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Montreal Protocol MONTREAL PROTOCOL ON SUBSTANCES THAT DEPLETE THE OZONE LAYER 1998 REPORT OF THE SOLVENTS, COATINGS AND ADHESIVES TECHNICAL OPTIONS COMMITTEE (STOC) 1998 Assessment Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer UNEP 1998 REPORT OF THE SOLVENTS, COATINGS AND ADHESIVES TECHNICAL OPTIONS COMMITTEE (STOC) 1998 ASSESSMENT The text of this report is composed in Arial. Co-ordination: Solvents, Coatings and Adhesives Technical Options Committee (STOC) Composition: Mohinder Malik (Co-chair) Layout: Angelika Pein / Birgit Hägele Reproduction: UNEP Nairobi, Ozone Secretariat Date: December, 1998 No copyright involved Printed in Kenya; 1998 ISBN 92-807-1732-4 1998 UNEP STOC Assessment Report - Page i DISCLAIMER The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the Technology and Economic Assessment Panel (TEAP) co-chairs and members, the Technical and Economic Options Committee, chairs, co-chairs and members, the TEAP Task Forces co-chairs and members, and the companies and organisations that employ them do not endorse the performance, worker safety, or environmental acceptability of any of the technical options discussed. Every industrial operation requires consideration of worker safety and proper disposal of contaminants and waste products. Moreover, as work continues - including additional toxicity evaluation- more information on health, environmental and safety effects of alternatives and replacements will become available for use in selecting among the options discussed in this document. UNEP, the TEAP co-chairs and members, the Technical and Economic Options Committee, chairs, co-chairs and members, and the Technology and Economic Assessment Panel Task Forces co-chairs and members, in furnishing or distributing this information, do not make any warranty or representation, either express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or utility; nor do they assume and liability of any kind whatsoever resulting from the use or reliance upon any information, material, or procedure contained herein, including but not limited to any claims regarding health, safety, environmental effect or fate, efficacy or performance, made by the source of information. Mention of any company, association or product in this document is for information purposes only and does not constitute a recommendation of any such company, association or product, either express or implied by UNEP, the Technology and Economic Assessment Panel co-chairs or members, the Technical and Economic Options Committee chairs, co- chairs or members, the TEAP Task Forces co-chairs or members or the companies or organisations that employ them. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The UNEP Solvents, Coatings and Adhesives Technical Options Committee acknowledges with thanks the outstanding contributions from all of the individuals and organisations who provided technical support to committee members. In developing this report, particularly the chapter co-ordinators were instrumental. The names of all chapter co-ordinators are given in Section 1.3 of this report. The opinions expressed are those of the Committee and do not necessarily reflect the views of any sponsoring or supporting organisations. Gratitude is expressed to Lufthansa German Airlines for assistance provided in compiling this report. Gratitude is expressed to UNEP’s Ozone Secretariat, Nairobi, Kenya for the reproduction of this report. 1998 UNEP STOC Assessment Report - Page ii UNEP 1998 REPORT OF THE SOLVENTS, COATINGS AND ADHESIVES TECHNICAL OPTIONS COMMITTEE (STOC) 1998 ASSESSMENT A note on the Assessment Report set-up The "Report" contains three sections i.e., Executive Summary, Montreal Protocol Process and Glossary. Technical Options are described in different chapters. All sections and chapters have their individual page numbers. 1998 UNEP STOC Assessment Report - Page iii UNEP 1998 REPORT OF THE SOLVENTS, COATINGS AND ADHESIVES TECHNICAL OPTIONS COMMITTEE (STOC) 1998 ASSESSMENT T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. NON-ARTICLE 5(1) PARTIES PROGRESS............................................... ES-1 2. ARTICLE 5(1) PARTIES PROGRESS....................................................... ES-2 3. SMALL AND MEDIUM SIZE ENTERPRISES (SMEs)................................ ES-3 4. CARBON TETRACHLORIDE USE IN ARTICLE 5(1) PARTIES................. ES-4 5. 1998 NOMINATION FOR ESSENTIAL USES............................................ ES-5 6. OZONE DEPLETING SOLVENTS USE QUANTITIES............................... ES-6 7. MILITARY PROGRESS............................................................................. ES-7 8. OXYGEN SYSTEMS................................................................................. ES-7 9. CONCERNS OF UNANNOUNCED CHANGES IN SPECIALITY PRODUCTS.............................................................................................. ES-8 10. HCFCs...................................................................................................... ES-8 11. BROMINATED SOLVENTS...................................................................... ES-8 12. READY REFERENCE LIST...................................................................... ES-9 13. SECTOR PROGRESS............................................................................. ES-10 13.1 Electronics Cleaning.................................................................... ES-10 13.2 Precision Cleaning...................................................................... ES-11 13.3 Metal Cleaning............................................................................. ES-12 13.4 Dry Cleaning................................................................................ ES-13 13.5 Adhesives.................................................................................... ES-13 13.6 Aerosols Solvent Products........................................................... ES-14 13.7 Other Solvent Uses of CFC-113, 1,1,1-Trichloroethane, and Carbon Tetrachloride............................................................ ES-14 INTRODUCTION - MONTREAL PROTOCOL PROCESS 1.1 MONTREAL PROTOCOL DEVELOPMENTS............................................. 1 1.2 THE UNEP TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT REPORT.................................................................................................... 7 1998 UNEP STOC Assessment Report - Page iv Page 1.3 SOLVENTS, COATINGS AND ADHESIVES TECHNICAL OPTIONS COMMITTEE .......................................................................................... 11 GLOSSARY .............................................................................................................. Gl-1 - 21 CHAPTERS CHAPTER 2 - ELECTRONICS APPLICATIONS 2.0 SUMMARY............................................................................................... 2-1 2.1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................... 2-3 2.2 DEFLUXING........................................................................................... 2-3 2.2.1 "No-Clean" techniques................................................................ 2-5 2.2.1.1 Reliability of "no-clean" fluxes........................................ 2-6 2.2.1.1.1 Corrosion...................................................... 2-7 2.2.1.1.2 Electrical Noise............................................. 2-7 2.2.1.1.3 Changes of characteristic impedance 2-7 2.2.1.1.5 Changes in surface insulation resistance....... 2-8 2.2.1.1.6 Lack of adhesion of conformal coatings......... 2-8 2.2.1.1.7 Solder balls................................................... 2-8 2.2.1.2 "No-clean" techniques in Article 5(1) country SMEs........ 2-8 2.2.1.3 Summary of "No-clean" techniques................................ 2-9 2.2.2. Water soluble Flux Techniques................................................... 2-9 2.2.2.1 Development of water-soluble chemicals........................ 2-11 2.2.2.2 Equipment of water-soluble flux/paste residue removal.......................................................................... 2-12 2.2.2.3 Water-soluble techniques in Article 5(1) country SMEs............................................................................. 2-13 2.2.2.4 Summary of water-soluble cleaning................................ 2-14 2.2.3 Saponifier cleaning..................................................................... 2-15 2.2.4 Hydrocarbon/surfactant (HCS or "semi-aqueous") cleaning......... 2-16 2.2.4.1 New developments......................................................... 2-17 2.2.4.2 HCS techniques in Article 5(1) country SMEs................... 2-17 2.2.4.3 Summary of HCS cleaning............................................. 2-18 2.2.5 Hydrocarbon, derivative and similar cleaning.............................. 2-18 2.2.5.1 New developments......................................................... 2-19 2.2.5.2 Summary of straight solvent cleaning............................. 2-19 2.2.6 Permitted halocarbon solvent cleaning........................................ 2-20 2.2.6.1 New Developments......................................................... 2-21 2.2.6.1.1 Brominated solvents...................................... 2-21 2.2.6.1.2 Fluorinated solvents...................................... 2-22 2.2.6.2 Permitted halogenated solvents in Article 5(1) country SMEs.............................................................................. 2-23 2.2.6.3 Summary of permitted halogenated solvents methods..... 2-24 2.3 PCB MANUFACTURE............................................................................
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