................................................ 10 3.1 Area under study in Kuala Selangor/ Northwest Selangor Integrated Project area/ West Malaysia................ 28 3.2 Soil sampling sites (75), site 1/ (Block 1/ II/ III)/ Kuala Selangor....................................... 30 3.3 Soil sampling sites (58)/ site II/ wetland rice area/ Kuala Selangor....................................... 36 3.4 Foliar sanpling sites of oil palm (44), site I (Block 1/ II/ III)/ Kuala Selangor.......................... 37 3.5 Locations of 177 kriged points/ site I, Kuala Selangor. 39 3.6 Location of 50 kriged points/ site II/ wetland rice area/ Kuala
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