To proceed on the basis of the conjecture that every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it.

– Goal proposed for AI by the 1956 Dartmouth Summer Research Project on

Dartmouth College Artificial Intelligence Conference The Next Fifty Years

AI@50 Co-Sponsored by: Office of the Dean of the Faculty, Welcome! Dartmouth College Office of the Provost, Fifty years ago, pioneer AI researchers Dartmouth College gathered on this campus for their first-ever meeting in 1956, convening the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial The project is also sponsored in part Intelligence. The term itself had to be through a grant from the coined by John McCarthy, then a Dartmouth Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency math professor, to apply for a grant to fund The content of the information does not necessarily the original project. By end of summer, one reflect the position or the policy of the Government. of the first AI operating programs, Simon and No official endorsement should be inferred. Newell’s Logic Theorist, had presented demonstrable proof of a future for AI We wish to express our gratitude to through digital computer development. these cooperating organizations: This summer, the College commemorates that Summer Research Project by again hosting the 2006 Dartmouth Artificial Intelligence Conference: The Next Fifty Years, over July 13-15. We wish to thank the Office of the Dean of the Faculty and the Office of the Provost for their originating support toward forwarding progress on AI into the 21st century.

We also want to thank the Frederick B. Whittemore Foundation and the General Electric Foundation for additional funding, and most especially the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) for its generous support, which has allowed AI@50 Turning Technologies, LLC to invite twenty-five young post docs to of Youngstown, Ohio, generously supplied its attend this 2006 Conference. TurningPoint audience response system used extensively during AI@50. At a like juncture in time, may these new scholars bring equal commitment and AI50 Advisory Committee: aspiration to AI research that so drove the achievements for artificial intelligence, out of Chris Bailey-Kellogg John Kulvicki that distant summer of speculation and logic Devin Balkcom Dan Rockmore and vision, half a century ago. George Cybenko Joe Rosen Bruce Donald Adina Roskies Director Scot Drysdale Eugene Santos Jr. James Moor Kevin Dunbar Paul Thompson Hany Farid George Wolford Steering Committee Danny Kopec Brock Brower Cover photograph © Joseph Mehling Carey Heckman Video by Michael Sacca Program Design © 2006 Holly Fisher Thursday, July 13 th

8:30 Opening 2:00 Break Moore Hall, Filene Auditorium 2:15 The Future of Learning & Search Jim Moor, Introduction Oliver Selfridge Carol Folt, Welcome Learning and Education for Software: New Approaches in Carey Heckman, Tonypandy and the Origins of a Science Ray Solomonoff Machine Learning - Past and Future Leslie Pack Kaelbling 9:00 AI – Past, Present, Future Learning to be Intelligent John McCarthy Peter Norvig What Was Expected, What We Did, Web Search as a Product of and AI Today and Catalyst for AI The Emotion Machine 4:00 Break

10:00 Break 4:30 Film Preview, Hood Museum, Loew Auditorium 10:15 The Future Model of Thinking Mind in the Machine: The Discovery Ron Brachman & Hector Levesque of Artificial Intelligence A Large Part of Human Thought A sneak preview of the video documentary by Wendy Conquest, Bob Drake, and David Mumford Dan Rockmore What is the Right Model for “Thought”? Stuart Russell 7:00 Reception, Collis Common Ground The Approach of Modern AI Original Conference Participants 11:45 Lunch Reflect on the 1956 Conference John McCarthy 1:00 The Future of Network Models Marvin Minsky Geoffrey Hinton & Simon Osindero Trenchard More From Pandemonium to Graphical Models Ray Solomonoff and Back Again Oliver Selfridge Rick Granger From Brain Circuits to Mind Manufacture 8:00 Banquet, Collis Common Ground Friday, July 14 th

8:30 The Future of AI 2:30 Break Rod Brooks 2:45 The Future of Language Intelligence and Bodies and Cognition Nils Nilsson Routes to the Summit Trenchard More The Birth of Array Theory and Nial Eric Horvitz Eugene Charniak In Pursuit of Artificial Intelligence: Why Natural Language Processing is Now Reflections on Challenges and Trajectories Statistical Natural Language Processing 10:00 Break Pat Langley Intelligent Behavior in Humans 10:15 The Future of Vision and Machines Eric Grimson 4:15 The Future of the Future Intelligent Medical Image Analysis: Ray Kurzweil Computer Assisted Surgery and Disease Why We Can Be Confident of Turing Test Monitoring Capability Within a Quarter Century Takeo Kanade Artificial Intelligence Vision: Progress and Non-Progress 4:45 Break Terry Sejnowski 5:00 Reception and Dinner A Critique of Pure Vision DOC House

11:45 Lunch 7:00 The Future Trajectory of AI DOC House 1:00 The Future of Reasoning George Cybenko Alan Bundy Charles Holland Constructing, Selecting and Repairing DARPA’s Perspective Representations of Knowledge Edwina Rissland The Exquisite Centrality of Examples Bart Selman The Challenge and Promise of Automated Reasoning Saturday, July 15 th

9:00 AI and Games 1:00 Selected Submitted Papers: Jonathan Schaeffer Future Strategies for AI Games as a Test-bed for J. Storrs Hall Artificial Intelligence Research Self-improving AI: An Analysis Danny Kopec Selmer Bringsjord Chess and AI The Logicist Manifesto Shay Bushinsky Vincent Müller Principle Positions in Deep Junior's Is There a Future for AI Without Development Representation?

10:45 Break 2:30 Break 11:00 Future Interactions with 2:45 Selected Submitted Papers: Intelligent Machines Future Possibilities for AI Daniela Rus Eric Steinhart Making Bodies Smart Survival as a Digital Ghost Sherry Turkle C.T.A. Schmidt From Building Intelligences to Did You Leave That “Contraption” Nurturing Sensibilities Alone With Your Little Sister? Michael Anderson & 12:00 Lunch Susan Leigh Anderson The Status of Machine Ethics Marcello Guarini Computation, Coherence, and Ethical Reasoning

4:45 Concluding Remarks MIND IN THE MACHINE: Speakers from the Original 1956 THE DISCOVERY OF Conference: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE John McCarthy, Stanford Marvin Minsky, MIT A film produced by Dartmouth Professor Trenchard More, IBM (retired) of Mathematics and Computer Science Ray Solomonoff, London Dan Rockmore and documentary Oliver Selfridge, MIT filmmakers Wendy Conquest and Bob Drake – will debut during AI@50. Additional 2006 Speakers: Public television perfomance is anticipated and inquiries regarding distribution Ron Brachman, Yahoo! Research should be directed to Dan Rockmore at Rod Brooks, MIT [email protected]. Alan Bundy, Edinburgh Shay Bushinsky, Haifa ORIGINS OF A SCIENCE: Eugene Charniak, Brown 50TH ANNIVERSARY OF Richard Granger, Dartmouth ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Eric Grimson, MIT Geoffrey Hinton, Toronto An installation created by Dartmouth Charles Holland, DARPA Adjunct Professor of Philosophy Carey Eric Horvitz, Microsoft Research Heckman, Dartmouth undergraduate Ben Leslie Pack Kaelbling, MIT Schiffman ’07, and Dartmouth Library staff Takeo Kanade, Carnegie Mellon members Ann Perbohner and Dennis Grady, Danny Kopec, Brooklyn will remain on display in the Main Hall of Ray Kurzweil, Kurzweil Technologies, Inc. Baker Library throughout the summer. Pat Langley, Stanford Hector Levesque, Toronto HISTORY OF COMPUTER David Mumford, Brown Nils Nilsson, Stanford GAMES EXHIBIT Peter Norvig, Google Simon Osindero, Toronto Organized by Brooklyn College Edwina Rissland, UMASS Professor of Computer Science and Chess Daniela Rus, MIT International Master Danny Kopec and Stuart Russell, Berkeley Brooklyn College Professor and Reference Jonathan Schaeffer, Alberta Librarian Jill Cirasella. Terry Sejnowski, SALK Institute Bart Selman, Cornell Sherry Turkle, MIT