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University of Cincinnati UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI Date:___________________ I, _________________________________________________________, hereby submit this work as part of the requirements for the degree of: in: It is entitled: This work and its defense approved by: Chair: _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ Sustainable Skyscraper - Energy from Immediate Surrounding and Within A Thesis submitted to the Division of Research and Advanced Studies of the University of Cincinnati In partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE In the School of Architecture and Interior Design Of the College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning 2008 By Minnu Srinivasan Bachelors in Mechanical Engineering College of Engineering Trivandrum, India 1997 School of Architecture and Interior Design, DAAP Committee Chair: Professor Tom Bible Professor Elizabeth Riorden Professor Gerald Larson ii Abstract The early dwelling was a direct response to natural elements. As time elapsed, with technological advances and emergence of global culture, the gap between the relationships of nature with the human race widened. Can a large-scale building be designed that is evolved out of the relationship with the immediate environment and the environment within? Can it increase the awareness of the user about the relationship of the building and our actions on the environment to enable a paradigm shift in reacting in a more responsible manner? The exploration and pursuit for a sustainable skyscraper was a response to technology and social aspects in macro and micro scale. Since almost all of the evolution in nature takes place in the molecular level, an in depth analysis of incorporating nanotechnology need to be done. This thesis looks at how these three levels can be interrelated to work as a unified whole, can this incorporation help the building evolve and adapt to the changing requirement of users and the environment. iii iv Table of content List of Illustrations vii 1Topic 1 Introduction 1 2 Thesis Statement 3 3 Argument 5 4 Renewable Energy and its significance in Architecture 17 5 Smart Materials 33 6 Summary – Proposed outcome 38 2 Precedent Study 1 Passive Strategy 40 2 Programmatic 52 3 Site Responsive 57 v 4 Smart Technology 67 5 Summary – Sustainable Strategy Matrix 71 3 Program 1 Program description 74 2 Program Requirement 76 4 Site 1 Location 77 2 History 79 3 Green Policy 80 4 Sun Analysis 81 5 Wind Analysis 83 6 Flow Analysis 7 Zoning Map 88 5 Design Development 89 1 Space Development 90 2 Design Exploration 96 vi 6 Final Design Development 99 7 Final Design 107 Bibliography 111 vii List of Illustrations 1.01 Natures sustainable skyscraper – The Tree - image by author 1.02 Energy Consumption pie chart - Ken Yeang. The green skyscraper : the basis for designing sustainable intensive buildings . Munich ; New York : Prestel, c1999 1.03 Thesis concept - image by author 1.04 Disection of a building in three scale - image by author 1.05 Taking advantage of hillside - Coch, Helena. "Chapter 4—Bioclimatism in vernacular architecture." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2.1-2 (1998), 67-87. 1.05 Layout for a group of building- Coch, Helena. "Chapter 4—Bioclimatism in vernacular architecture." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2.1-2 (1998), 67- 87. 1.07 shelter from wind and rain - Coch, Helena. "Chapter 4—Bioclimatism in vernacular architecture." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2.1-2 (1998), 67- 87. 1.08 Tower of tommorow - McDonough William. “Tower of tomorrow”. CNN Money.com: 2006. http://money.cnn.com/popups/2006/fortune/future_tower/index.html 1.09 Renewable Energy Chart- http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/World_renewable_ energy_2005a.png 1.10 Renewable energy Source - Tester ,Jefferson W. ... [et al.]. "Sustainable energy : choosing among options" .Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press, 2005 1.11 Solar path - Schittich, Christian (ed.)Solar architecture : strategies, visions, concepts . München : Edition Detail ; Basel ; Boston : Birkhäuser, c2003 1.12 Building Form- Schittich, Christian (ed.)Solar architecture : strategies, visions, concepts . München : Edition Detail ; Basel ; Boston : Birkhäuser, c2003 1.13 Thermal map - http://www.windpower.org/en/tour/wres/index.htm 1.14 Wind current - Boyle Godfrey, ed.Renewable energy: Power for Sustainable Future . Devon, U.K. : Oxford University Press, 1998. 1.15 Wind power in USA - Kammen M. Daniel. "The Rise of Renewable Energy." Scientific America Sep 2006: 84-93. 1.16 Local Wind effect - Boyle Godfrey, ed.Renewable energy: Power for Sustainable Future . Devon, U.K. : Oxford University Press, 1998. viii 1.17 Power from wind - http://www.windpower.org/en/tour/wres/enrspeed.htm 1.18 Wind turbine size- http://www.windpower.org/en/tour/wtrb/size.htm#anchor1567870 1.19 Different Type of Wind Turbine - - Boyle Godfrey, ed.Renewable energy: Power for Sustainable Future . Devon, U.K. : Oxford University Press, 1998. 1.20 Roof edge wind turbine- http://www.evworld.com/article.cfm?storyid=1108 1.21 Wind boundary layer effect- Mertens, Sander. Wind Energy in the built environment : concentrator effects of buildings. Essex : Multiscience Publishing, 2005 1.22 Urban area wind effect -Mertens, Sander. Wind Energy in the built environment : concentrator effects of buildings. Essex : Multiscience Publishing, 2005 1.23 Dense urban area - Mertens, Sander. Wind Energy in the built environment : concentrator effects of buildings. Essex : Multiscience Publishing, 2005 1.24 Wind Flow around Building - Becker, S., H. Lienhart, and F. Durst. "Flow around three-dimensional obstacles in boundary layers." Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 90.4-5 (2002), 265-279. 1.25 Recirculation Zone - Ikhwan, M. and B. Ruck. "Flow and pressure field characteristics around pyramidal buildings." Journal of Wind Engineering & Industrial Aerodynamics 94.10 (2006), 745-765. 1.26 Smart Materials Chart – image by author 1.27 Smart Materials Chart – image by author 1.28 Smart Materials Chart – image by author 1.29 Dissecting a building – image by author 1.30 Envelope Function – image by author 2.01 Philip Merrill Environmental Center - http://www.smithgroup.com/index.aspx?id=637&section=34 2.02 Diagram - http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/29500.pdf 2.03 Diagram - image by author 2.04 Photovoltaic shading device - http://www.time.com/time/2002/greencentury/enarchitecture.html 2.05 Genzyme Center - Mandel Julia . “Genzyme Center””. Rice University: 2006. www.owlnet.rice.edu/~arch316/2005_genzyme.pdf 2.06 Atrium Space - Mandel Julia . “Genzyme Center””. Rice University: 2006. www.owlnet.rice.edu/~arch316/2005_genzyme.pdf ix 2.07 Atrium Diagram - Mandel Julia . “Genzyme Center””. Rice University: 2006. www.owlnet.rice.edu/~arch316/2005_genzyme.pdf 2.08 Double skin Diagram - Mandel Julia . “Genzyme Center””. Rice University: 2006. www.owlnet.rice.edu/~arch316/2005_genzyme.pdf 2.09 Post Tower - http://www.bauen-mit- stahl.de/bilder/presseinfo/stahlbaupreis2004/Post-Tower%2012.JPG 2.10 Interior- http://www.geze.de/794+M52087573ab0.html 2.11 Atrium Space- http://www.pilkington.com/resources/bonn3.jpg 2.12 Curtain Wall Section Blaser, Werner Basel . Post Tower : Helmut Jahn, Werner Sobek, Matthias Schuler; Boston : Birkhäuser, c2004 2.13 Conde Nast - http://think24seven.wordpress.com/2008/04/04/10-nyc- buildings-worth-seeing/ 2.14 Energy Diagram- http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/info/documents/pdfs/29940.pdf 2.14 Eco Tech City- http://www.arcspace.com/architects/kurokawa/technopolis/ 2.16 Eco Tech City- http://www.arcspace.com/architects/kurokawa/technopolis/ 2.17 Eco Tech City- http://www.arcspace.com/architects/kurokawa/technopolis/ 2.18 Mori Tower - http://planetagadget.com/2007/10/08/mori-tower-roppongi- hills/ 2.19 Facilities - http://www.roppongihills.com/en/facilities/ 2.20 Bahrain WTC - http://www.trendwatching.com/img/briefing/2007- 12/bahrainwtc.jpg 2.21 Turbine- http://www.e- architect.co.uk/bahrain/jpgs/bahrain_world_trade_centre_atkins231207_08.jpg 2.22 Wind attack angle – Image By Author 2.23 Wind Flow throught the Channel- 2.23 Pearl River Tower – 2.23 Sun Path diagram - http://archrecord.construction.com/features/digital/archives/0612casestudy-1.asp 2.26 Turbine Section - http://www.metropolismag.com/cda/story.php?artid=2227 2.27 WindFlow - http://www.metropolismag.com/cda/story.php?artid=2227 2.28 Wind Flow - http://archrecord.construction.com/features/digital/archives/0612casestudy-1.asp 2.29 Studio Project - image by author x 2.30 Studio Project - image by author 2.31 Studio Project - image by author 2.32 Monte Verde - Ritter, Axel. Basel. Smart materials in architecture, interior architecture and desig ; Boston : Birkhäuser, c2007. 2.33 Senior Citizen Apartment - Ritter, Axel. Basel. Smart materials in architecture, interior architecture and desig ; Boston : Birkhäuser, c2007. 2.34 Latent Heat gain - image by author 2.35 Matscape- Ritter, Axel. Basel. Smart materials in architecture, interior architecture and desig ; Boston : Birkhäuser, c2007. 2.36 Sun Strategy – image by author 2.37 Wind Strategy - image by author 2.38 Social Strategy – image by author 4.01 site aerial view - http://maps.google.com/ 4.02 site aerial view - http://maps.google.com/ 4.03 Site Photo -image by author 4.04 Site Photo -image by author 4.05 Site Photo- image by author 4.06 Site Photo- image by author 4.07 Site Photo -image by author 4.08 Old Boston Harbor - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Boston_1630_1675.jpg
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