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Exxon Vuldez Oil Spill Seabird Restoration Workshop Euron Valdez Oil Spill Restoration Project Final Report Exxon Vuldez Oil Spill Seabird Restoration Workshop Restoration Project 95038 Final Report Edited by: Kenneth 1. Warheit Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Habitat Management, 600 Capitol Way N., Olympia, WA 98501-1091 [email protected] Craig S. Harrison P.O. Box 19230, Washington, DC 20036 [email protected] George J. Divoky Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, AK 99775 [email protected] September 1997 Pacific SeabirdGroup Technical Publication Number1 Exxon Vuldez Oil Spill Seabird Restoration Workshop Restoration Project 95038 Final Report Study Histow: The Pacific Seabird Group (PSG) has been involved in Exxon Vuldez Oil Spill- related activities since 1989,just weeks after the spill, when it corresponded with the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency. At PSG’s 16th Annual Meeting in Victoria, British Columbia (February 1990), three EVOS-related papers were presented, and an EVOS-related public panel discussion was held. In 1992, PSG filed comments with theExxon Vuldez Oil Spill Trustee Council (Trustee Council) on the Restoration Framework, the 1992 Draft Work Plan, the Solicitation for Suggestions for the 1993 Work Plan, and the Draft 1993 Work Plan. In 1993, PSGprovided written testimony to the House Merchant Marine Committee regarding its oversight of EVOS restoration activities, and filed comments with the Trustee Council on its proposed Restoration Plan. In 1994, PSG filed comments with the Trustee Council on the Draft 1994 Work Plan, the Draft Restoration Plan, the Draft Environmental Impact Statement, and the Draft 1995 Work Plan, and in 1995, PSG filed comments with the Trustee Council on the Draft 1996 Work Plan. In addition to comments submitted to the Trustee Council and written testimony to Congress, PSG has also been making efforts to openly discuss seabird injury and restoration following EVOS. In 1993, when government researchers were first able to publicly discusstheir research, PSG held a symposium on EVOS and a separate session on seabird restoration. Based in part on PSG’s efforts since 1992 in assisting the Trustee Council in designing and implementing a sound seabird restoration plan, PSG was awarded a grant by the Trustee Council in 1994 to host an international workshop on oil spill-related seabird restoration. In preparation for this workshop, PSG contracted with Point Reyes Bird Observatory and with George Divoky to write four discussion papers, to be read by all participants prior to the workshop. These papers were “The Role of Behavioral Ecology and Long-term Life History Studies in Seabird Restoration,” “The Population Ecology of Seabird Restoration: Population Dynamics and Metapopulation Models,” “The Role of Biotic and Abiotic Factors in Constraining or Enhancing Restoration of Seabird Populations,” and “Seabird Restoration Techniques.” This report describes the results of the workshop. Abstract: The Pacific Seabird Group implemented a workshop designed to provide recommendations on restoration options for seabirds injured by EVOS. The workshop produced criteria to be used to determine if the population effects resulting from a spill are a concern. and to establish a priority list for restoration activities. We set down specific operational goals for restoration activities. We described and discussed over 20 different techniques (including natural recovery) and outlined their assumptions and deficiencies. We discussed population-, community- , and ecosystem-level factors that may affect restoration of seabird populations, and emphasized that efforts may be constrained by factors that either are uncontrolled by the restoration activities or are uncontrollable. We recommended management of human impacts, habitat or nest site creation or enhancement, and predator control at colonies as the most promising of restoration techniques. We also discussed the feasibility of enhancing seabird prey through altering fisheries management practices, and recommended that the Trustee Council fund research on the effects of gillnet bycatch. Finally, among a series of general recommendations, we advocate that the Trustee Council enlarge its definition of the “spill impact area” to reflect the fact that birds outside the area were injured, and restoration outside the area may benefit populations within the area. Kev Words: common murre, food web, gillnet, human disturbance, Kittlitz’s rnurrelet, marbled murrelet, nesting habitat, oil spill restoration, pigeon guillemot, population ecology, predator eradication, social attraction Proiect Data: The activities and discussions associated with the seabird restoration workshop, held at Girdwood, Alaska, September 29-October 2, 1995, are described in thisreport. Official workshop notes and audio recordings of each discussion group’s sessions and the plenary sessions are stored in PSGs archives (Permanent Contact: Kenneth Warheit). Citation: Warheit, KL, C.S. Harrison, and G.J. Divoky (editors). 1997. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Seabird Restoration Workshop. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Restoration Project Final Report, Project 95038. Technical Publication Number 1. Pacific Seabird Group, Seattle. 171 + x pp. TABLE OF CONTENTS ... PARTICIPANTS AT THE EVOS RESTORATION WORKSHOP..................................................................... 111 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY....................................................................................................................................... Vii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER2 . RECOMMENDATIONS TO THEEmON VALDEZTRUSTEE COUNCIL................................ 5 PARTA: GENERALRECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................... 5 PART8: SPECIES-SPECIFICRECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................ 12 PART C: RECOMMENDED MARBLEDMURRELET RESTORATION TECHNIQUES .................................... 16 PARTD: RECOMMENDED COMMONMURRE RESTORATION TECHNIQUES ........................................... 24 PARTE: RECOMMENDED PIGEON GUILLEMOTRESTORATION TECHNIQUES ....................................... 32 PART F: RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING RESTORATION AND MONITORING OF OTHERMARINE BIRD SPECIES .............................................................................................. 37 CHAPTER3 . ASPECTS OF SEABIRD BIOLOGY THAT BEAR ON VULNERABILITY AND TO RECOVERY FROM DISASTERS................................................................................................... 45 PARTA: SEABIRDPOPULATIONS AND GENETICS................................................................................ 45 PART6: SEABIRDECOLOGY............................................................................................................... 51 CHAPTER4. IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIES OR POPULATIONS REQUIRING RESTORATION.......... 61 CHAPTER 5 . RESTORATION DEFINED............................................................................................................... 67 CHAPTER 6 . RESTORATION GOALS................................................................................................................... 73 CHAPTER 7 . MONITORING ACTIVITIES DURING RESTORATION............................................................ 79 CHAPTER 8 . RESTORATION TECHNIQUES: PREREQUISITES.................................................................... 84 CHAPTER 9 . RESTORATION TECHNIQUES: DESCRIPTIONS...................................................................... 86 PARTA: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 86 PART B: MANAGEMENTOF PREDATORS, HERBIVORES. AND VEGETATION ........................................ 86 PART c: MANAGEMENTOFHUMAN IMPACTS ..................................................................................... 91 PARTD: MANAGEMENTOF SEABIRDFOOD RESOURCES ..................................................................... ~7 PART E: MANAGEMENT OF SEABIRD HABITATS ............................................................................... 101 PARTF: SUPPLEMENTWILD POPULATIONS ...................................................................................... 105 CHAPTER 10. RESTORATION TECHNIQUES: ASSUMPTlONSAND DEFICIENCIES ............................ 108 CHAPTER 11. RESTORATION TECHNIQUES: MODELS............................................................................... 112 CHAPTER 12. ECOSYSTEM-LEVEL FACTORS THATMAY AFFECT RESTORATION OF SEABIRD POPULATIONS ............................................................................................................................... 118 CHAPTER 13. ECOSYSTEM CONSIDERATIONSIN SEABIRD RESTORATION........................................ 129 LIST OF SPECIES.................................................................................................................................................. 133 LITERATURE CITED............................................................................................................................................ 136 I LIST OF TABLES TABLE1. RANKING OF POTENTIAL RESTORATION TECHNIQUES FOR COMMON MURRE, PIGEON GUILLEMOT, MARBLED MURRELET, AND HARLEQUIN DUCK POPULATIONS AFFECTED BY THE EXXON VALDEZOIL SPILL ........................................... 14 TABLE 2. POTENTIAL OR
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