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Comparative Parasitological Examination on Sympatric

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Comparative Parasitological Examination on Sympatric Aus dem Forschungsinstitut für Wildtierkunde und Ökologie der Veterinärmedizinischen Universität Wien (Leitung: O.Univ.Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Walter ARNOLD) Fach: Wildtiermedizin COMPARATIVE PARASITOLOGICAL EXAMINATION ON SYMPATRIC EQUIDS IN THE GREATER GOBI “B” STRICTLY PROTECTED AREA, MONGOLIA DIPLOMARBEIT Zur Erlangung der Würde einer MAGISTRA MEDICINAE VETERINARIAE Der Veterinärmedizinischen Universität Wien Vorgelegt von Johanna Painer Wien, im November 2009 Betreuer: Univ. Prof. Dr. med. vet. habil., Christian Walzer Arbeitsgruppe: Wildtiermedizin Forschungsinstitut für Wildtierkunde und Ökologie Gutachterin: Univ. Prof. Dr. med. vet. habil., DipEVPC Anja Joachim Institut für Parasitologie und Zoologie Department für Pathobiologie Inhaltsverzeichnis Seite 1) Einleitung 01 2) Publikation (entsprechend dem Format von “Vet. Parasitol.“) 03 - 30 Abstract 03 Introduction 04 Material and Methods 06 Results 09 Discussion 11 Conclusion 17 Acknowledgements 18 References 18 Tables 22 Figures 23 3) Deutsche Zusammenfassung 31 4) English Summary 32 1 1) EINLEITUNG Der Naturschutzpark der Großen Gobi „B“ im Südwesten der Mongolei gehört zu einem der wenigen Orte auf der Welt, wo Streifgebiete verschiedener Wild-Equiden überlappen und er ist das einzige Gebiet wo der Asiatische Wildesel und das Przewalskipferd sympatrisch leben und saisonbedingt ihre Weiden mit mongolischen Hauspferden teilen. Das Przewalskipferd (Equus caballus przewalskii, in der Mongolei bekannt als „Takhi“, POLIAKOV 1881) lebte früher weit verbreitet in den Steppen des Zentralasiatischen Raumes. Im späten 19. Jahrhundert wurde es von der westlichen Welt entdeckt. Bis in das Jahr 1947 fanden Fang- und Transportaktionen für zoologischen Gärten statt. Zuletzt wurden wildlebende Individuen in der Dzungarischen Wüste, im südwestlichen Teil der Mongolei, gesichtet. In den späten 1960’er Jahren wurde das Przewalskipferd, als in der freien Wildbahn, für ausgestorben erklärt (Boyd and Houpt, 1994). Die Spezies wurde jedoch, basierend auf einer Gründerpopulation von nur 13 Individuen, sehr erfolgreich in ex-situ Projekten weltweit gezüchtet (Mohr and Volf, 1971). Erste Bemühungen für den Start des Wiedereinführungsprogramms fanden bereits 1979 statt, jedoch wurden erst 1992 die ersten Individuen zum Wiedereinführungsgebiet nach Takhin Tal (45.53.80 N, 93.65.22 E), im Südwesten der Mongolei, transportiert. Nachdem im Jahre 1999 die Internationale Takhi Gruppe (ITG) gegründet wurde, wurde das Projekt entsprechend den Wiedereinführungsrichtlinien der Weltnaturschutzunion (IUCN/SSC, 1998) erweitert (Walzer et al., 2004). Seit der Entstehung des Projekts wurden 89 Individuen aus 24 Zoologischen Gärten weltweit in das Gebiet transportiert (Kaczensky et al., 2005). Zu Beginn wurden die Przewalskipferde in Adaptionsgehegen gehalten, die erste Haremsgruppe wurde im Jahr 1997 in die freie Wildbahn entlassen (Walzer et al., 2004). Heute leben 145 freie Przewalskipferde in der Naturschutzregion, aufgeteilt in 10 Haremsgruppen und einer variierenden Anzahl an Junggesellengruppen (ITG, 2009, http://www.takhi.org). Die Asiatische Wildeselpopulation (E. hemionus hemionus, örtlich bekannt als „Khulan“, PALLAS 1775) wird auf 19.000 bis 20.000 Individuen in der Mongolei und weniger als 5.000 Individuen außerhalb der Mongolei geschätzt (Kaczensky et al., 2008). Ungefähr 2.000 Asiatische Wildesel leben in dem Naturschutzpark der Großen Gobi „B“ (Kaczensky et al., 2008). Der Asiatische Wildesel steht seit 1953 in der Mongolei unter vollem Schutz und ist seit 2006 in der Roten Liste der Weltnaturschutzunion als „gefährdet“, seit 1973 im Appendix I des Washingtoner Artenschutzübereinkommen, für den internationalen Handel mit gefährdeten Arten freilebender Tiere und Pflanzen, und seit 2002 im Appendix II der Bonner Konvention, zur Erhaltung der wandernden wild lebenden Tierarten, gelistet (Kaczensky und Walzer, 2008). Der Asiatische Wildesel war früher auf den Steppen und Wüsten des Mittleren Osten und Zentralasiens allgemein verbreitet. Heute existiert der Asiatische Wildesel nur mehr auf 5 % seines früheren Verbreitungsgebiets (Kaczensky und Walzer, 2008). Die Populationsgröße ist, auf Grund von Konfliktsituationen mit mongolischen Hirten, Wildereien und Habitatzerstörung, signifikant kleiner geworden (Kaczensky et al., 2007, Kuehn, 2006). Basierend auf historischen Aufzeichnungen, überlappten die Streifgebiete des Przewalskipferdes und des Asiatischen Wildesels in der Dzungarischen Wüste schon bevor das Przewalskipferd in der freien Wildbahn ausgestorben war (Boyd und Houpt, 1994). Das mongolische Hauspferd (Equus ferrus caballus, LINNAEUS 1758) lebt, meist ungezähmt und wenig behirtet über das ganze Jahr auf großen Weiden, nur wenige Hindernisse beeinträchtigen ihre verwilderte Lebensweise. Nur sehr wenige parasitologische Untersuchungen wurden an diesen Spezies früher durchgeführt, im Speziellen keine vergleichenden Studien. Das Ziel dieser Studie war, die 2 parasitäre Bürde dieser drei Spezies zu evaluieren und eventuelle Assoziationen zu Streifgebietgröße, Sozialstruktur und Ressourcennutzung herzustellen. Weiters wurden die Ergebnisse mit einer parasitologischen Studie verglichen, die in den Jahren 2001 bis 2002 in der Großen Gobi „B“ durchgeführt wurde (Elias et al., 2002). 3 1 2) PUBLIKATION 2 3 COMPARATIVE PARASITOLOGICAL EXAMINATION ON SYMPATRIC EQUIDS IN THE GREATER 4 GOBI “B” STRICTLY PROTECTED AREA, MONGOLIA 5 1,5 1,2 2, 3, 4 1 1, 2 6 J. PAINER , P. KACZENSKY , O. GANBAATAR , K. HUBER , C. WALZER 7 1 Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Austria; 8 2 International Takhi Group, Mongolia; 9 3 Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, National University of Mongolia, Mongolia 10 and 4 Gobi B Strictly Protected Area Administration, Mongolia; 11 5 : corresponding author: [email protected], 0043 - 650 - 477 16 64 12 13 ABSTRACT: 14 15 The Przewalski’s horse (Equus caballus przewalskii) became extinct in the wild during the 16 1960’s. Based on a successful captive breeding program with 13 founder individuals, 17 Przewalski’s horse was reintroduced to the Greater Gobi Part “B” Strictly Protected Area 18 (SPA) in SW Mongolia in the late 1990’s. 19 The Asiatic wild ass (E. hemionus hemionus), Przewalski’s horse and sometimes domestic 20 horses live sympatricly in the Gobi B SPA. Previously published data demonstrates that these 21 equids select for different resources. As a result of their different requirements and utilization 22 of the park’s resources, their home-range size and social structure differs. Asiatic wild asses 23 live in fission-fusion groups, with recorded group sizes up to 1000 individuals and have a 10 24 times larger home range than the Przewalski’s horses, which live in well structured and stable 25 harem groups or bachelor-groups. Parasitological examinations in the three equid species 26 show how the factors “home range, social structure and resource selection” significantly 4 27 impact the parasitic burden. Asiatic wild asses are potentially exposed to a higher risk of 28 parasite re-infection, due to their temporal aggregation in very large groups. This study 29 demonstrates a highly significant greater parasite load in the Asiatic wild ass for the majority 30 of parasites evaluated (Dictyocaulus arnfieldi, Trichostrongylus axei, Strongyloides westeri, 31 Parascaris equorum), compared to Przewalski’s horses and domestic horses in the same 32 habitat. Domestic horses had higher parasite loads for eggs of strongylids, eggs of 33 anoplocephalidae and Eimeria leuckarti. The potential risk of cross infection between 34 sympatric living equids is high, as is the cross infection between ruminants and equids. 35 Furthermore, this study reports for the first time the occurrence of lungworms in free-ranging 36 Przewalski’s horses. Whereas, Asiatic wild asses and Przewalski’s horses seem to cope very 37 well with the sometimes high parasite burden, Mongolian domestic horses manifested typical 38 parasite-burden symptoms. 39 40 KEYWORDS: Przewalski’s horse, Asiatic wild ass, Mongolian domestic horse, parasites, 41 sympatric, cross-infection, home range 42 43 INTRODUCTION: 44 45 The Greater Gobi “B” Strictly Protected Area (SPA) in SW Mongolia is one of the few places 46 in the world where habitats of different wild equids overlap, and the only area where Asiatic 47 wild ass and Przewalski’s horse live sympatricly and seasonally share pastures with domestic 48 horses. 49 Przewalski’s horse (Equus caballus przewalskii, locally known as “Takhi”, POLIAKOV 1881) 50 was once widespread over the central Asiatic steppes. It was discovered by the western world 51 in the late 19th century and, until 1947, was captured and transported to zoological gardens. 52 The last sightings of wild individuals were in the Dzungarian desert, in south-western 5 53 Mongolia. In the late 1960’s the Przewalski’s horse was declared extinct in the wild (Boyd 54 and Houpt, 1994). The species was successfully bred ex-situ, based on a reproductive founder 55 population of only 13 individuals (Mohr and Volf, 1971). First efforts to start a reintroduction 56 program were undertaken in 1979, but it was only in 1992 that the first individuals were 57 transported to the Takhin Tal reintroduction site (45.53.80 N, 93.65.22 E). After the 58 establishment of the International Takhi Group (ITG) in 1999, the project was extended in 59 accordance with the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 60 reintroduction guidelines (Walzer et al., 2004; IUCN/SSC,
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