Posted on Authorea 7 Aug 2020 | The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159682277.72228182 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ikbtenpyolntnadpakioosfih(uhn 90,mcoopako ie heterotrophic (i.e. microzooplankton 1990), inedible (Cushing or low fish is planktivorous phytoplankton and of from phytoplankton biomass shift the between a when by link seasons times the at over webs stocks similar fish food (D’Alelio of detritus-based exploit biomass to the to phytoplankton maintaining ability for rarely a allows their is zooplankton of and interactions diversity (Mitra The nature. community zooplankton considered in zooplankton accurately interactions of feeding not the complexity about typically of information the is detailed diversity resources and of functional lack phylogeny, the the or of Consequently, because size studies (Bindoff on trophic needed in is based considered zooplankton of are variety by (Cadotte studies large use conditions marine resource a changing trophic of under to in services understanding contributes groups mechanistic ecosystem groups of a functional functional maintenance of zooplankton the diversity rate for of high crucial al. growth diversity A is plasticity, total that phenotypic 2006). use the Gaston size, resource & to respiration, traits, Steinberg (Petchey contribute grazing, feeding 2010; webs Davis including all abundance, food & mechanisms Mitra temporal resistance 2004; several in predation Landry regulate through Variation & and (Calbet web Zooplankton levels 2017). food trophic 1989). Landry higher the (Sommer support & in to levels food matter trophic as and and higher transfer excretion, energy to zooplankton of producers and flow primary protists the from heterotrophic matter changes bacteria, organic term heterotrophic long the (Cadotte of groups and assemblages functional seasonal of diverse under diversity functionality functionally the on and relies productivity availability maintain resource to in ecosystems for ability The considering modeling web Introduction food ecosystem-wide to point entry suitable a is study and consumers. ecosystem key this ciliates food to of of contributing in stabilizing use zone, importance for used resource pelagic the use the species-specific approach demonstrate within resource further The cyanobacteria in We filamentous diversity group degraded used transfer. from functional of production. energy we matter that importance of organic study, demonstrates the pathways recycling study this in alternative reinforces rotifers, Our rotifers In for and ciliates, allowing genes. size including by rRNA nature. considered and mesozooplankton efficiency 18S phylogeny in and rarely web and both interactions micro- 16- is of beyond feeding sequencing interactions range by goes about prey, wide zooplankton diversity information their a of and of detailed complexity interactions copepods of trophic cladocerans, the lack availability detect Nevertheless, resource the to in of metabarcoding changes groups. DNA because term functional long studies under of trophic functionality diversity in and productivity the maintain on to relies ecosystems marine for ability The Abstract 2020 7, August 1 Novotny Andreas Webs Food and Pelagic Micro- in of Mesozooplankton Diversity Group Functional Targets Metabarcoding tchl University Stockholm 01.T eeaeacrt rdcin fvleaiiyadetmt h eiineo aieecosystems, marine of resilience the estimate and vulnerability of predictions accurate generate To 2011). tal. et 06.Wiecutca opako eg oeosadcaoeas osiueteprimary the constitute cladocerans) and copepods (e.g. zooplankton crustacean While 2016). 1 aaZamora-Terol Sara , 1 n oiaWinder Monika and , 1 tal. et 2014). 1 tal. et tal. et 01.I aiefo webs, food marine In 2011). 09.Hwvr most However, 2019). et Posted on Authorea 7 Aug 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159682277.72228182 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ae ape eecletdwt 0 iknbtlswt et nevl bv h hroln (0-30 thermocline the above intervals depth m 5 with bottles June program Niskin in monitoring Baltic 10L collected pelagic with the were collected national of samples were Swedish location 1), samples the Water deepest (Fig. with the zooplankton synchronized at 2018, of station March seasonality offshore in the (Naturv˚ardsverket and an capture 2009). 2017, To is E) August which depth. N18’14 and m proper, BY31(58’35, 495 Sea station with monitoring Baltic Deep Sea eastern Landsort the at in collected were located samples water and Zooplankton Sampling functions. ecosystem of Methods maintenance and size processes and ecological diversity key phylogenetic of than both understanding Sea beyond the Baltic the for goes in cladocerans). crucial diversity zooplankton and is group within and (copepods use functional and resource zooplankton ciliate The in crustacean acknowledged. a diversity abundant group including previously functional most classes larger the size a functional with demonstrate different We for them of proxy compared individuals sequencing realistic and micro- selected hypothesi- By rotifers, more of both We phylogeny. a prey where 1). zooplankton and constitutes zooplankton-associated and (Fig. abundant variability, size analyzed consumers peaks seasonal most to zooplankton abundance strong between the compared well-defined with diversity composition of with sea diet diversity dominating coastal that times group temperate ze at functional a are the DNA Sea, mesozooplankton investigate targeted Baltic and using to the size, aimed in and we genera phylum study, both this spanning In zooplankton of zooplankton groups crustacean functional among metabarcoding. of interactions diversity mutualistic the and te parasitic trophic, Corte both (De stu- resolve (Lima- frequently (Pompanon can scale interactions more global trophic organisms a are resolving on for that interactions tool web plankton useful of and food diversity resolution, the and enough complexity Mendez in the with organisms highlighted complexity tracers has larger full communities, biogeochemical towards its 1982), knowledge display Hassett (Guti´errez-Rodr´ıguez biased not died & study a may (Landry to created 2002), techniques methods Traditional (Post has dilution limitations. observations grazing method microscopic as within such or lies webs, webs food food feeding-current plankton plankton from resolving ranging in strategies difficulty The feeding (Ki different feeding ambush perform passive/active can (Bogdan to cladocerans feeders feeding selective of and organisms 1977), members as copepods (Pourriot well contains Similarly, feeders as phylum micro-filtering 1993), rotifer (Arndt as mesozooplankton) the such structure al. and behaviors example, ecosystem micro- feeding an the true different both As with the to (belonging reflect zooplankton. classes of size, size different diversity particularly group Boyce traits, functional 2002; on (Mitra entire Stibor groups based & phylogenetic (Sommer models broad effectively that into more suggest zooplankton clustered filamentous studies have in recent Cloern studies increase 2008; an trophic Huisman experience most & that While heterotrophic (Paerl ecosystems warming coastal by alternative climate in between recycled critical to switch particularly to coastal due matter possibility be cyanobacteria productive utilizing The may states in 1991). By web (Gifford respiration food zooplankton 2004). crustacean carbon and (Azam Landry producers ocean’s loop primary & dominate microbial Calbet the times in 2002; at bacteria Sherr can & rotifers) ecosystems(Sherr and ciliates flagellates, 90 odn&Glet18;Glet&Jc 93,adi oecssee anvrs(ibr 1980). (Gilbert carnivores even cases some in and 1993), Jack & Gilbert 1982; Gilbert & Bogdan 1980; tal. et tal. et 05.Frhr N eaacdn fgtcneto eetdognsshspoe ob a be to proven has organisms selected or content gut of metabarcoding DNA Further, 2015). 07 Zamora-Terol 2017; tal. et 04.Mlclrtcnqe,icuigDAsqecn agtn plankton targeting sequencing DNA including techniques, Molecular 2014). tal. et tal. et 93,temcoopako ev sa diinlln between link additional an as serve microzooplankton the 1983), 00.T u nweg osuyhss a ie oestima- to aimed far so has study no knowledge our To 2020). ø be21) tlzn iesetu fresources. of spectrum wide a utilizing 2011), rboe tal. et 2 05.Hwvr oeo hs prahscnie the consider approaches these of none However, 2015). tal. et 8 rRNA 18S 02 n o opako,broigo whole of barcoding zooplankton, for and 2012) tal. et and 6 rRNA 16S 2016). acdn ee,we genes, barcoding tal. et 2014), et Posted on Authorea 7 Aug 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159682277.72228182 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. eedtrie sn btflooee Qi sN RAsy hroFse)adBonlzrassay Bioanalyzer and Fisher) Thermo Assay, quality BR and dsDNA concentration (Qbit DNA fluorometer Coulter). Qbit Beckman XP, a 72 AMPure using at (Agencourt determined min beads were 2 magnetic of XP step using extension fied final and con- s, Reactions 30 98 pooling. were: sample conditions facilitate thermocycling to sequences, (10 index Adapter1 unique attach to 14 followed tained step PCR outer Coulter). An (Beckman instructions manufacturer’s 72 the at to min according 2 of 63 step extension s, 20 98 for 2 follows: denaturation Genomics) as were (Eurofins conditions sequence) cycling adapter Thermal attached (with 10nM 10 primer contained reaction PCR Each al. et (GACTACHVGGGTATCTAATCC) the (Herlemann (AATC- of 805R region 706R and (CCTACGGGNGGCWGCAG) V3-V4 and the (GCGGTAATTCCAGCTCCAA) of fragment the 528F long Hu of primers region by V4 universal described (Ho the using practices CRAGAATTTCACCTCT) of fragment (PCR) best long reaction to bp chain according 400 a performed amplified was We (2016). preparation library sequencing Illumina beads, sequencing glass and 1mm with preparation beating library bead Illumina of step filters additional water an 56 the at with from incubation (Qiagen) extracted overnight Kit was the an Mini or DNA and Plant Genomic copepods) DNeasy and (ciliates). the cladocerans samples using (rotifers, dissected samples 1 laser-micro including replicates, tissue (Qiagen), for for five Kit instructions instructions least Micro manufacturer’s DNA at to QIAamp in according using extracted RNA prepared was were samples zooplankton analyses. samples from downstream 10 zooplankton DNA all into sorted in pooled the separately sample of per treated All of individuals were 10-15 cells that (Qiagen). and Single buffer (Zeiss) (Zeiss). Microscope lysis glass ALT Microdissection cover from Capture liquid individuals Laser external based a 5-12 raisin 180 of using with in contamination covered used. stored remove and and were to (Zeiss) tube symbionts sample solution or one bleach miliQ into parasites in 1% ciliate pooled times external randomly a five were visible in rinsed species without were seconds each crustaceans individuals 30 ethanol, Only for in soaked DNA. times five thereafter rinsed and were water, rotifers individual All cation). hamatus and rotifers The extraction DNA and sorting ethanol. Zooplankton 95% in preserved immediately were collected samples were ciliate samples and Zooplankton zooplankton 90 55 sequencing. a a using after with m polycarbonate sampled pooled 0-30 diameter from but mm hauls separately 25 vertical onto with sequenced filtered were sequentially 20 fractions were and size 1-3L 2 and 0.2, mixed, with were filters depths The depth). m Bosmina 2016). Helicostomella eeietfidadsre rmtezolntnsmlsudraseemcocp 40 magnifi- (400X stereomicroscope a under samples zooplankton the from sorted and identified were μ fKP iiHttr ed i Rce AABoytm) 1 Biosystems), KAPA (Roche, Mix Ready HotStart HiFi KAPA of l p.adtecopepods the and spp. μ ycat atc,Snheamonopus Synchaeta baltica, Synchaeta ) 1 M), μ adtwdpako e nteupr1 ae Hdois il emn) The Germany). Kiel, (Hydrobios, layer m 10 upper the in net plankton hand-towed m μ a rnfre rmtezolntnsmlsot E-ebaecae ls slide glass coated PET-membrane a onto samples zooplankton the from transferred was ade (index Handle2 l º μ ( C oesz.Fleswr trdfoe t-80 at frozen stored were Filters size. pore m º 16S .PRpout eecenduigAecutAPr Pmgei beads magnetic XP AMPure Agencourt using cleaned were products PCR C. tal. et μ º ° r54 or ) ihpoens (Qiagen). K proteinase with C o i olwdb 0cce f98 of cycles 10 by followed min 2 for C fHF oSatRayMx(oh,KP isses,1 Biosystems), KAPA (Roche, Mix Ready HotStart HiFi of l eoalnions Acartia longicornis, Temora 07.Frpoaytsadpoouorpi uayts 0 bp 500 a eukaryotes, photoautotrophic and prokaryotes For 2017). ees)Aatr (10 reverse)-Adapter2 6 rRNA 16S º μ ( C -P lntnnt(yrbo,Ke,Gray.Clae were Ciliates Germany). Kiel, (Hydrobios, net plankton m-WP2 º .PRpout eepoe teumlraonsadpuri- and amounts equimolar at pooled were products PCR C. 18S º nta eauainfr2mnfloe y2 ylso 98 of cycles 25 by followed min 2 for denaturation initial C neln o 0s 72 s, 20 for annealing ) ee( gene 3 and 16S Keratella μ )ad12 and M) a mlfiduiguieslpies341F primers universal using amplified was ) spp. 8 rRNA 18S spp Pseudocalanus , μ ° ftmlt N n 16 and DNA template of l ., ni ute nlss h three The analysis. further until C º μ o 0s 62 s, 20 for C μ º L yi ue Qae) The (Qiagen). buffer lysis ALT l cladocerans lnainfr1 ,adfinal and s, 15 for elongation C fcendPRpout The product. PCR cleaned of l Helicostomella ee( gene μ ade (index Handle1 l 18S p.and spp. º vdenordmanni Evadne o 0s 72 s, 30 for C napolymerase a in ) tal. et eecollected were Centropages μ μ forward)- 01 Hu 2011; μ feach of l carrier g water. l º tal. et for C º μ C l Posted on Authorea 7 Aug 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159682277.72228182 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. n usqetcneso orltv bnac.W sdShee’ ne Frua1 Shee 98 as 1968) overlap, (Schoener dietary 1) of (Formula removed percentage Index were Schoener’s the (rarefaction), sample used of subsampling We each using measure abundance. for in a relative controlled species to was conversion depth consumer subsequent sequencing 2013). and zooplankton Heterogenic Holmes visualization. respective & data (McMurdie the package to R prior from Phyloseq originating the by sequences facilitated were All analysis statistical and filtering Data visualization and in analysis reads crustacean Data of overrepresentation general a in to result Due S1). not Fig did the Appendix1, and (Naturv˚ardsverket (See available monitoring counts phyto- preparation 2009), and phytoplankton pelagic The library zooplankton (www.sharkdata.se). national controls Havsarkiv full with Swedish Svenskt negative compared the the from were The from analysis after included. data sequencing electrophoresis was abundance the control plankton from gel negative samples and Water a bands. Qbit procedure, observable preparation with library analyzed the were in step each For validation Data eukaryotes. photoautotrophic and prokaryotes both for resolution (Pruesse (Callahan package the and R error filtering, DADA2 and the control assignment information). Quality taxonomic using and 2018). Team inference done (RSV) Core variant (R sequence were ribosomal R primers) dereplication, in sequence without conducted modeling, sequences from analysis rate (removing “bcl2fastq2” software further Cutadapt using and the scale) 2011), in quality (Martin truncated (Sanger/phred33/Illumina were FastQ Primers software. to Casava Bcl the from converted were Results PhiX. genomic 1.18.54) 10% 2.5.0.5/RTA of (MSC addition Bioinformatics the MiSeq with on Illumina) sequenced 3, and version bp, “onboard” (2x300 done setup was pair-end clustering Sequence (Agilent). iest fboi associations biotic of Diversity in visualized were group) sample each Results least in at samples the occupying (Gu of taxa package percent R as 70 Circlize (determined least the taxa at in prevalent made in networks important sequences bipartite the most of The percent (Oksanen package 0.1 2016). with R (Wickham calculated Vegan package and “pairwise.wilcox.test” the distances R the Bray-Curtis in on function in in based “metaMDS” correction were with testing plots the P-value Multiple modeled scaling were R-package. Benjamin-Hochberg multidimensional consumers MASS Nonmetric with of the function. controlled diet from was function specific “kruscal.test” of analyses the proportion pairwise using the ranks, in on differences ANOVA and one-way overlap diet in Differences where 18S n 16S eune falsmls l rsaenraswr eoe rmtedataset. the from removed were reads crustacean all samples, all of sequences tal. et stenme fde rus and groups, diet of number the is eune eeasge oacso aedtbs obnn h SILVA the combining database made custom a to assigned were sequences 18S 07 ihtePyoE aaae(Decelle database PhytoREF the with 2007) eune eeasge otePoitRbsmlRfrnedtbs (Guillou database Reference Ribosomal Protist the to assigned were sequences α 1 = − 0 . 5 X i =1 n P | P x,i x,i α stepooto fde species diet of proportion the is − , 16S ewe w osmrspecies consumer two between P 4 y,i tal. et aasoe orlto nrltv bnac with abundance relative in correlation a showed data ∗ | tal. et tal. et 0 (1) 100 06 frdtie etns e supplementary see settings, detailed (for 2016) tal. et 2014). 05,i re ogta dqaetaxonomic adequate an get to order in 2015), 07.Fgrswr aei h ggplot2 the in made were Figures 2007). x i ncnue species consumer in and 16S y eeec database reference : tal. et 2013) x . Posted on Authorea 7 Aug 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159682277.72228182 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. loascain ihteciliate the with associations also The picocyanobacteria. of cyanobacteria. and 6% phytoplankton average small (on between of rotifer found was the overlap to diet highest copepods the The dinoflagellate while bloom-forming groups, the with copepod the the to copepods with according the overlap low diet relatively bloom- was 13-25% were between March species ciliate in photoautotrophic zooplankton producers the the primary also main between but The diatoms, 1A). and (Fig dinoflagellates species forming copepod abundant less by rotifer accompanied the spring, spring In in zooplankton of diversity or Functional symbiotic potential of diversity the dinoflagellates. a on and as based oomycetes well organisms, as including eukaryotic plankton, organisms of heterotrophic parasitic diversity and a photoautotrophic with both associated including were samples (Bacillariophyta) zooplankton diatoms The (Chlorophyta), 2A). S2A). algae (Fig. green (Dinophyceae) Fig. cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates Appendix1, by and zooplankton (See dominated of were season associations samples eukaryotes) and plastic-containing consumer species and (cyanobacteria zooplankton taxa between the photoautotrophic Among varied of which 90% bacteria, average, Associated heterotrophic on samples. that zooplankton found autotrophic the and We in heterotrophic including found metazoans. organisms 201 and of range and in protozoans broad samples phytoplankton, found a water bacteria, 1799 found we bulk and organisms the samples zooplankton in the water were with bulk 1078 the which in The of found RSVs, samples. were zooplankton 2771 which The selective of the control. quality (RSVs) variants passed that sequence reads ribosomal sequence million 37 over rRNA produced effort sequencing Illumina The paetbtddntcutracrigt hlgntcalain nJune In affiliation. phylogenetic to copepod according the cluster with not overlap did but of apparent decline the with baltica S3). Synchaeta (Fig. diatoms and species zooplankton lsesddntflo aooi ffiito u pne vrbt hl n igos(i.3) The (Fig. 3A). scaling multidimensional (Fig. non-metric kingdoms by and supported phyla also both was of over groups overlap spanned functional diet (when but four diet S3). the affiliation their the to taxonomic on of applied based follow separation was niches not similarity functional did 75% distinct 1B). four clusters of (Fig. into level cyanobacteria clustered filamentous threshold groups of a zooplankton blooms extensive the by summer, characterized and In was Sea, production Baltic rotifer primary the The The in 1A). increased rotifer. zooplankton abundant crustacean most of the diversity was prey and abundance summer the a summer, summer In to in spring zooplankton a from of transition diversity Functional a indicating rotifers, the of diet 3B). the (Fig community in with apparent overlap 10% more (only became copepods other the with than species ee( gene .monopus S. 16S Temora Temora httresbcei n htattohcekroe patd) eeae 43unique 1483 generated (plastids), eukaryotes photoautotrophic and bacteria targets that ) ece t ekaudnei h atcSatwrsteedo h pig coordinated spring, the of end the towards Sea Baltic the in abundance peak its reached 4%.Smlry h copepod the Similarly, (49%). Peridiniella 18S ycat baltica Synchaeta and and eune upr h soito between association the support sequences Pseudocalanus Centropages Pseudocalanus nJn Fg1.De vra ewe opako pce eaemore became species zooplankton between overlap Diet 1). (Fig June in Myrionecta 16S ed,W7,p001,btisedascae ihvrosgroups various with associated instead but p=0.001), W=70, reads, Peridiniella 16S a h oiaigzolntnseisi h atcSaproper, Sea Baltic the in species zooplankton dominating the was 8 rRNA 18S 6% n h cladoceran the and (61%) eeascae ihfwrsqecsof sequences fewer with associated were ycat baltica Synchaeta 6% Fg A.Terotifer The 3A). (Fig. (67%) The . eunerasascae ihtezolntnsmlswere samples zooplankton the with associated reads sequence Acartia Acartia ocpigo vrg 6 fthe of 76% average on (occupying 18S ee( gene Temora 5 eune ute eeldascain ewe all between associations revealed further sequences a lotecuieyascae ihfilamentous with associated exclusively almost was 18S a ihrde vra with overlap diet higher a had a tl rsn,btwt o bnac (Fig. abundance low with but present, still was Fg3) tteedo pig cyanobacteria spring, of end the At 3A). (Fig ) httresalekroe,gnrtd1170 generated eukaryotes, all targets that ) Evadne 16S .baltica S. 16S Myrionecta ed.Terotifer The reads. .baltica S. ed) h ordfie niche defined four The reads). 7%,cmae otesister the to compared (73%), .baltica S. and Peridiniella Peridiniella a anyassociated mainly was Fg1) itoverlap Diet 1B). (Fig 16S .monopus S. a ihrdiet higher a had ed)(i.3B). (Fig. reads) .baltica S. compared , 18S u reveal but Keratella (64%) reads, had 16S Posted on Authorea 7 Aug 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159682277.72228182 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. rtzaso ieetpya swl smtzas oiae the dominated metazoans, as well as phyla, different of protozoans Keratella nutrient of result rotifer rotifer. a The of the as decline by described the decline grazing as been However, rapid and has the limitation Sea 2007). of nutrient Andersen 1), Baltic peak & the the (Tamminen (Fig. in with column bloom bloom water coincides spring spring upper the the the of in from end limitation decoupled the temporarily at are phytoplankton of cladocerans and copepods As (Calbet bloom dinoflagellate that a 50 studies where of previous to Sea, with up Mediterranean line the protozoa in from and are phytoplankton results large These Bogdan on behavior. feeding predation passive observed than have rather selective a of gesting diet species the 20-35 of in rotifer dinoflagellate range abundant (the niches other size phytoplankton & the functional a Bloom-forming to distinct with (Motwani (1993). 1), than , represent Arndt (Fig. by microzooplankton and copepods, year proposed overlap whole and as already the distinction diet cladocerans over together present little to rotifer have similar clustered only (Grinien˙e genera more the generally feeders Being rotifer filter 3). far common obligate (Fig. most so as two the have to the of referred that rotifers underestimation an and Sea, to by 2013) leads web.Gorokhova zooplankton Baltic and food clustering niche the pelagic that diet the In and in exemplify in differences dynamic results consumers true are of The the diversity that capture group interactions seasons. not functional species does and trophic phylogeny of species analyzed or complexity consumer we size a webs, between using demonstrate food both species results plankton differ Our mesozooplankton in consumers and zooplankton. of micro- diversity selected several group functional of the associations resolve to order In Discussion S3). (Fig. summer in copepods of 35% to and (up , organisms unclassified of The proportion significant (e.g. a with copepods reads). associated (75%, other was clusters the other alone, with the clustering than than (91%) picocyanobacteria almost was of sp. and copepod proportion p=) the Consequently, relative W=, (9%, p=0.007). higher cluster W=32, a second the with than associated cyanobacteria filamentous exclusively copepods of large proportion the lower of even consisting an cluster, third The P=0.007). W=3, (45%, picocyanobacteria ciliate of proportion larger a Keratella with but p=0.002), W=145, p 39%, average (on cluster rotifer copepod of larger 76% the the containing average cluster, on second (occupying ciliate the cyanobacteria heterotrophic filamentous the with of associated consisting cluster, first The < .0)a ela iest fsalpyolntn hs itoelpbtentetortfrspecies rotifer two the between overlap diet Thus, phytoplankton. small of diversity a as well as 0.001) 18S Helicostomella Helicostomella tal. et eune eeldvrosgop fhtrtohcflglae soitdwith associated flagellates heterotrophic of groups various revealed sequences a anyascae ihlre lmnoscaoatra hsrvaigahge itoverlap diet higher a revealing thus cyanobacteria, filamentous larger with associated mainly was and Keratella Acartia, .baltica S. 90 odn&Glet18;Glet&Jc 93.Ti sfrhrspotdb study a by supported further is This 1993). Jack & Gilbert 1982; Gilbert & Bogdan 1980; Fg B.Salpyolntn(hoohtsadesimtpye) heterotrophic eustigmatophytes), and (chlorophytes phytoplankton Small 3B). (Fig. (78%, ek naudnedrn h umr when summer, the during abundance in peaks a soitdwt oe rprino lmnoscaoatrata h first the than cyanobacteria filamentous of proportion lower a with associated was .baltica S. a oe 4% hnteoelpbt between both overlap the than (48%) lower was , Synchaeta μ χ ,adtepoouorpi ciliate photoautotrophic the and m, 2 1,P001,adbetween and P=0.001), =11, tal. et c 350 (c. Synchaeta Fg ) epooeta h pigbomdciei euto both of result a is decline bloom spring the that propose we 1), (Fig. 2003). μ ) oprdt h urudn ae nsrn Fg ) sug- 2), (Fig. spring in water surrounding the to compared m), Acartia a siae ocnueu o8%o h al production daily the of 80% to up consume to estimated was ycat baltica Synchaeta Temora 6 a ihrde vra ihtecladoceran the with overlap diet higher a had Helicostomella 52%, , .baltica S. Temora χ Myrionecta, oehrwt h cladoceran the with together 2 8 =.0) Finally, P=0.005). =8, 18S ycat baltica Synchaeta .baltica S. 18S n h copepod the and and n h rotifer the and tal. et and 16S μ Centropages eune ftecaoeasand cladocerans the of sequences by m Keratella Keratella 06.Dsieti,w show we this, Despite 2016). 6 rRNA 16S 45-55 ed)(i.3) ncontrast, In 3B). (Fig. reads) slwi bnac Fg1). (Fig abundance in low is Synchaeta μ )apast emore be to appears m) n h heterotrophic the and Keratella, a ucinlniche functional a has a soitdwith associated was , Acartia .baltica S. and eesqecn of sequencing gene Pseudocalanus .monopus S. Puro 1977; (Pourriot Bosmina (75%, Peridiniella Peridiniella a mostly was , Keratella Bosmina χ 2 and 16S =7, a , , Posted on Authorea 7 Aug 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159682277.72228182 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. losfrhglgtn uietr ieecsbtenfntoa opako rus ncmiainwith read the combination in In absolute zooplankton metabarcoding groups. the biomass, by zooplankton and than resources functional counts read between rather of between differences relationship utilization samples rudimentary a estimating highlighting of of for assumption for allows the groups tool Without between feasible web. a food comparison pelagic is of relative dominance metabarcoding the high DNA on with counts, blooms ecosystems weight increased other putting likely the By and of 4), effects ecosystem (Fig. out Sea (De Baltic balance phytoplankton. (Fig. web the zooplankton inedible protists food in by heterotrophic cyanobacteria dynamic use of filamentous resource the consumption of of in the pathways stability via Diverse creating picocyanobacteria 4). for from and important cyanobacteria, is filamentous that contribute further groups feeding functional multitrophic and This Ruiter of picocyanobacteria 3B). diversity cyanobacteria, (Fig. the filamentous protists including heterotrophic to as producers, well primary as phytoplankton, of Sea. other range Baltic broad of the a in time consumed (Fig blooms retention of Evadne cyanobacteria formation Sea the the the monopus, increase Baltic and with to Synchaeta the sediment linked potential the in strongly to the are DOM material has which organic and further bottoms, of POM anoxic microzooplankton loss cyanobacterial preventing by thereby between POM cyanobacteria, leaking) of sedimenting recycling passive The (except zooplankton link by 4). (Moore main recycling account during the into matter levels be taken organic (D’Alelio trophic seldom as of studies higher available are mechanisms several of cyanobacteria degradation Although productivity in filamentous the by highlighted cyanobacteria. fixed support are filamentous likely nitrogen of detritivores making the blooms By that nitrogen, Sea. propose organic we Baltic dissolved Similarly, the flagellates. in the picocyanobacteria of and bacteria addition bacteria both the with Helicostomella of by together biomass facilitated microcosm, increased is a supporting media, of in nutrient-poor flagellates function a heterotrophic ecosystem that in of The sustained growth algae, the and web. nitrogen how diazotrophic showing food of (1993), utilization Sea the Arndt with in Baltic role associated important the an cyanobacteria have in detritivores filamentous filter-feeding of these that proportion propose high the (Klawonn nitrogen Given fix to ability the without picocyanobacteria al. with et associated exclusively almost were study (Bunse 2000). months (Engstrom (Uitto through summer mesozooplankton Eglite copepods by during 2013; by nitrogen loop diazotrophic consumed microbial of not incorporation enhanced by an (Karlson and explained copepods web unpalatable been in has as food enriched 3B). contradiction The is Sea described (Fig cyanobacteria groups Baltic are filamentous zooplankton the cyanobacteria by different filamentous in fixed by productivity nitrogen consumed that enhances although shown and Sea, have Baltic studies food-resources the isotope important for of Stable are which community picocyanobacteria S2), summer and cyanobacteria the (Fig filamentous in DNA both directly. crustacean that confirms upon associated study preyed of Our be proportion to high unlikely relatively is a reasons by similar for supported of attractive niche and further available Filamentous feeding is both detritivorous is 1980). here The that Bogdan matter, ciliates. & organic and (Starkweather particulate rotifers of cells detritus-eating pool living a over cyanobacteria. to contribute (detritus) filamentous likely food cyanobacteria the degraded on partially directly prefers that feed not do consumers Helicostomella ciliate tintinnid the with Keratella 06 Fg3) e,temcaimo iztohcntoe rnfri h odwbrmisunclear. remains web food the in transfer nitrogen diazotrophic of mechanism the Yet, 3B). (Fig 2016) tal. et 05.Zolntnsuidhr hwdteaiiyt tlz eore oh ietyfrom directly both, resources utilize to ability the showed here studied Zooplankton 2005). tal. et hog t edn nacslaigo isle rai atr(O)fo h la,thereby algae, the from (DOM) matter organic dissolved of leaking enhances feeding its through hog h erdto fdtiu tmltstepouto fhtrtohcbcei and bacteria heterotrophic of production the stimulates detritus of degradation the through (100 tal. et 08 spouto fhtrtohcbcei n aeltsicessdrn summer during increases flagellates and bacteria heterotrophic of production as 2018) μ )cmae ocaoatrafiaet htotnece m ugssta these that suggests 1mm exceed often that filaments cyanobacteria to compared m) 08.Ti xlnto t ihtecopepods the with fits explanation This 2018). Helicostomella and Acarita hnwith than nJn,and June, in tal. et .baltica S. tal. et tal. et 06 tibr ady21) ahaso detrital of pathways 2017), Landry & Steinberg 2016; 7 .baltica S. 97 own oohv 03 Wannicke 2013; Gorokhova & Motwani 1997; 04.W ugs htdtiioe r ieyto likely are detritivores that suggest We 2004). Keratella Fg ) h ieo the of size The 3). (Fig. tal. et , Keratella Bosmina sdmntae na xeietby experiment an in demonstrated is Keratella Temora 05,bta h aetm,these time, same the at but 2015), Keratella safitrfee Ant1993) (Arndt feeder filter a is and and and Keratella. Pseudocalanus Helicostomella Centropages and Keratella Helicostomella, rd proposed Arndt Keratella (150 hti this in that nAugust in suggested μ )and m) tal. et and we Posted on Authorea 7 Aug 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159682277.72228182 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. odn .. ibr,JJ trwahr ..(90.I iuCerneRtso lntncRotifers. Planktonic of Rates Clearance Situ In (1980). Keratella, P.L. of Starkweather, populations & J.J. natural In: grazing1. Gilbert, by community K.G., feeding to Bogdan, of contributions patterns and selectivities, Seasonal rates, Clearance Oceanogr. (1982). Bosmina: J.J. Depen- and Gilbert, and Polyarthra, & Ecosystems, K.G. Marine Oean, Bogdan, of Changing Role Ecological (2019). The J.G. Policymakers In: (1983). Kairo, T. & Communities. F., W.W.L. dent & Cheung, L.A. N.L., Meyer-Reil, Bindoff, J.S., Sea. Gray, the J.G., in flagel- Field, Microbes heterotrophic Water-Column T., (bacteria, Fenchel, web F., microbial the Azam, In: of review. components a on - predators ciliates) as lates, Rotifers (1993). H. Arndt, References interests. competing no declare authors The interests Competing by funded was and research Council The 2016-04685. number Research infrastructure. Science project Swedish computational acknowl- by Council massively UPPMAX the Research with also the funded Swedish and assistance We to the Uppsala, Foundation for access Science Wallenberg and and effort. Computational sequencing Alice Stockholm Advanced es- sampling parallel University, and for in the Centre Stockholm Knut infrastructure during Multidisciplinary at the Genomics SNIC/Uppsala us group Laboratory, National hosting monitoring Life the pelagic for for Walve the from to Jakob support thanks and edge greatest Svensson our Stefan direct pecially to like would web We food to point to entry ecosystems suitable of Acknowledgment a vulnerability therefore the is thus study and this detailed webs, analysis. in be network not food used ecosystem may models approach plankton and and web species modeling The of Food individual pathways of functioning. change. role energy use important ecosystem environmental the resource predict about capture of to not predictions diversity may enough accurate phylogeny the or generate understanding size to of on based taxa importance varying zooplankton the under as key survive emphasize resilience, to of results ecosystem species populations to Our multitrophic contributes zooplankton during further allows availability. of web particularly that resource food presence plasticity pathways, the phenotypic The of trophic season-dependent in components as different alternative diversity cyanobacteria. well on for group prey filamentous size to allowing functional ability include or the of by producers with diversity importance webs primary the phylogenetic food when reinforce than structure in seasons and web transfer rather zooplankton, energy diversity food of stabilizing groups of group between interpretation functional use our on resource on focusing implications that has to shows potential zooplankton. strong study of a groups Our has diverse metabarcoding of DNA function studies, ecosystem experimental the from resolve support and validation data count Hydrobiologica 7 918–934. 27, , p 447–588. pp. . pigrNtelns odeh,p.73–77. pp. Dordrecht, Netherlands, Springer . pca eot h ca n ropeei hnigCiaeSmayfor Summary Climate Changing a in Cryosphere and Ocean The Report: Special Hydrobiologia a.Eo.Po.Ser. Prog. Ecol. Mar. pigrNtelns odeh,p.231–246. pp. Dordrecht, Netherlands, Springer . 8 0 257–263. 10, , . h eut ihih ag aito in variation large a highlight results The Limnol. Posted on Authorea 7 Aug 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159682277.72228182 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. u . u . is . clse,M rr,B 21) icieipeet n nacscircular enhances and implements circlize (2014). B. Brors, & M. Schlesner, R., Eils, R. L., in visualization Gu, Z., Sea). Gu, Baltic (SE Lagoon Curonian the in In: asp- E., Grinien˙e, ciliates. by small on predation predators 247–253. to as pp. Rotifers Dordrecht, rotifers (1993). Netherlands, and J.D. Jack, protists & J.J. some Gilbert, of susceptibility the on girodi. Observations lanchna (1980). Ecosystems. J.J. Pelagic the Gilbert, In Link with Trophic bifilosa Protozoan-Metazoan Acartia The (1991). and D.J. affinis Gifford, Eurytemora copepods the sp. of Nodularia approach. interactions cyanobacteria isotope Feeding nitrogen (2000). stable J. A Engstrom, I., blooms: Liskow, cyanobacteria G., Nausch, during N., mesozooplankton Wasmund, in J., taxonomy.supply Dutz, curated D., Wodarg, with E., eukaryotes Eglite, photosynthetic of gene rRNA S., 16S Audic, Resour. A., plastidial Zingone, the E.M., Bendif, of R.F., database Stern, S., Romac, J., food-web. diversity, Decelle, link plankton models the Ecological-network in (2016). d’Alcal`a, M. function Ribera & and T. structure Wyatt, S., Libralato, D., D’Alelio, Biol. Mar. Adv. hypothesis match/mismatch (1990). D.H. Cushing, T., Yokokawa, communities. Y., Takaki, bacterial J.A.L., zooplankton-associated Garcia, into M., insights Koski, A., Srivastava, D., Corte, De ecosystems. estuarine-coastal world’s the across change J., Biol. fast-paced Grall, R., drive variability Elmgren, DADA2: L., climate Chauvaud, and (2016). J., S.P. Carstensen, P.C., Holmes, Abreu, & J.E., data. of Cloern, A.J.A. amplicon impact Johnson, Illumina A.W., grazing from Han, inference Relative M.J., sample (2003). Rosen, High-resolution M. P.J., Carbon Estrada, McMurdie, B.J., & and Callahan, M. , Alcaraz, Grazing M., mesozooplankton. Vila, Microzooplankton and J., , microzooplankton Felipe, Vaqu´e, Growth D., A., Phytoplankton Calbet, (2004). Systems. M.R. Marine in Landry, Cycling & services. A. and Calbet, processes ecological of (2011). maintenance N. 1079–1087. the Mirotchnick, & and 48, diversity K. , functional Carscadden, M.W., : Cadotte, species N., Beyond Mirotchnick, K., Carscadden, C., Activities. M.W., Legrand, Cadotte, and Stocks E., Plankton Fridolfsson, Microbial 3296. M., Sea 9, fits Bertos-Fortis, , Baltic size F., in “one Variability Baltar, the Multi-Year Overturning S., Frequency Israelsson, elephants: to C., chains. mice Bunse, From food plankton (2015). marine W.C. in Leggett, paradigm & all” K.T. Frank, D.G., Boyce, 2 513–529. 22, , 5 1435–1445. 15, , uˇ is .&Koa .(06.Sz-eetv irzolntngaigo h phytoplankton the on grazing microzooplankton Size-selective (2016). H. Kuosa, & Sulˇcius, S. ˇ Hydrobiologia Bioinformatics lntnpouto n ercassrnt nfihppltos nudt fthe of update An populations: fish in strength year-class and production Plankton inl Oceanogr. Limnol. .Pako Res. Plankton J. . 3 87–91. 73, , 0 2811–2812. 30, , a.Eo.Po.Ser. Prog. Ecol. Mar. Oceanologia 2 1403–1409. 22, , 9 51–57. 49, , cl Lett. Ecol. c.Rep. Sci. 9 8 292–301. 58, , 8 504–515. 18, , ,21806. 6, , nio.Microbiol. Environ. 5,303–309. 259, , a.Methods Nat. tal. et tal. et oie ypsu VI Symposium Rotifer 21) taeiso mn acid amino of Strategies (2018). 21) htRF reference a PhytoREF: (2015). tal. et 3 581–583. 13, , tal. et 21) ua activities Human (2016). .Protozool. J. 21) Metagenomic (2017). tal. et rn.Microbiol. Front. Ecosphere .Ap.Ecol. Appl. J. 21) High (2018). lb Chang. Glob. 8 81–86. 38, , o.Ecol. Mol. Springer . 9. , Posted on Authorea 7 Aug 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159682277.72228182 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ece,OL atn ..(06.Fntoa iest:Bc obsc n okn forward. looking and basics to Back diversity: Functional 741–758. (2006). 9, hot. K.J. , it Gaston, like & Blooms O.L. Petchey, (2008). J. Huisman, P.M., & Solymos, H.W. G.L., Paerl, Simpson, B., O’Hara, P., Legendre, package. R., Kindt, J., Oksanen, 2018. April 3 accessed Last delprogram-fria-vattenmassan.pdf. (2009). as https://www.havochvatten.se/download/18.64f5b3211343cffddb280005451/1348912810782/beskrivning- sea baltic the in Naturvardsverket. picocyanobacteria on analysis. grazing diet Mesozooplankton molecular from (2013). inferred E. A., Gorokhova, Hastings, & Q., N.H. Motwani, Dong, P.C., Suiter, biodiversity. De models. and D.C., end-to-end dynamics Coleman, in trophic E.L., “to” Berlow, the J.C., link. Defining Moore, zooplankton (2010). C. the Davis, configuring & sciences; A. Mitra, fisheries A., and Bode, biogeochemical K.J., marine Flynn, and between S.H., Oceanogr. Analysis Jonasdottir, gap Interactive W.C., the Reproducible Gentleman, ing for C., Package Castellani, R A., An Mitra, Data. phyloseq: Census (2013). Microbiome of S. reads. Graphics Holmes, sequencing & high-throughput P.J. from McMurdie, sequences adapter removes Cutadapt net.journal F., (2011). Carcillo, M. S., interactome. Martin, Colin, plankton J., global Decelle, the in N., micro-zooplankton. structure Henry, marine community K., of Faust, impact G., grazing Lima-Mendez, the Estimating (1982). R.P. Biol. Hassett, & M.R. J.B., Landry, Sveden, Sea). M., (Baltic system Olofsson, marine 4596–4609. temperate 18, B., a , in Andersson, cyanobacteria of J., carbon-fixation Walve, trade-offs. and nitrogen- N., and traits Nahar, Mechanisms, I., feed: Klawonn, zooplankton How H., webs. Ploug, (2011). food T. I., Baltic Klawonn, Kiorboe, in H., production along Hogfors, stimulates Mesoplankton N.H., cyanobacteria to Motwani, by Pico- fixation J., of Sea. Duberg, Diversity Baltic A.M.L., (2016). the Karlson, A.F. of of Gradient Andersson, diet Salinity & the km S. of 2000 Charvet, study the B., DNA-based Karlson, (2017). Y.O.O., C.K. Hu, Wong, sinicus. Calanus & H.S. copepod Kwan, calanoid Sea. M.K., marine Baltic Cheung, the the J.-S., of Hwang, gradient salinity T.W., km Ho, 2000 the along communities bacterial in tions J M., Labrenz, D.P.R., Herlemann, webs. protozoan food of marine invisibility in Isotopic steps (2014). curated trophic M.R. with Landry, sequences & rRNA B.N. Guti´errez-Rodr´ıguez, L., Sub-Unit Popp, D´ecima, Small Bittner, M., eukaryote A., C., unicellular Berney, of D., catalog taxonomy. Bass, a S., (PR2): Audic, database Reference D., Bachar, L., Guillou, 7 283–288. 67, , omnt cl Packag. Ecol. Community 2,176–199. 129, , uli cd Res. Acids Nucleic 7 10. 17, , 1 D597–D604. 41, , inl Oceanogr. Limnol. res . etlsn . aik ..&Adrsn ..(01.Transi- (2011). A.F. Andersson, & J.J. Waniek, S., Bertilsson, K., urgens, ¨ ekinn vdlrga ravattenmassan Fria delprogram av Beskrivning cl Lett. Ecol. 0 613–637. 10, , LSOne PLoS LSOne PLoS .Ep a.Bo Ecol. Bio. Mar. Exp. J. ,584–600. 7, , rn.Microbiol. Front. 8. , ,e61217. 8, , 10 9 1590–1598. 59, , m so.Av Sci. Adv. Assoc. Am. cec 8- ). (80-. Science 7. , Ambio tal. et rg Oceanogr. Prog. 9,1–9. 494, , 4,1262073. 348, , 21) h rts Ribosomal Protist The (2013). tal. et 4 413–426. 44, , 2,57–58. 320, , il Rev. Biol. tal. et tal. et 21) eemnnsof Determinants (2015). SEJ. ISME tal. et tal. et tal. et 21) Cell-specific (2016). 4 39–42. 84, , vial at: Available . nio.Microbiol. Environ. 20) h vegan The (2007). 21) Nitrogen (2015). 20) Detritus, (2004). 6 311–339. 86, , ,1571–1579. 5, , 21) Bridg- (2014). cl Lett. Ecol. EMB- Prog. Mar. Posted on Authorea 7 Aug 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159682277.72228182 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. atcSa nepltddiymasoe h er 0621.Tedt srtivdfo h Swedish the the and from during only) retrieved bi-weekly is organisms to data weekly winter. 2: The during taken Figure monthly are and 2006-2018. Samples period years summer the 2009). and over (Naturvardsverket spring means program daily monitoring Interpolated marine Sea. Baltic (A) 1: Figure legends Figure 2020. August (2020). metabarcoding M. DNA Winder, using & A. Novotny, mesozoo- S., by Zamora-Terol, N2 fixed Sea. diazotrophic (2016). Baltic of H. coastal southern Incorporation Wickham, the the (2013). of in M. studies dynamics Voss, Case & Summer - I. (1997). plankton Liskow, F., R. Sea. Korth, Pajuniemi, Baltic N., & Wannicke, northern R. the Autio, in web R., by food Lignell, revealed planktonic A., as Heiskanen, eutrophication. patterns and A., limitation salinity Uitto, nutrient of phytoplankton gradients Seasonal Sea Baltic (2007). over T. bioassays Cycle. Andersen, & Carbon Ocean T. Tamminen, the and Zooplankton 413–444. (2017). 9, M.R. , Discrim- Landry, communities: & zooplankton D.K. foods. natural Steinberg, algal in dead feeding and mesozooplank- Detrital live major (1980). between three K.G. ination of Bogdan, role The & P.L. Tunicata: Starkweather, webs. – In: Cladocera food – pelagic Succession. Copepoda in Phytoplankton groups (2002). H. ton in Stibor, Resources & for U. Sommer, Competition of Role The Evelyn. Ecology webs (1989). food microbial U. aquatic Sommer, in protists by predation of Leeuwenhoek Significance Fauna. Van Complex (2002). Antonie B.F. a Sherr, in & Partitioning E.B. Sherr, Resource Jenga Bimini: Playing of Ecology: 704–726. Lizards Web 49, Anolis Food , The (2005). (1968). T.W. K.O. Schoener, Winemiller, & J.C. Moore, Beyond. V., and Wolters, P.C., Ruiter, 2020. De August 2 (2018). accessed Last https://www.r-project.org/. Team. ARB. Core with compatible R data J., sequence RNA Peplies, ribosomal W., Res. aligned Ludwig, Acids and checked B.M., Nucleic quality Fuchs, for K., resource Knittel, online hensive C., Rotifera. Quast, of E., habits Pruesse, feeding and Food Assumptions. (1977). and R. Methods, Pourriot, Models, Position: Trophic Estimate Who to Isotopes (2012). Ecology Stable P. sequencing. Using Taberlet, generation (2002). & next D.M. S.N. Post, using Jarman, assessment D.S., Diet Brown, what: W.O.C., eating Symondson, is B.E., Deagle, F., Pompanon, e.Sme,U) pigrItrainlPbihn,p.57–106. pp. Publishing, International Springer U.). Sommer, (ed. 703. 83, , eaieaudneo eunecut e aaof taxa per counts sequence of abundance Relative cec 8- ). (80-. Science bnac fzolntnand zooplankton of Abundance 5 7188–7196. 35, , glt lgatgahc o aaanalysis data for graphics Elegrant : ggplot2 (B) 8 rRNA 18S :ALnug n niomn o ttsia Computing Statistical for Environment and Language A R: 1 293–308. 81, , . o.Ecol. Mol. 0,68–71. 309, , cl Res. Ecol. ekroi raim,ecuigcutcasadSniils,for Syndiniales), and crustaceans excluding organisms, (eukaryotic vial t tp:/o.r/011/e.55.Ls cesd2 accessed Last https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15555. at: Available Hydrobiologia 7 161–174. 17, , a.Eo.Po.Ser. Prog. Ecol. Mar. (B) .Mr Syst. Mar. J. 11 ivlm fpyolntna adotDe nthe in Deep Landsort at phytoplankton of biovolume eosrcigmrn lntnfo e interactions web food plankton marine Reconstructing yrbo.Bi.Egb.Limnol Ergebn. Beih. Hydrobiol. 3 83–85. 73, , (A) 1–1,1–13. 117–118, , a.Eo.Po.Ser. Prog. Ecol. Mar. 6 rRNA 16S Springer. . o.Ecol. Mol. 5,27–41. 151, , tal. et eeras(photoautotrophic reads gene 1 1931–1950. 21, , 20) IV:acompre- a SILVA: (2007). n.Rv a.Sci. Mar. Rev. Ann. 4,121–138. 340, , vial at: Available . ,243–260. 8, , Plankton Ecology Posted on Authorea 7 Aug 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159682277.72228182 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. targets-functional-group-diversity-of-micro-and-mesozooplankton-in-pelagic-food-webs image3.emf file Hosted 3 Figure targets-functional-group-diversity-of-micro-and-mesozooplankton-in-pelagic-food-webs image2.emf file Hosted 2 Figure targets-functional-group-diversity-of-micro-and-mesozooplankton-in-pelagic-food-webs image1.emf file Hosted 1 that Figure (4) bacteria autotrophic and excretion (6). hetero- and mesozooplankton to of feeding and production degraded The (5) the protozoa are (2). stimulates heterotrophic feeders that cyanobacteria by (3) filter Filamentous DOM consumed and of are microzooplankton pool by nitrogen. a consumed diazotrophic to are contribute of that (1) pathway pieces possible smaller a highlights line Phytoplankton. Unknown 22) 15) 4: Archaeplastida, Figure fam., Unknown Chlorellales 21) 19) 14) Chlorophyta, Chrysochromulinaceae, Chlorellaceae, Unknown 18) fam., 20) 13) Dictyochophyceae Cyanobiaceae, Monodopsidaceae, 17) Bacillariophyta Pyramimonadaceae, 3) 12) Cocomyxaceae 16) Chaetoceraceae, 8) fam., fam., 2) fam., at Trebouxiophyceae Ochrophyta Nostocaceae, Chlamydomonadales in 10) 1) 7) present are Monodopsidaceae, Oocystaceae, group. here 6) sample ,9) shown Peridiniaceae, one taxa 5) least The Attheyaceae, at 4) abundance. in fam., read samples rRNA the relative of to on 60% based proportional least (lower) is taxa bars food the prevalent most of their thickness with (upper) species consumer plankton 1) August: on in spp based species August, zooplankton and of June clustering March, biological in unique organisms represent totrophic (A) bars The 3: Sea. Figure Baltic the in months and replicates. species consumer zooplankton different ., and Acartia ucinlgopdvriyi h atcSapako odwbdrn umr h hc green thick The summer. during web food plankton Sea Baltic the in diversity group Functional vial at available at available at available eta fSonrsDe vra ne % ewe opako pce n photoau- and species zooplankton between (%) Index Overlap Diet Shoener’s of Heatmap spp ;3 etoae hamatus Centropages 3) .; https://authorea.com/users/349535/articles/474521-metabarcoding- https://authorea.com/users/349535/articles/474521-metabarcoding- https://authorea.com/users/349535/articles/474521-metabarcoding- Helicostomella and eoalongicornis; Temora 12 6 rRNA 16S and Keratella ed.Baksursidct distinct indicate squares Black reads. n 4) and 2) ; Pseudocalanus ycat baltica Synchaeta 6 rRNA 16S spp ed.The reads. . , (B) Bosmina Zoo- Posted on Authorea 7 Aug 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159682277.72228182 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. iue4 Figure 13