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precision cleaning 1996 . surfaces, this method enables ‘visual- ization and classification of different materials. We have found a correlation between phase and friction imaging, an older technique for compositional imaging based on contact mode operation. Because it is based on TappingMode, phase imaging is gentler than friction imaging and provides bet- ter spatial resolution. q References 1. Images of these are included in Digital Insbwnents’ Application Note “Phase Imaging: Beyond Topography,” available upon request. Gmtozt Digital Instruments at (800) 873-9750 and ask for Felicta Kashevuroff in corporate cortununications. About the Author L% Don Cherno~ts the founder and president of Advance Surjixe Microscopy, an independent analytical service laboratory. Since 1986, Chernoff has been using scanning probe microscopy to tnvestigate and solve materials and processing problems for mmuf~twing, engineering and research 6b 2Ri.s article was reprinted with permtsston Figure 8: Contaminant deposit on glass. 5~ scans. a) TappingMode dual image showing the liq- from Digttd Instruments and Dr Cherno~ and uid-air interface of oil droplets (bright bumps in the height data, dark regions in phase). Needle- was orighdly adapted from his talk to the like crystals are bright and crisply-defined in the phase image. b) Contact mode dual image (height and friction) showing the substrate under the oil droplets and a cluster of crystals on NcumScope Users’ Meeting at S7M ‘95. the substrate. The oil droplets had high friction due to surface tension at the oil-probe inter- face. The crystal had low friction. Note: To make this comparison, we had to change probes and scanning modes and return to the same spot on the specimen. $ofessionals uf S&K Products lntemationd The 16-400 is desi&ed toaccommodate the latest developments in so/vent cleaning by utilizing CJ chemical targeted specifkaiiy at the soil and a second chemical that provides rinsing and drying capabilities. The system Js structured to implement the efficent und innovative co-solvent process. Our products offer the most efficient, low J em&ton operation avcziiabie in the market today. Goii us now to s#e how we can be of service. For Information Circle No. 45 December, 1996 . 13 1 VAPOR ZONE SOLVENT cleaning systems Stand-alone tanks equipped with reservoirs of boil- ing solvents which fill the tank with hot solcent t+Wkws but 90 percent &f met&l vapors, Parts to be cleaned are cooled and immersed in the waporized soluent, which condenses on the parts cleaning ap~~~a~ns, far exampfe. can use aque- to create a washing action. Existing wa~or degreaser ous or semi-aqueous alternatives. However, for crit- equipment can sometimes be retrofitted to comply ical, high-end precision cleaning applications. with evolving environmental standards and/or to solvent-based systems may still be required - modify and improve the cleaning process. particularly when exposure to water would damage the parts. Vapor degreasers generally use heat exchangers to boil solvents in a reservoir at the bottom of the tank. The boiled-off solvents migrate upward as hot vapor. A cooling jacket at the neck of the tank condenses Selection Criteria: the rising vapor, creating a “vapor barrier.” This prevents solvent escape The major consideration in selecting a new vapor degreaser or retro- by trapping most of It in the top of the tank. fitting an existing system is whether the cleaning parameters actually require the strength of a solvent-based system. Environmental compli- ance is the first consideration in selecting or retaining a vapor degreaser system. Rust and corrosion sensitivity may necessitate solvent-based cleaning of some ferrous-metal parts which cannot be exposed to water terns have about a five-year tife span. A solvent in aqueous or semi-aqueous systems. Soil types which solubilize best in solvents may necessitate vapor-degreaser cleaning. High volatility can compound environmental problems. Well-ventilated spaces are required Vapor degreasers are particularly effective in solubilizing and removing for operation of solvent-based systems. carbon, oil, grease and other organic deposits; for rust, chip and fine removal and surface preparation. These systems maintain their effective- ness partly because the cleaning solvent is constantly redistilling. So, the cleaning action is always accomplished with fresh solvent. Mast solvent system users choose this type of Cleaning action can also he enhanced with mechanical agitation from cieanlng method because of its industry standard, ultrasonic or spray-under-Immersion systems to increase effectiveness performance. material compatibility, cleaning and reduce cycle time. The choice of solvents also Impacts system effec- effectiveness. elimination of ODCs. worker safety tiveness. Cost for vapor degreasers range from $20,000 to $40,000 for smaller and cost. machines to $200,000 for larger systems. Compatibility Concerns: Varying amounts of solvent always escape, increasing worker exposure. The retrofit addition of spray units or other agitation tooling to maintam the effectiveness of retrofitted systems may require additional work space. I I Satisfaction Levels of Vapor Zone Industry Applications: Solvent System Users Some industrial processes still require the cleaning power of vaporized solvents. In these cases, environmentally safe application of solvent- Very satisfied based cleaning systems is sometimes possible. These applications provide Somewhat satisfied cleaning solutions in: l General industry: for metal precision parts, tools, machinery and components l Medical: for surgical parts l Semiconductor: for printed circuit boards l Electronic and electrical: for parts and components adverse to water exposure l Aviation: for airframe cleaning, GSE, turbine engines, thrust reversers, weapons systems l Printing: for blankets, ink rollers I Not at all satisfied 2.8% December, 1996 Now you can get the cleaning results you need while meeting virtually every environ- mental reauirement. Just use ARMAKi.EEN@ Metal Cleaners -the environmentally superior, biode- I gradable aqueous cleaners designed to remove grease and oils from virtually any metal surface without so/vents. Reliably replaces solvents . Exceptional cleaning performance l Non-toxic*, non-irritating to skin l Zero ozone-depleting potential l No glycol ethers, caustic sodas, hydrocarbons or cyclic amines l No residue after cleaning and rinse l No flash point (even when misted) l Wide material compatibility l Dilutable to specific needs ,,-j’*,!. ” l Economical 8,. l Mild odor l HMIS Rating: Toxicity 0, Flammability 0, Reactivity 0 Compatible with existing equipment l Ideal for use in ultrasonic, agitated batch washing at 120”-140°F and spray washer applications l Can be used as a spray Meet the product that meets your needs. Call today for a product sampie...1=800=824=0866. Available in three formulations f&Aero~“for aircraft/aerospace cleaning applications W&tom” for cleaning automotive parts M.GP~*‘for general purpose metal cleaning ‘Per OSHA and EPA Regulations **Patents Pending : .:. ‘,H- ,>r” Church & Dwight Co., Inc. l Specialty Cleaning Group 2 469 North Harrison Street l P.O. Box CN5297 Princeton, NJ 08543-5297 0 1996 Church 8. Dwtghl CO.. Inc. .' For Information Circle No. 6 DEIONIZED W ATER systems Sysrems that remove dissolved solids from tap water ting, streaking and ionic contamination. or nqueotls solutions, supplying high-purity deionized DI water heaters can raise temperatures to further increase cleaning water for use in precision cleaning and rinsing. DI and rinsing performance. water systems reduce water use, wastebuildup and problems resulting from spotting, streaking andionic Industry Applications: contaminarion on cleaned parts. DI water is recommended for use in precision cleaning whenever a final rinse is applied and parts must have a high quality finish. For example: Deionized (DI) water minimizes waste in preci- . Electronics, printed circuit and semiconductor: to reduce high-volume sion cleaning processes by extending the life of water use and sludge disposal problems by recycling process water, and cleaning chemistries and reducing water use. It to achieve high-quality final rinse results improves rinse efficiency and final product quality by eliminating spot- l Metal finishing: to produce ultra-clean surfaces prior to electroplating ting and streaking. l Optics: for precision lens and mirror washing Deionization removes dissolved ions, such as heavy metals, from water . Automotive: for cleaning critical components, carwashing or aqueous streams. The water to be purified passes through beds of syn- l Other general manufacturing thetic resins, where an “ion exchange” process occurs. Hydroxide ions in the resins exchange with negative ions in the stream. Selection Criteria: The resins are then “regenerated” by using acid or caustic chemicals to Level of purity, volume ofDl water required, tank size and pump size displace the captured ions, which are concentrated ain low-volume are among the important considerations in selecting DI systems. stream for disposal or processing. The regenerated resins are then ready Purity is measured in megohms, using an in-waterresistivity monitor for another cycle. to gauge the level of contamination.Dl water at 1 megohm would aver- DI water can be used to make up aqueous cleaning solutions, in theage less than 0.5 parts per million(ppm) total dissolved solids. emulsion cycle of semi-aqueous systems, in ultrasonic systems and other Ultra-high purity
Recommended publications
  • Precision Cleaning Applications

    Precision Cleaning Applications

    CHAPTER 3 PRECISION CLEANING APPLICATIONS 3.1. BACKGROUND Precision cleaning applications are characterised by the extremely fine level of cleanliness required to keep delicate instruments and surfaces operating effectively. Although precision cleaning is needed in a wide variety of industries, several key factors define the applications where precision cleaning is required. These include those applications in which (1) critical cleanliness standards of particulate and/or organic contaminants need to be satisfied, (2) components have sensitive compatibilities, (3) components I $ have physical characteristics such as geometry and porosity which make dewatering crucial in the cleaning process, and (4) components being cleaned are costly. A variety of particulate and nonparticulate contaminants are removed in precision cleaning operations. Particulate contamination includes scrap material created during cutting, drilling, grinding, and buffing of precision parts (e.g., silicon wafers and aluminum storage disk substrates). Nonparticulate contamination includes waxes, finger print oils, and other contaminants. As the term suggests precision cleaning involves cleaning components to extremely strict standards of cleanliness. A good indication of the cleaning ability required for precision cleaning processes is provided in Figure 111-1, which shows the clearance on a computer disk drive relative to the size of various contaminants. The factor that made CFC-113 the precision cleaning solvent of choice is its remarkable chemical stability (manifested directly in its compatibility to structural materials), its low toxicity, and zero flammability. This has * 1991 UNEP SOLVENTS. COATINGS, AND ADHESIVES REPORT * -1 31- Figure III-I SIZE COMPARISON OF COMPUTER DISK DRIVE HEAD CLEARANCE WITH VARIOUS CONTAMINANTS ' !! allowed closed, superclean, white-room assembly areas to be operated safely and effectively.
  • Cleaning with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

    Cleaning with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

    Cleaning with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Ken Laintz and Dale Spall Los Alamos NATIONAL LABORATORY Chemical Science and Technology Organic Analytical Chemistry CST-12, MS E537 Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545 (505) 665-3545, FAX (505) 667-6561 Outline Supercritical Fluids Cleaning Operations using Supercritial Fluid Solvents Experimental Cleaning Results Other Cleaning Applications Significant Properties of Supercritical Fluids 0 High diffusivity results in high mass transfer 0 Low viscosity and surface tension results in small pore penetration 0 High density results in solvent properties similar to liquids 0 Density is a selective function of temperature and pressure Solute Extraction and Removal Kinetics Extraction Time Operational Economics of Cleaning Prospects Direct Labor Indirect Labor Factory Costs Labor Expenses Benefits Factory Overhead Depreciation Cycle Time Costs Maintenance New Technology Changeover Costs Facility Space Costs Consumables Consumables Disposal Costs Liability Costs Utilities Energy and Utilities Aqueous Supercritical CO2 Taxes and Fees Administration Semi-aqueous Finance Capital Costs Finance Charges Quality Cost of Quality JAAST Joint Association for the Advancement of Supercritical Fluid Technology Mission: To develop and disseminate SCF cleaning applications in support of environmentally conscious manufacturing to meet the needs of the government and industry Members Hughes Aerospace Applied Separations DOE U. Mass. Lowell Allied Signal Autoclave Engineers EPA U. South Carolina Ciba Vision CF Technologies SNL
  • Theory of Operation: How Parts Cleaning Works

    Theory of Operation: How Parts Cleaning Works

    Theory of Operation: How Parts Cleaning Works MART defines the term to clean as to overpower the soils. The MART Parts Washer is a high-impact pressure, high-temperature, industrial water-based cleaning system that uses a combination of the following factors to achieve cleaning results: Power x Temperature x Chemical x Time = Clean The relationship of these variables can be varied in an infinite number of ways to achieve the same level of cleanliness. Your own needs determine the relative value of each variable. Keep in mind that the MART Parts Washer provides one of the highest blasting powers in the cleaning industry, allowing you to reduce the wash-cycle times for your parts to a minimum. Additionally, the high blasting power allows you to operate the washer at lower cleaning temperatures, thus saving energy, and using less chemical than spray washers The exact combination of the factors must be determined for your application, based on the types of soils to be removed, the degree of cleanliness required, the cycle time required, the types of parts to be cleaned, and so on. How the Parts Washer Works The parts washer operates on a timed cycle. The operator places the parts to be cleaned in the washer on the turntable, closes and latches the door, and then starts the timed cleaning cycle. During the cleaning cycle, a high-temperature, high-pressure, water-and-detergent cleaning solution blasts soils from the parts. After the cycle has stopped and the steam has exhausted, the operator removes the cleaned parts. The parts washer utilizes closed loop, waste minimization technology, continuously reusing its cleaning solution and effectively reducing pollution potential.
  • Development and Design of a High Pressure Carbon Dioxide System for the Separation of Hazardous Contaminants from Non-Hazardous Debris*

    Development and Design of a High Pressure Carbon Dioxide System for the Separation of Hazardous Contaminants from Non-Hazardous Debris*

    DEVELOPMENT AND DESIGN OF A HIGH PRESSURE CARBON DIOXIDE SYSTEM FOR THE SEPARATION OF HAZARDOUS CONTAMINANTS FROM NON-HAZARDOUS DEBRIS* Carol L. J. Adkins and Edward M. Russick <~~ 'f\ «//) - cj^'- - / ^ 61 Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM -^ " H. Mike Smith and Ron B. Olson AlliedSignal Inc., Kansas City Division, Kansas City, MO ABSTRACT Under the Department of Energy (DOE)AJnited States Air Force (USAF) Memorandum of Understanding, a system is being designed that will use high pressure carbon dioxide for the separation of oils, greases, and solvents from non-hazardous solid waste. The contaminants are dissolved into the high pressure carbon dioxide and precipitated out upon depressurization. The carbon dioxide solvent can then be recycled for continued use. Excellent extraction capability for common manufacturing oils, greases, and solvents has been measured. It has been observed that extraction performance follows the dilution model if a constant flow system is used. The solvents tested are extremely soluble and have been extracted to 100% under both liquid and mild supercritical carbon dioxide conditions. These data are being used to design a 200 liter extraction system. KEY WORDS: Supercritical, Carbon dioxide, Cleaning 1. INTRODUCTION Large quantities of solid wastes such as rags, kimwipes, swabs, coveralls, gloves, etc., contaminated with oils, greases and hazardous solvents are generated by industry and the government. At present, these materials must be treated as hazardous waste, and the cost of disposal of such large volumes of hazardous materials is high. If the hazardous components (oils, greases and solvents) could be segregated from the much larger bulk of non-hazardous material, then these solid materials could potentially be handled as sanitary waste at significant cost savings.
  • The Biomatic® Parts Cleaning System Is…

    The Biomatic® Parts Cleaning System Is…

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  • Line Card Listing by Vendor

    Line Card Listing by Vendor

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  • Traditional Aqueous Parts-Cleaning Operations Work Great on Day One, but Rapidly Become Contaminated

    Traditional Aqueous Parts-Cleaning Operations Work Great on Day One, but Rapidly Become Contaminated

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  • Aero-Green Parts Washer Degreaser -4160-4150

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    Aero-Green Parts Washer Degreaser -4160-4150 Aero-Green 4150-4160 Parts Washer Concentrated Degreaser for use in Immersion Degreasers: Ultrasonic Degreaser, Spray Cabinet Washer, Adjulift Parts Washer, Glove Box Washers and Hot & Cold Standard parts washers. Cleans Virtually All Metals Including Steels, Aluminum & Titanium SPRAY CABINET WASHERS Spray Cabinet Washers are designed to clean large parts that are placed directly on a retractable turntable or batches of small parts loaded in baskets. This heavy-duty industrial parts washer combines pressure, heat and aqueous cleaning solution such as Aero-Green 4150-4160 to clean and degrease parts to spec within minutes. Many machines are designed with added features such as low-maintenance pumps, digital temperature controllers, and cycle timers, low water shut off, automatic fill, proportioners, oils skimmers and fresh water rinses. Each recirculate stage has its dedicated tank, heating system, circulation pump, cycle controls and spray manifolds in the main spray cabinet. Typhoon® HD is an ideal aqueous parts washer for in-process and final cleaning in maintenance, manufacturing and remanufacturing applications. Spray Cabinet Washers deliver deep-down auto parts cleaning designed for durability and precision under the most demanding conditions. The powerful force of the jets and the Aero-Green 4150- 4160 combine to remove grease, oil, carbon and other grime in just minutes. Spray Cabinet Washer technology, is effectively used in industries ranging from remanufactured railroad drivetrain parts to in-process cleaning for jet engine components Spray Cabinet Washers are designed to clean, degrease bulk loads of small or large parts in preparation for surface treatment, packaging and distribution.
  • Clean Ozzyjuice Means Clean Parts

    Clean Ozzyjuice Means Clean Parts

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  • Supercritical Fluid Carbon Dioxide Cleaning of Plutonium Parts

    Supercritical Fluid Carbon Dioxide Cleaning of Plutonium Parts

    I SUPERCRITICAL FLUID CARBON DIOXIDE BACKGROUND CLEANING OF PLUTONIUM PARTS A supercritical fluid is the comprcssed, dense gas phase Stephanie J. Hale above the critical temperature. Liquefaction of a gas can EG&G Rocky Flats, Inc occur upon compression below the critical temperature, but above the critical temperature the gas cannot liquefy regardleas of the applied pressure and a single gas phase is ABSTRACT maintained. The critical point for carbon dioxide is 31'C and 74 bar (1088 psi) which means that the supercritical Supercritical fluid carbon dioxide is under investigation in fluid can be aUnined under relatively mild conditions. this work for use as a cleaning solvent for the final cleaning of plutonium parts. These parts must be free of The phase diagram of CO, (Figure 1) shows the organic residue to avoid cormsion in the stockpile. Initial supcrcritical region above 74 bar and the 32" isotherm. It studies on stainless steel and full-scale mock-up parts can be seen that very liquid-like densities can be achieved indicate that the oils of interest are easily and adequately and still remain in the gas phase. cleaned from the metal surfaces with supercritical fluid carbon dioxide. Results from compatibility studies show that undesirable oxidation or other surface mctions are not occurring during cxposureof plutonium to the supercritical fluid. Cleaning studies indicate that the oils of interest are Temperalure ' removed from the plutonium surface under relatively mild conditions. These studies indicate that supercritical fluid carbon dioxide is a very promising cleaning medium for this application. INTRODUCTION Our aim in this work is to develop a cleaning process that van u-o clean plutonium parts.
  • Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Precision Cleaning for Solvent and Waste Reduction

    Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Precision Cleaning for Solvent and Waste Reduction

    '1 *, - .L**LIL. I,.. .. ." larernarional Journal of Environmentally Consciaus Design & Manufacturing. Vol. 2, No. 1. pp, 8 1-86. 1993 Printed in the U.S.A. .. mest- -. Pollution Prevention Research Center 1326 Ftfth Avenue, Sutre 650 Seattle, WA 98101 (206)223-1 151 SUPERCRITICALCARBONDIOXIDE PRECISIONCLEANING FOR SOLVENT ANDWASTE REDUCTION W. DALESPALL Los ALAMOSNATIONAL LABORATORY Los ALAMOS,NM 87545 Murph?s Law of Cleaning: You can't get thepart cleanerthan the dishwater, but is itpossible to get both the part and the dishwater dirty. Supercritical carbon dioxide as a cleaning solvent offers many advantages for the cleaning of selected materials. This paper discusses the applicability ofsupercritical carbon dioxide to precision cleaning of a wide variety of parts. The economics involved and a description of the work in progress is included. INTRODUCTION after cleaning. Specifications such as this lead to many Ascetics, performance, improved work life, product parts being overcleaned, while others are undercleaned. specifications, and marketing strategies are among the The rigidity of specifications often rests on habitual prac- many reasons to clean an object. Currently, cleaning tices rather than actual needs. Specifications should con- technologies can be divided into two broad categories, sider how clean a part needs to be to meet speicific aqueous and non-aqueous based. These technologies requirements on the whole. This should lead to more face an upheaval brought on by imposition of the Montreal cleaning for some parts, but to less cleaning for most parts. Protocol, which restricts or prevents the use of chlo- Because theentire cleaning process is now at question, rofluorocarbons (CFCs) for all uses, from refrigerants to manufacturing engineers should seize this oppofluniiy to dry cleaning.
  • Industrial Parts Cleaners & Alternative Cleaning

    Industrial Parts Cleaners & Alternative Cleaning

    Welcome to Industrial Parts Cleaners & Alternative Cleaning Solutions P2 training 1 First we will look at why you clean and what are the common soils on the the substrate to be cleaned. Then we will look at parts cleaning solutions and equipment, including potential pollution prevention opportunities Then we will look at two parts cleaning exercises that examine the true costs of industrial parts cleaning and the cost and waste reduction benefits of changing cleaning solutions and cleaning equipment. Finally, we will provide a few Web sites with helpful industrial parts cleaning resources, vendor information and case studies. 2 Why do we have to clean parts… Often, its is necessary as a pretreatment step prior to painting or coating to make sure the paint stays on the part and performs as expected. Parts are cleaned as a final step after metal fabrication, stamping and assembly to wash off metal working fluids and other contaminants. Parts cleaning is also routinely occurs as a maintenance step. Most automotive shops use parts cleaning to remove grease, oils and other solids from tools, equipment and vehicle parts. 3 Whether you are looking to add parts cleaning to a process, or switch to a more environmentally-friendly process, there are important factors that must be considered. What will be cleaned, what is the contaniment or soil type, how did it get there, what is the typical part (substrate) shape and geometry? Do these parts need to be clean, what is clean, have you always cleaned the way, and what are your cleaning costs? 4 Here are some coming soil or contaminant types that occur during a pretreatment, final or maintenance step.