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Solvent Substitution DE-AC07-76ID01570 A Proceedings/Compendium of Papers HOY 2 SOLVENT SUBSTITUTION Based on The First Annual International Workshop on Solvent Substitution December 4-7, 1990 Phoenix, Arizona sponsored by The U.S. Department of Energy Office of Technology Development Environmental Restoration and Waste Management and U.S. Air Force Engineering & Services Center CONF-901285- DE92 003262 A Proceedings/Compendium of Papers SOLVENT SUBSTITUTION Based on The First Annual International Workshop on Solvent Substitution December 4-7, 1990 Phoenix, Arizona MASTER sponsored by ^ UNUMITSD OFTH1SDOCUM^..? The U.S. Department of Energy Office of Technology Development Environmental Restoration and Waste Management and U.S. Air Force Engineering & Services Center DE-ACO7-76IDO1570 Proceedings/Compendium of Papers SOLVENT SUBSTITUTION based on The First Annual International Workshop on Solvent Substitution December 4-7. 1990 Phoenix, Arizona The DOE Environmental Restoration and Waste Management Office of Technology Development and the Air Force Engineering and Services Center convened the First Annual International Workshop on Solvent Substitution on December 4-7, 1990, at rhe Executive Conference Center, The Pointe at Tapatio Cliffs, Phoenix, Arizona. The primary objectives of this joint effort were to: •Share information and ideas among attendees in order to enhance the development and implementation of required new technologies for the elimination of pollutants associated with industrial use of hazardous and toxic solvents. •Aid in accelerating collaborative efforts and technology transfer between government and industry for solvent substitution. This highly successful 2-1/2 day event brought together over 300 leading national and international experts from industry, federal and state government agencies, various branches of the Armed Services, research laboratories, universities and public interest groups. There were workshop sessions focusing on Alternative Technologies, Alternative Solvents, Recovery/Recycling, Low VOC Materials and Treatment for Environmentally Safe DisposaJ. TTK 35 invited papers presented covered a wide range of solvent substitution activities including: hardware and weapons production and maintenance, paint stripping, coating applications, printed circuit boards, metal cleaning, metal finishing, manufacturing, compliance monitoring and process control monitoring. This publication includes the majority of these presentations. In addition, in ord.^r to further facilitate information exchange and technology transfer, the U.S. Air Force and DOE solicited additional papers under a general "Call for Papers." These papers, which underwent review and final selection by a p.^er review committee, are also included in this combined Proceedings/Compendium. For those involved in handling, using or managing hazardous and toxic sdvents, this document should prove to be a valuable resource, providing the most up-to-date information on current technologies and practices in solvent substitution. Prepared by the Weapons Complex Monitor Forums Under DOE Contract No. DE-AC07-76ID01570 TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION I - ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES Invited Papers Presented at Workshop Surface Cleaning by Laser Ablation H.C. Peebles, N.A. Creager and D.E. Peebles 1 CO2 Pellet Blasting for Paint Stripping/Coatings Removal Wayne N. Schmitz 11 The Evaluation of Alternatives to Ozone-Depleting Chlorofluorocarbons Robin L. Sellers 15 Spray Forming as a New Processing Technique Scott A. Ploger and Lloyd D. Watson 25 Reduction of Solvent Use Through Fluxiess Soldering F. Michael Hosking 31 Plasma Stripping of Magnetic Components T.J. Gillespie and T. Mehrhoff 43 Sodium Bicarbonate Blasting for Paint Stripping N.E. Wasson, Jr. and Michael N. Haas 49 Low Toxicity Paint Stripping of Aluminum and Composite Substrates Nona E. Larson 53 Papers Selected under the "Call for Papers" Precision Parts Cleaning with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Paula M. Gallagher and Val J. Krukonis 79 Carbon Dioxide Pellet Blasting Paint Removal For Potential Application On Warner Robins Managed Air Force Aircraft Randall B. Ivey 91 Alternative Technologies for Environmental Compliance J. Michael Locklin 95 High Pressure Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Efficiency in Removing Hydrocarbon Machine Coolants from Metal Coupons and Components Parts Robert F. Salerno 101 Closed Loop Alternative to the Use of Hazardous Chemicals in Industry Dan F. Suciu Ill SECTION II - ALTERNATIVE SOLVENTS Invited Papers Presented at Workshop Biodegradable Solvent Substitution Anne E. Copeland 115 DOE/DOD Solvent Utilization Handbook A.A. Chevei and M.D. Herd 119 The Elimination of Chlorinated, Chlorofluorocarbon and Other RCRA Hazardous Solvents from the Y-12 Plant's Enriched Uranium Operations D.H. Johnson, R.L. Patton and L.M. Thompson 121 Printed Circuit Board Defluxing: Alternatives to Ozone Depleting Substances Katy Wolf 127 Electronic Assembly Solvent Substitutes Alex Sapre 131 Chlorinated Solvent Substitution Program at the Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant L.M. Thompson, R.F. Simandl and H.L. Richards 135 Solvent Substitution for Electronic Assembly Cleaning M.C. Obomy, E.P. Lopez, D.E. Peebles and N.R. Sorensen 143 Alternative Solvents/Technologies for Paint Stripping M.N. Tsang and M.D. Herd 149 Papers Selected under the "Call for Papers" A Proposed "More Demanding" PWB Design and Test Plan to Evaluate Aqueous and Semi-Aqueous Cleaning Technologies K.K. Asada, K.S. Hill and M.D. Walley 151 Development of a Solvent Database Software Program Ralph D. Hermansen 161 Evaluation of Alternative Chemical Paint Strippers Keturah Reinbold, Timothy Race, Ronald Jackson and Ronald Stevenson 169 Aqueous Degreasing: A Viable Alternative to Vapor Degreasing J. T. Snyder 177 Chemical Substitution for 1,1,1-Trichloroethane and Methane! in an Industrial Cleaning Operation Lisa M. Brown, Johnny Springer and Matthew Bower 181 Alternatives to CFCs in Precision Cleaning: A New HCFC Based Solvent Blend R.S. Basu, P.B. Logsdon and E.M. Kenny-McDermott 189 SECTION III - SOLVENT RECOVERY AND RECYCLING Invited Papers Presented at Workshop The successful Implementation Of A Solvent Recovery Program Marcanne Lynn Burrell 197 Recovery of Waste Solvents by Rectification, Azeotropic and/or Extractive Distillation Lloyd Berg 201 Recycling Alternatives James L. Schreiner 203 Papers Selected under the "Call for Papers" Thin Film Evaporation for Reuse/Recycle of Waste Organic Solutions W.N. Whinnery 207 SECTION IV - DEALING WITH LOW VOCs Invited Papers Presented at Workshop On-Line Monitoring of Volatile Organic Species Gregory C. Frye and Stephen J. Martin 215 Evaluation of Low VOC Materials at the Boeing Company Linda H. Hsu and Judith A. Werner 225 Water-Reducible Polyurethane Enamels: Candidate Low VOC Aerospace Topcoat Formulations David J. Swanberg 229 Low VOC Coating Alternatives Mark D. Smith 237 Dual Cure Photocatalyst Systems Steven J. Keipert 245 in Screening of VOC Control Technologies: Technology Options and Comparative Costs Victor S. Engleman 251 SECTION V - TREATMENT FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE DISPOSAL OF TOXIC SOLVENTS Invited Papers Presented at Workshop General Overview of Hazardous Waste Incineration Philip C. Lin 257 Chemical Oxidation Treatment of Industrial Organic Waste Penny M. Wikoff and Dan F. Suciu 275 Papers Selected under the "Call for Papers" Mediated Electrochemical Oxidation of Organics Leonard W. Gray, Robert G. Hickman and Joseph C. Farmer 281 Towards a Protocol to Determine Waste Management Properties of Solvent Substitutes Benerito S. Martinez, Jr., Ricardo B. Jacquez, Walter H. Zachritz II and Martha I. Beach 285 SECTION VI - ISSUES TO CONSIDER Invited Papers Presented at Workshop Alternatives to Chlorinated Solvents: Health and Environmental Tradeoffs Katy Wolf 291 Formation of Specifications for New Products Captain Daniel T. Witt 297 Appendix I: Attendees - International Workshop on Solvent Substitution 301 Appendix II: Contributing Authors to Proceedings/Compendium 337 IV Section I ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES SURFACE CLEANING BY LASER ABLATION H. C. Peebles, N. A. Creager, and D. E. Peebles Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, New Mexico TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES ABSTRACT Laser ablation involves the use of very short Nd:YAG laser cleaning of metal oxide: from pulses of high peat: power laser radiation to 304L stainless steel surfaces has been rapidly heat and vaporize thin layers of characterized. Thin chromium oxide films can material surfaces. Laser cleaning of a surface be completely removed from the surface using is accomplished by rastering the laser beam a single 10 nsec pulse of laser radiation with across the surface of the material. When used an average surface irradiance greater than 120 as a cleaning technique, this process must be MW/cm2. Laser etching of thicker iron oxide performed in a chamber containing an inert films exhibit a self-limiting effect that prevents gas environment in order to prevent overetching into the stainless steel substrate. recontamination of the surface by reactive gas- phase species. The ablated surface material INTRODUCTION forms a dense cloud of hot vapors which, upon cooling, condenses into submicron Recent international agreements will virtually diameter particles. This paniculate waste eliminate the use of chlorinated hydrocarbons must be removed from the near surface region in the cleaning of manufactured parts in the of the part by entrainment into a flowing gas near future. Effective alternative cleaning stream or recontamination of the surface will
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