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Distribution of Phytoplankton Abundance in Thermocline Layers of Sangihe Talaud Island, Indonesia

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Distribution of Phytoplankton Abundance in Thermocline Layers of Sangihe Talaud Island, Indonesia Biodiversity International Journal Research Article Open Access Distribution of phytoplankton abundance in thermocline layers of Sangihe Talaud Island, Indonesia Abstract Volume 3 Issue 3 - 2019 The aim of this study was to determine the abundance of phytoplankton in the Lady A Sriwijayanti,1 Djumanto,1 Riza Y thermocline layer of Sangihe Talaud Islands. The research was conducted in 33 stations Setiawan,1 Mochammad R Firdaus,2 Nurul in October 2018 and the samples were taken at the thermocline depth using a rosette 2 2 sampler as much as 10 L Environmental parameter, namely temperature, salinity, and Fitriya, Hagy Y Sugeha depth, was measured using the SBE 911-Plus CTD (Conductivity Temperature Depth). 1Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, Gadjah Mada The water samples were concentrated into 40mL using plankton net with mesh size University, Indonesia 2 20 µm. The phytoplankton enumeration was conducted using the Sedgwick-Rafter Pusat Penelitian Oseanografi, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan, Cell Counter under a 100x magnification microscope and identified to the species Indonesia level. Mapping of the phytoplankton abundance, temperature, and salinity in form Correspondence: Djumanto, Department of Fisheries, Faculty of contours was conducted by Surfer 9 software, and the similarities among stations of Agriculture, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, 55281, were analyzed based on the Bray-Curtis index using Biodiversity Pro Ver.2 software. Indonesia, Tel +6282226232223, Email The result showed there were 84 species found during sampling with an abundance of 7059-542,222 cell m-3. The highest abundance was observed to be as a result of Received: April 29, 2019 | Published: May 03, 2019 warm water temperatures, while low abundance were observed in some stations due to the presence of high salinity level. Based on the Bray-Curtis index, 2 pairs of stations had a similarity >50%. This was associated with the general similarities found in the community. Keywords: diversity, phytoplankton, thermocline, sangihe talaud waters Introduction oceanographic conditions will affect to the abundance of phytoplankton in the thermocline layer. Several studies have been conducted on the The waters of Sangihe Talaud is a potential fishing area for dynamics of planktons in Indonesian waters. However, the research on commercial fish commodities like Tuna. The catch for tuna fisheries phytoplankton in the thermocline layer, especially in Sangihe Talaud production always increases yearly, with the projection of reaching waters is very limited. Phytoplankton play very important role in the 1 21,678 tons/year by 2019. The thermocline layer is a habitat with an existence of other biotas in the sea, but they have limited life due to optimum temperature range of 10-16°C favored by a large pelagic the sunlight for photosynthesis. Nevertheless, they have the ability to fish such as the big eye and yellow fin tuna and to meet their dietary survive in the thermocline layer. Therefore, the aim of this study was 2,3 needs, these fishes always migrate vertically. Furthermore, habitat to determine the abundance of phytoplankton in the thermocline layer conditions and food availability will largely determine the existence of Sangihe Talaud Waters. of fish in the sea, and the optimal conditions that support to the adequate food availability was found in Sangihe Talaud waters. The Method and material phytoplankton groups are the basic foundation of the food chain in the marine ecosystems and about 45% of primary production is The research was conducted 33 stations in October 2018 using donated by them.4 Their abundance will be directly proportional to the the Baruna Jaya VIII Research vessel. The area was located on presence of high commercial fish such as tuna, because of its ability coordinates 2°4’13”-4°44’22”N and 125°9 ‘28”-125°56’57”E, which to photosynthesize by utilizing sunlight.5 They can make their own is directly adjacent to Republic of Philippines in the north, Northern food without depending on other organisms, and serve as food for the Sulawesi Province in the south, Pacific Ocean and Maluku Sea in the trophic level above. However, this ability may become a challenge if east, and Sulawesi Sea in the west. The research location is presented there is no sun to photosynthesize.6 in Figure 1. The measurement of physical and chemical parameter, i.e. temperature, salinity, and depth, was conducted using the SBE Thermocline, as a euphotic zone, has the ability to receive sunlight 911-Plus CTD (Conductivity Temperature Depth) with Carousel but at a limited amount of 1%. The zone can support the growth of Water Sampler Sensor. This tool was equipped with 12 rosettes phytoplankton though the rate may not be as high as it would be on bottles sampler with capacity of 10 liters each, which was used to the surface layer. The waters can still receive sunlight up to a depth collect phytoplankton samples at the thermocline depth. The water of 200 m. The limited sunlight in the thermocline layer has a close was filtered using hand plankton net mesh size 20µm, and collected of relationship to the temperature, which consequently affects salinity. the 40ml filtrate was preserved in Lugol solution. The phytoplankton The temperature is more influential on phytoplankton blooms than was enumerated through the use of Sedwick-Rafter Counting Cell sunlight,7 while salinity has an effect on the movement and osmotic under a microscope 100x magnification and identified to the species pressure as well as the ability to absorb nutrients.8 Therefore, the level based on on Yamaji,9 Shirota,10 Omura et al.,11 Algabase12 and Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com Biodiversity Int J. 2019;3(3):92‒99. 92 © 2019 Sriwijayanti et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially. Copyright: Distribution of phytoplankton abundance in thermocline layers of Sangihe Talaud Island, Indonesia ©2019 Sriwijayanti et al. 93 WoRMS.13 The plankton density data was analyzed descriptively The value of abundance was used as a parameter for cluster by charts and graph, while contour mapping of the phytoplankton analysis in order to show the similarities among stations,15 as follows: temperature, salinity, and abundance was analyzed using surfer ∑ Yij-Yij S = 100 (1 ̶ ) software. jk ∑(Yij+Yik) The abundance of phytoplankton was calculated using a formula Notes: as follow Perry formula modified by Huliselan et al.,14 as stated below: Sjk = index of similarity between samples j and k in percent; Nfxp V D = Y = number of species i in column j; V ij Notes: Yik = number of species I in column k. D=Phytoplankton Abundance (cell m3) This similarity was further analyzed by Bray Curtis Cluster Analysis (Group leverage) using Biodiversity Pro Ver.2 software.16 Nf=Clel total per 1ml The clustering were presented in the form of a dendrogram, such that Vp=dilution volume if the value is close to 100% with a shorter distance level, a high level of similarity is achieved. Meanwhile, if the value approaches 0% with V=iltered water volume (m3) a farther distance level, there is either low or no level of similarity. Figure 1 Map showing research location in Sangihe Talaud Waters, the sampling station indicated with no 1 to 33. Result and discussion at the surface depth of 5m to be 33.55%. It increased to 35.08% at a depth of 92m known as halocline layer, and remained stable between Hydrological parameter 34-35% at 600m. In this study, the temperature and salinity of Sangihe Talaud waters Composition of phytoplankton species weas taken from CTD data recordings up to a depth of 600m. This was necessary to clearly illustrate the stratification profile of the three From the 33 observed stations, there were 84 species of layers of the sea i.e. mixed, thermocline, and cold layers under the phytoplankton consisted of 4 classes, 24 orders, 34 families, and 41 thermocline.17 The hydrological parameter values obtained at the 33 genera. The four classes include Bacillariophyceae (12 orders, 16 stations are presented in Figure 2. families, and 21 genera), Dinophyceae (10 orders, 16 families, and 18 genera), Raphidophyceae and Cyanophyceae (each of which is 1 Figure 2A shows that the temperature profile continue to decrease in order, family and genus). The Bacillariophyceae (Diatom) were with increasing depth. The thermocline layers was found in the depth found the highest among Phytoplankton species in the thermocline between 100m and 200m. The highest temperature was found at the layer of the Sangihe-Talaud Waters as shown in Figure 3. The o surface depth of 5m to be 30.24 C, and it decreased dramatically to Bacillariophyceae were found to be some 51 species. 14.83oC at 167m at the thermocline layers, and to 6.5oC at 600m. This is in contrary to the salinity pattern (Figure 2B), where the decreasing The second largest composition was the Dinophyceae depth results in increasing salinity. The salinity was found the lowest (Dinoflagellata) with 30 species, while the least observed was Citation: Sriwijayanti LA, et al. Distribution of phytoplankton abundance in thermocline layers of Sangihe Talaud Island, Indonesia. Biodiversity Int J. 2019;3(3):92‒99. DOI: 10.15406/bij.2019.03.00133 Copyright: Distribution of phytoplankton abundance in thermocline layers of Sangihe Talaud Island, Indonesia ©2019 Sriwijayanti et al. 94 Raphydophyceae and Cyanophyceae with 2 and 1 species, respectively. Talaud waters, and they include Chaetoceros affinis, Trichodesmium Furthermore, there were 5 species observed to be dominating the erythraeum, Thalassionema nitzchioides, Leptocylindrus danicus, phytoplankton composition of the thermocline layers of Sangihe and Detonula pumila as shown in Figure 4. Figure 2 Profile of temperature (A) and salinity (B) in Sangihe Talaut sea waters.
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