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B.S., Wright State University, 1992

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B.S., Wright State University, 1992 THE EFFECTS OF DEPTH AND ECCENTRICITY ON VISUAL SEARCH IN A DEPTH DISPLAY A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering By GEORGE ANGELO REIS B.S., Wright State University, 1992 2009 Wright State University WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES January 2, 2009 I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY George Angelo Reis ENTITLED The Effects of Depth and Eccentricity on Visual Search in a Depth Display BE ACCEPTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Master of Science in Engineering. ______________________________ Yan Liu, Ph.D. Thesis Director ______________________________ S. Narayanan, Ph.D. Department Chair Committee on Final Examination _________________________ Yan Liu, Ph.D. _________________________ Paul Havig, Ph.D. _________________________ Misty Blue, Ph.D. _________________________ Joseph F. Thomas, Jr., Ph.D. Dean, School of Graduate Studies ABSTRACT Reis, George Angelo. M.S. Egr., Department of Biomedical, Industrial, and Human Factors Engineering. Wright State University, 2009. The Effects of Depth and Eccentricity on Visual Search in a Depth Display. The attribute of depth has been shown to provide saliency or conspicuity for items in a visual search task. Novel displays that present information in real physical depth offer potential benefits. Previous research has studied depth in visual search but depth was mostly realized without real physical separation of display elements. This study aimed to better understand the effects of real physical depth and eccentricity on visual search in a depth display. Through this understanding, we can appropriately utilize this new technology. An experiment was conducted to test four hypotheses regarding how depth, eccentricity, target feature, and screen location would affect target acquisition speed. An ANOVA of the experiment’s data suggests that physical depth can enhance the target search speed, especially when combined with other attributes for guiding attention. Visual search performance can be hampered when eccentricity increases for the target item. In addition, there seem to be interactions between target attributes and eccentricity. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 1 Depth Displays .................................................................................................................... 1 Objectives and Scope of the Research ................................................................................ 2 Contribution of the Research .............................................................................................. 2 Thesis Organization ............................................................................................................ 3 II. LITERTURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................... 4 3D and Depth Displays ....................................................................................................... 4 Depth Cues ......................................................................................................................... 6 Linear perspective, size gradient, texture gradient.................................................... 7 Relative Height ......................................................................................................... 7 Occlusion .................................................................................................................. 7 Depth of focus ........................................................................................................... 8 Cast Shadows ............................................................................................................ 8 Shelf shadows, shape from shading .......................................................................... 8 Accommodation ........................................................................................................ 8 Atmospheric perspective ........................................................................................... 8 Familiar size .............................................................................................................. 8 Kinetic Depth ............................................................................................................ 8 Motion Parallax ......................................................................................................... 9 Convergence ............................................................................................................. 9 Stereoscopic Depth ................................................................................................... 9 Drop lines .................................................................................................................. 9 Proximity luminance covariance ............................................................................... 9 Previous Depth Display Research ..................................................................................... 10 iv Eccentricity and Stereoscopic Depth in a Visual Search Paradigm .................................. 11 III. HYPOTHESIS ......................................................................................................................... 15 IV. METHOD ................................................................................................................................ 16 Participants........................................................................................................................ 16 Apparatus .......................................................................................................................... 16 Design ............................................................................................................................... 18 Statistical Models .............................................................................................................. 19 Procedure .......................................................................................................................... 21 V. RESULTS ................................................................................................................................. 23 Screen x Target Distinction x Row ................................................................................... 23 Screen x Target Distinction x Column .............................................................................. 25 Target Distinction x Eccentricity on the back screen ....................................................... 27 Target Distinction x Eccentricity on the front screen ....................................................... 30 Visualization of Reaction Times ....................................................................................... 32 VI. DISCUSSION .......................................................................................................................... 33 APPENDICES APPENDIX A: Plots of Data Distributions ................................................................................................ 39 APPENDIX B: ANOVA and Pairwise Comparisons for Screen x Target Distinction x Row .................. 42 APPENDIX C: ANOVA and Pairwise Comparisons for Screen x Target Distinction x Column ............. 45 APPENDIX D: ANOVA and Pairwise Comparisons for Target Distinction x Eccentricity on the back screen ............................................................................................................. 48 v APPENDIX E: ANOVA and Pairwise Comparisons for Target Distinction x Eccentricity on the front screen ............................................................................................................. 53 APPENDIX F: Fourier Transform Power Spectrums ................................................................................ 58 APPENDIX G: Effect Size. ........................................................................................................................ 60 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................. 62 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure .......................................................................................................................................... page 1. A representation of a depth display is shown with a Google map of the greater Detroit area on the back screen and the dotted-line routes on the front screen ....................................... 2 2. The target could be distinguish from the distracters on depth, mark or both depth + mark. ..... 17 3. The target could appear in any of the 25 positions. Eccentricities (given in degrees of visual angle from fixation) are given for targets on the front screen (F) and on the back screen (B). ................................................................................................................................. 17 4. The trial sequence ..................................................................................................................... 22 5. Geometric mean reaction time as a function of target distinction and row position. ............... 25 6. Geometric mean reaction time as a function of target distinction and column position. .......... 27 7. Geometric mean reaction time
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